A Project Report on Substation And Its

Operation and Maintenance Activities

NAME: Rajat Agrawal

EMPLOYEE NO.:60003317
DESIGNATION: EXECUTIVE TRAINEE
TRAINING PERIOD: 19/09/2016-19/09/2017

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

"Gratitude is not a thing of expression; it is more a matter of feeling."

I would like to express my deep gratitude to Mr. Randhir Singh,

Manager at PGCIL Meerut substation and Mr. Lalit Sharma, Junior
Engineer at PGCIL Ballabgarh Substation for their active support and
continuous guidance without which it would have been difficult for me
to complete this project. They were generous enough to take time out
of their regular work to lend a helping hand whenever I needed one
and enabling me to complete this project.

I would also like to express my sincere gratitude towards Mr. H.R.

Lodha, DGM at PGCIL Sonipat substation, for helping me and guiding
me throughout my OJT in Ballabgarh Substation.
Here, I also like to thanks the whole Ballabgarh Substation O & M team
who helped me in settling down in the organization and successfully
complete the project.

Last but by no means the least, I am grateful to Mr. Ashutosh Sharma,

Manager HRD, Corporate Centre PGCIL for providing all sort of help and
guidance I needed throughout my one year training in this prestigious
organization .

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl. No TOPIC PAGE NO.
Acknowledgement 2
1. Substation 5
Introduction 5
Functions of a Substation 5
Classifications of Substations 7
Boundary Conditions 11
Substation Site Selection 13
Substation Parts and Equipment 13
Substation Protection 15
Earth Resistance 16
Step Potential and Touch Potential 17
Formation of Substation Earthing 18
Equipment and Structure Earthing in Substation 19
Lightning Protection 22

2. Components of Substation 26
Lightning Arrester 26
Capacitor Voltage Transformer 30
Wave Trap 33
Isolator 34
Current Transformer 36
Circuit Breaker 38
Bus 42
Transformer 42

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3. AN OVERVIEW OF 400/220 kV Ballabgarh Substation 44
Introduction 44
Features Of Ballabgarh Substation 45
Commissioning Chronology 45
Single Line Diagram Of 400/220 kV Ballabgarh Substation 48

Operation Of 400 kV Substation

4. 49

Maintenance Of 400 kV Substation

5. 62

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1. SUBSTATION

INTRODUCTION
Substations are the interconnection points within the power transmission and
distribution system between regions and country. Substation is an assemblage of
electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers,
auxiliaries, etc. Basically, an electrical substation consists of a number of incoming
circuits and outgoing circuits connected to common busbar system. Busbars are
conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are
connected. Each circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit-breakers,
isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, lightning
arrester, etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a
circuit can be switched off/on during normal operation by manual/remote
command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-
circuits. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via
incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing
transmission lines. Substations are integral parts of a power system and form
important links between the generating stations, transmission and distribution
systems and the load points.

Functions of a sub-station:
An electricity supply undertaking generally aims at the following:

Supply of required electrical power to all the consumers continuously at all

times.

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 Maximum possible coverage of the supply network over the given
geographical area.
Maximum security of supply.
Shortest possible fault duration.
Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits.
Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.

As a result of these objectives, there are various tasks which are closely
associated with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of the
electrical energy. These tasks are performed by various, manual, semi-automatic
and fully automatic devices located in generating stations and substations.

The tasks associated with a major substation in the transmission system include
the following:

Controlling the exchange of energy.

Protection of transmission system.
Ensuring steady state and transient stability.
Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism.
Maintaining the system frequency within targeted limits.
Voltage control, reducing the reactive power flow by compensation of reactive
power, tap-changing.
Securing the supply by providing adequate line capacity and facility for
changing the transmission paths.
Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network
monitoring, control and protection.
Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines and tie-lines.
Fault analysis and pin-pointing the cause and subsequent improvements.
Securing supply by feeding the network at various points.

All these tasks are performed by the team work of load-control centre and control
rooms of substations.
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CLASSIFICATIONS OF SUB STATIONS

Based On Nature Of Duties:

1. Step up or primary Electrical Power substation:

Primary substations are associated with the power generating plants where the
voltage is stepped up from low voltage (3.3, 6.6, 11, 33kV ) to 220kV or 400kV for
transmitting the power so that huge amount of power can be transmitted over a
large distance to load centers.

2. Primary Grid Electrical Power Substation:

These substations are located at suitable load centers along with the primary
transmission lines. At primary Grid Power Substations the primary transmission
voltage (220kV or 400kV) is stepped down to secondary transmission voltages
(110kV) . This Secondary transmission lines are carried over to Secondary Power
Substations situated at the load centers where the voltage is further stepped
down to Sub transmission Voltage or Primary Distribution Voltages (11kV or
33kV).

3. Step Down or Distribution Electrical Power Substations:

Distribution Electrical Power Substations are located at the load centers. Here,
the Sub transmission Voltages of Distribution Voltages (11kV or 33kV) are stepped
down to Secondary Distribution Voltages (400kV or 230kV). From these
Substations power will be fed to the consumers to their terminals.

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Basis Of Service Rendered:

1. Transformer Substation:

Transformers are installed on such Substations to transform the power from one
voltage level to other voltage level. At these Substation lines of different voltage
levels are linked with each other through the transformer.

2. Switching Substation:

Switching substations are meant for switching operation of power lines without
transforming the voltages. At these Substations different connections are made
between various transmission lines.

3. Converting Substation:

Converting Substations are located where AC to DC conversion is required. In

HVDC transmission Converting Substations are employed on both sides of HVDC
link for converting AC to DC and again converting back from DC to AC. Converting
Power Substations are also employed where frequency is to be converted from
higher to lower and lower to higher. This type of frequency conversion is required
in connecting to Grid Systems.

Based on Operation Voltage:

1. High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:

This type of Substation associated with operating voltages between 11kV and
66kV. Such substations are generally part of a distribution system.

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2. Extra High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:

This type of Substation is associated where the operating voltage is between

132kV and 400kV.

3. Ultra High Voltage Electrical Power Substation:

Substations where Operating Voltages are above 400kV is called Ultra High
Voltage Substation.

Based On Substation Design:

1. Outdoor Electrical Power Substations:

In Outdoor Power Substations , the various electrical equipments are installed in

the switchyard below the sky. Electrical equipment are mounted on support
structures to obtain sufficient ground clearance. Almost, all the Air Insulated
Substation with rating of 132 kV or above are outdoor Power substation. Such
substations are not used in heavily polluted areas, as the performance of
electrical device is greatly affected by the presence of dirt particles and pollutants
in surrounding environment.

2. Indoor Electrical Power Substation:

In Indoor Power Substations the apparatus is installed within the substation

building. Such substations are usually for the rating of 66kV. Indoor Substations
are preferred in heavily polluted areas and Power Substations situated near the
seas (saline atmosphere causes Insulator Failures results in Flashovers).

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Based on Design Configuration:

1. Air Insulated Electrical Power Substation:

In Air Insulated Power Substations busbars and connectors are visibe. In this
Power Substations Circuit Breakers and Isolators, Transformers, Current
Transformers, Potential Transformers etc are installed in the outdoor. Busbars are
supported on the post Insulators or Strain Insulators. Substations have galvanized
Steel Structures for Supporting the equipment, insulators and incoming and
outgoing lines. Clearances are the primary criteria for these substations and
occupy a large area for installation.

2. Gas Insulated Electrical Power Substation:

In Gas Insulated Substation Various Power Substation equipments like Circuit

Breakers, Current Transformers, Voltage Transformers, Busbars, Earth Switches,
Surge Arresters, Isolators etc are in the form of metal enclosed SF6 gas modules.
The modules are assembled in accordance with the required Configuration. The
various Live parts are enclosed in the metal enclosures (modules) containing SF6
gas at high pressure. Thus the size of Power Substation reduces to 8% to 10% of
the Air Insulated Power Substation.

3. Hybrid Electrical Power Substation:

Hybrid Substations are the combination of both Conventional Substation and Gas
Insulated Substation. Some bays in a Power Substation are Gas Insulated Type
and some are Air Insulated Type. The design is based on convenience, Local
Conditions available, area available and Cost.

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Boundary conditions

The following boundary conditions influence the design concept and measures to
be considered for different parts of substation installations.

S.no. Boundary Conditions Concept and Measures

Outdoor/ Indoor
AIS/ GIS
Equipment Utilization
Construction
1. Environment, Climate Conditions
Protection class of enclosures
Creepage, arcing distance
Corrosion Protection
Earthquake immunity

Short Circuit Loadings

Protection Concept
2. Network data/ Network form Lightning Protection
Neutral Point arrangement
Insulation Coordination

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 Busbar Concept
Multiple in-feed
Availability and abundance of Branch Configuration
3.
Power Supply
Standby facilities
Un-interruptable supplies
Fixed/draw out apparatus
Choice of equipment
Network layout

Scope of expansion
4. Power Balance Equipment Utilization
Instrument Transformer Design

Automatic/ Conventional Control

5. Ease of Operation Remote/ Local Control
Construction/ Configuration

Network Layout
Arcing Fault Immunity
Lightning Protectiion
6. Safety Requirements Earthing
Touch Protection
Step Protection
Fire Protection

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 Sub-station site selection

The aspects necessary to be considered for site selection are:

Fairly level ground.

Right of way around the substation yard for incoming & outgoing
transmission & distribution lines.
Preferably of soil strata having low earth resistance values.
Easy approach & accessibility from main roads for Heavy equipment
transportation and routine O & M of substation.
Economy / Cost.

Substation parts and equipment:

1. Outdoor Switchyard

Busbars
Incoming & outgoing lines
Transformers
Insulators
Substation Equipment such as Circuit breakers, Isolators, Earthing,
Switches, Surge Arresters, CTs, VTs/CVTs
Neutral Grounding Equipment
Station Earthing system comprising ground mat, risers, earthing strips,
earthing spikes.
Overhead earthwire shielding against lightning strokes, or, lightning masts.
Galvanised steel structures for towers, gantries, equipment supports.

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 PLCC Equipment including line trap, tuning unit, coupling capacitor, etc.
Power cables
Control cables for protection and control
Roads, Railway track, cable trenches
Station lighting system

2. 11/ 33 kV Switchgear

11 kV Indoor Switchgear
33 kV Outdoor Switchgear

3. LT Panels

Low voltage AC. Switchgear

Control Panels
Protection Panels.

4. Battery room

DC Battery system
Charging equipment distribution system.

5. Mechanical, Electrical

Fire fighting system

Oil purification system
Cooling water system
Telephone system
Workshop; stores etc.

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6. Protection system

CTs, CVTs
Protective Relays
Circuit breakers

7. SCADA

Computer/Microprocessors, Data collection system, Data processing

system.
Man-machine interface
Expert system etc.

SUBSTATION PROTECTION

1. Substation Grounding/ Earthing

The sole purpose of substation grounding/earthing is to protect the equipment

from surges and lightning strikes and to protect the operating persons in the
substation. Hence intentional earthing system is created by laying earthing rod of
mild steel in the soil of substation area. All equipments/structures which are not
meant to carry the currents for normal operating system are connected with main
earth mat .The substation earthing system is necessary for connecting neutral
points of transformers and generators to ground and also for connecting the non
current carrying metal parts such as structures, overhead shielding wires, tanks,
frames, etc to earth. Earthing of surge arresters is through the earthing system.
The function of substation earthing system is to provide a grounding mat below

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the earth surface in and around the substation which will have uniformly zero
potential with respect to ground and low earth resistance.

The earthing system in a substation :

Protects the life and property from over-voltage.

To limit step & touch potential to the working staff in substation.
Provides low impedance path to fault currents to ensure prompt and
consistent operation of protective device.
Stabilizes the circuit potentials with respect to ground and limit the overall
potential rise.
Keeps the maximum voltage gradients within safe limit during ground fault
condition inside and around substation.

Earth Resistance:

Earth Resistance is the resistance offered by the earth electrode to the flow of
current in to the ground. To provide a sufficiently low resistance path to the earth
to minimize the rise in earth potential with respect to a remote earth fault.
Persons touching any of the non current carrying grounded parts shall not receive
a dangerous shock during an earth fault. Each structure, transformer tank, body
of equipment, etc, should be connected to earthing mat by their own earth
connection.

Generally lower earth resistance is preferable but for certain applications

following earth resistance are satisfactory

Large Power Stations 0.5 Ohm

Major Power Stations - 1.0 Ohm

Small Substation 2.0 Ohm

In all Other Cases 8.0 Ohm

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Step Potential and Touch Potential
Grounding system in a electrical system is designed to achieve low earth
resistance and also to achieve safe Step Potential and Touch Potential.

Step Potential:

Step potential is the potential difference between the feet of a person standing
on the floor of the substation, with 0.5 m spacing between the feet (one step),
through the flow of earth fault current through the grounding system.

Touch Potential:

Touch potential is a potential difference between the fingers of raised hand

touching the faulted structure and the feet of the person standing on the
substation floor. The person should not get a shock even if the grounded
structure is carrying fault current, i.e, The Touch Potential should be very small.

Usually, In a substation a surface layer of 150 mm of rock (Gravel) of 15 mm to 20

mm size shall be used for the following reasons:

To provide high resistivity for working personnel.

To minimize hazards from reptiles.
To discourage growth of weed.
To maintain the resistivity of soil at lower value by retaining moisture in
the under laying soil.
To prevent substation surface muddy and water logged.

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 Fig.1.1 Step Potential and Touch Potential

FORMATION OF SUBSTATION EARTHING:

The main earth mat shall be laid horizontally at a regular spacing in both X & Y
direction(9m) based upon soil resistivity value and substation layout arrangement
.The main earth mat shall be laid at a depth of 600 mm from ground. The earth
mat shall be connected to the following in substation:

I. Lightning down conductor, peak of lightning mast

II. Earth point of Surge Arrester, CVT
III. Neutral point of power Transformer and Reactor.

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IV. Equipment framework and other non-current carrying parts.
V. Metallic frames not associated with equipments.
VI. Cable racks, cable trays and cable armour.

Equipment and Structure Earthing in Substation

i) Earthing pads are provided for the apparatus/equipments at accessible position.
The connection between earthing pads and the earthing grid is made by two short
earthing leads (one direct and another through the support structure) free from
kinks and splices by 75 mm x 12 mm GS earth flat. The GS earth flat is welded to a
MS Rod riser which is connected to the earth mat in ground.

ii) All steel/RCC columns, metallic stairs etc. are connected to the nearby earthing
grid conductor by two earthing leads. Electrical continuity is ensured by bonding
different sections of rails and metallic stairs.

iii) Metallic pipes, conduits and cable tray sections for cable installation are
bonded to ensure electrical continuity and connected to earthing conductors at
regular interval. Apart from intermediate connections, beginning points are also
connected to earthing system.

iv) A separate earthing conductor should be provided for earthing the lighting
fixtures, receptacles, switches, junction boxes, lighting conduits etc.

v) A continuous ground conductor of 16 SWG GI wire is run all along each conduit
run and bonded at every 600 mm by not less than two turns of the same size of
wires. The Conductor is connected to each panel ground bus, all junction boxes,
receptacles, lighting fixtures etc.

vi) Railway tracks within switchyard are earthed at a spacing of 30 m and also at
both ends.

vii) 50 mm x 6 mm MS (or of specified size) flat runs on the top tier and all along
the cable trenches and the same is welded to each of the racks. Further this flat is

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earthed at both ends at an interval of 30 mtrs. The M.S. flat is finally painted with
two coats or Red oxide primer and two coats of Post Office red enamel paint or of
specified material.

viii) In isolator the base frame is connected to the earth mat.

Fig. 1.2 Earthing for Lightning Mast

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 Fig. 1.3 Pipe Earth Electrode

Water should be poured in the earth pits at regular intervals to maintain the
required earth resistance.

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LIGHTNING PROTECTION

The protection from the lightning is done with the help of shield wire and
lightning mast (high lattice structure with a spike on top).

1. Shield wire

Shield wire lightning protection system will be generally used in smaller sub
stations of lower voltage class, where number of bays is less, area of the
substation is small, & height of the main structures is of normal height. The major
disadvantage of shield wire type lightning protection is, that it causes short circuit
in the substation or may even damage the costly equipments in case of its failure
(snapping ).

2. Lightning masts (LM)

This type of protection will be generally used in large, extra high voltage sub
stations where number of bays is more

It has the following advantages:

It reduces the height of main structures, as peaks for shield wire are not
required.
It removes the possibility of any back flashover with the near by
equipments/structure, etc.during discharge of lightning strokes.
Provides facility for holding the lightning fixtures in the substation for
illumination purposes.
Aesthetic look.

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 Fig. 1.4 Zone Protection for single lightning mask

SELECTION OF LM HEIGHT
The factors to be considered are:

The height of the LM will be decided, depending upon the height of equipment
to be protected

The protection zone or coverage area of LM increases with the increase of its
height. Hence LMs height depends upon the height of equipment to be
protected.

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 The protection zone of same LM would be more if the equipment height to be
protected is less.

The numbers of lightning masts in substation can be reduced by increasing the

height of LM, but this will cause increase in cost of structure and civil foundations.

The detailed analysis and experience revealed that 30mtr. LM height is

economical proposition & hence to be limited to this height.

The installed LM in the substation covers an area of 44.96m dia circle. It has 2.5m
high spike.

3. Earth wire

Overhead power lines are often equipped with a ground conductor (shield wire or
overhead earth wire). A ground conductor is a conductor that is usually grounded
(earthed) at the top of the supporting structure to minimize the likelihood of
direct lightning strikes to the phase conductors. The ground wire is also a parallel
path with the earth for fault currents in earthed neutral circuits. Very high-voltage
transmission lines may have two ground conductors. These are either at the
outermost ends of the highest cross beam, at two V-shaped mast points, or at a
separate cross arm. By protecting the line from lightning, the design of apparatus
in substations is simplified due to lower stress on insulation. Shield wires on
transmission lines may include optical fibers (OPGW), used for communication
and control of the power system.

7/3.66 mm wire is used for providing earthing in lightning mast and towers.

The main function of Earthwire/ Groundwire is to provide protection against

direct lightening strokes to the line conductors or towers. In addition Groundwire
reduces the induced voltage on parallel telecom lines under fault condition

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Groundwire must meet the following requirements:

It must be able to carry the maximum lightening current without undue

overheating.
It must be strong mechanically.
It must be high enough to afford protection to all the line conductors. This
function is called shielding.
It must have enough clearance above the line conductors at mid-span to
prevent a side flashover to a line conductor.

Tower footing resistance should be low.

Fig. 1.5 Earth Wire protection from Lightning

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2. COMPONENTS OF SUBSTATION

Main Components of Substation are:-

1. LIGTHNING ARRESTER

It is the first equipment in a substation. Substation design involves more than one
installing apparatus, protective devices and equipment. The significant
momentary investment and required reliable continuous operation of the facility
requires detailed attention to preventing surges from entering the substation
facility. The effects of disturbances with limiting in a power system, which if
allowed to persist, may damage plant and interrupt the supply of electrical
energy. Lightning is one of the most serious causes of over voltage. If the power
equipment especially at outdoor substation is not protected, the over-voltage will
cause burning of insulation. Thus it results into complete shutdown of the power
and the loss may run into cores of kyat. Electrical equipment can be damaged due
to over-voltage such as switching surge over-voltage, Lightning surge over-
voltage, transient recovery voltage and power frequency temporary over-voltage
in transmission line and receiving end of substation. It is important to protect
power equipment against them wherever possible. Lightning Arrester can protect
the damages of electrical equipments. So, Lightning Arrester must be installed at
the terminal end of the transmission line, substation, high voltage transformers
and low voltage transformer. The analysis of electromagnetic transient is
depended on operating voltage, lengths of the lines and contactor configuration.
So, it can be chosen correctly the technical specifications of the apparatus of
Lightning Arrester base on the amounts of receiving overvoltage. Generally
arresters are connected in parallel with the equipment to be protected, typically
between phase and earth for three phase installations.

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Lightning arresters are the most effective means of protecting an electrical
apparatus against traveling voltage waves caused by lightning and switching.

Lightning arresters are connected across and apparatus to provide a Low

resistance path to ground, thus limiting the transient voltages below the Basic
Impulse Level of the apparatus.

There are four different classes of arrester.

1. Station

2. Intermediate

3. Distribution, and

4. Secondary

Fig. 2.1. Earth Wire protection from Lightning

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Functions of a Lightning Arrester

To act like an open circuit during the normal operation of the system i.e., to
hold off the system voltage.
To limit the transient voltage to a safe level with the minimum delay and
fitter.
To bring the system back to its normal operation mode as soon as the
transient voltage is suppressed, i.e., to interrupt the power-follow current and
to reseal itself.

The normal operation or operational mode includes the system under faulted
condition. Under several types of system faults, such as the single line-to-ground
faults, the voltage to ground across the healthy phases will rise above the normal
voltage level. The arrester must not go into conduction during this fault condition.
It should also be able to interrupt the power-follow current and reseal itself under
system fault conditions when the power-frequency voltage across it rises.

The active elements (blocks) of surge arresters are manufactured using a highly
non-linear ceramic resistor material composed for the most part of ZnO mixed
with other metal oxide. The resistor blocks in the surge arrester offers low
resistance to high voltage surge to ground. Surge Arrester discharges current
impulse surge to earth and dissipates energy in the form of heat. After
discharging the impulse wave to earth, the resistor blocks in the surge arrester
offers a very high resistance to the normal power frequency voltage and acts as
open circuit.

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 Fig. 2.2. An Electric Transmission Network

There are 2 types of designs available for EHV Surge-Arrester. These are
Conventional gapped Surge-Arrester (Value Type) and Metal Oxide Surge-
Arrester.

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2. CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

A capacitor voltage transformer consists of a Capacitor Voltage Divider (CVD) and

an inductive Intermediate Voltage Transformer (IVT). The IVT voltage level of
capacitor voltage transformers is about 22/3 kV, and the rated voltage of the
complete capacitor voltage transformer determines the ratio at the capacitor
voltage divider.

It is more convenient to make an Inductive voltage transformer for lower voltage

levels and let the CVD take care of the high voltage.

The ratio of the capacitive divider is

The ratio of the intermediate voltage transformer is

The total ratio factor is therefore

K1 is normally chosen to give E2 = 22/3 kV. Thus for different primary voltages,
only C1 differs and a standard intermediate transformer can be used for all
primary voltages. The intermediate voltage transformer (IVT) also contains
reactors for compensation of the capacitive voltage regulation.

The capacitor voltage transformer has a double function, one for

metering/protection and one for power line communications (PLC).

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CVT quality depends on formula:

Fig. 2.3. A Capacitor Voltage Transformer

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CVTs as coupling capacitors
It is possible to combine the CVTs as coupling capacitors for line carrier
transmission and as a voltage transformer. The L terminal in the terminal box
gives access to the CVTs capacitor voltage divider. Power line carrier equipment
and accessories including drain coil and spark gap protection are available in the
terminal box. For external connection of the power line equipment the insulation
of wires must withstand 10 kV RMS test voltage. Its further described under PLCC.

Fig. 2.3. Principle diagram for a capacitor voltage transformer

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3. WAVE TRAP

It is also called "LINE trap". It is connected in series with the power line. It blocks
the high frequency carrier waves (24 kHz to 500 kHz) and Wave trap is an
instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of this wave trap is that it
traps the unwanted waves. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main
incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the
instruments in the substation. Generally it is used to exclude unwanted frequency
components, such as noise or other interference, of a wave. It traps the high
frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation
and diverting them to the telecom/tele protection panel in the substation control
room through coupling capacitor.

Fig. 2.5. Wave Trap

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for

communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom

33
company network. The signals are primarily tele protection signals and in
addition, voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high
impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow
of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If these are not present in the
substation, then signal loss is more and communication will be
ineffective/probably impossible.

4. ISOLATOR

Isolators are the no load switches and used to isolate the equipment. (Either line
equipment, power transformer equipment or power transformer). With the
isolators, we are able to see the isolation of the equipment with our naked eye.
The line isolators are used to isolate the high voltage from flow through the line
into the bus. This isolator prevents the instruments to get damaged. It also allows
the only needed voltage and rest is earthed by itself. Isolator is a type of switching
device. It has non control devices. Isolator are operated after the circuit breaker is
opened. While closing the circuit, first close the isolator and after the circuit
breaker is closed. Strictly speaking Isolators are operated under no current
condition. In the following cases it is permissible to use isolator for making and
breaking of the circuits.

Air break isolators or disconnecting switches are not intended to break load
though these are meant for transfer of load from one bus to another and also to
isolate equipment for maintenance. These are available mainly in two types
vertical break type and horizontal break type. The later type requires larger width.
However the space requirement can be reduced in the horizontal break isolators
by having double break with a centre rotating pillar.

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 Fig. 2.6. 220 kV Isolators without Earth

Pantograph and semi-pantograph disconnects involve vertical movements of

contact arm and therefore require less separation between phases and thereby
require less separation between phases and thereby help in reducing the
substation area to a larger extent. The isolators could be operated mechanically
or hydraulically or pneumatically or by electric motor. Earthing facility shall be
provided wherever required.

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5. Current Transformers

Current transformer is a current measuring device used to measure the currents

in high voltage lines directly by stepping down the currents to measurable values
by means of electromagnetic circuit.

Components of CT:

Primary Winding: It is the winding which is connected in series with the

circuit, the current of which is to be transformed.These are of two types:

1. Single turn primary winding.

2. Multi-turn primary winding

Magnetic Core: Performance of any current transformer depends on its

accuracy of transformation and characteristics of the core material used. Design
of a current transformer depends on the frequency of excitation.

Secondary Winding: The winding which supplies the current to the

measuring instruments, meters, relays, etc.

Burden: The relay, instrument or other device connected to the secondary

winding is termed as 'burden' of a current transformer.

Ex. Burden for Metering is CT 20 VA, 15 VA

CT with 4 cores (protection, special protection, special protection and metering) is

used for 220KV Bus couplers for the twin bus substations. CT with 5 cores (4 cores
for special protection, and metering) is used for 220KV feeder protection, In all
the above cases, protection means O/L &E/L protection, special protection means
differential protection and REF protection in case of power transformers, bus bar
protection (bus differential protection) in case of bus, and distance protection in
case of feeders. At the rate of 220KV level we should use 1:5 cores Current
transformer.

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 Fig. 2.7. SF6 Gas Insulated Current Transformer

Loose connections should not be allowed in the electrical circuit. It increases the
contact resistance which in turn the rises the temperature in that area due to load
current. It damages the oil seals in CTs and transformers bushings causing oil leak
and in term entry of moisture in to the equipment causing falling of IR values and
damages O rings in circuit breaker causing SF6 gas leakage. Entry of moisture in
to the VCB insulator chamber cause vacuum interrupter failure and pull rod
failure due to electrical break down. Hence loose connections should not be
allowed.

37
6. CIRCUIT BREAKER

The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the
instrument. These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other
instrument in the station. For any unwanted fault over the station we need to
break the line current. This is only done automatically by the circuit breaker.
These are load switches. It is able to make or break the normal load current as
well as the fault currents. The basic construction of any circuit breaker requires
the separation of contacts in an insulating fluid, which serves two functions. It
extinguishes the arc drawn between contacts when the CB opens and it provides
adequate insulation between the contacts and from each contact to earth.

For successful operation of the circuit breaker, two functions are to be

performed. a) Operating mechanism function, b) Arc quenching function. There
are various operating mechanisms: Spring charge mechanism, Pneumatic
mechanism, Hydraulic Mechanism .

Arc quenching medium:

Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit breakers-BOCB)

Minimum oil (called minimum oil circuit breakers-MOCB)
Natural air (called air circuit breakers-ACB) (415v)
Forced air (called air blast circuit breaker-ABCB)
Vacuum (called vacuum circuit breaker-VCB)
SF6 gas (called Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB)

The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas
circuit breakers are preferred.

38
 VCB is to be meggered periodically to know the healthiness of the vacuum
interrupter and the insulating pull rod. Vacuum integrity test is the correct
test to know the healthiness of the vacuum interrupter.
SF6 gas pressure is to be noted in log sheets at least twice in a day. If it is
reaching to SF6 gas pressure low alarm stage, it is to be brought to the notice
of the maintenance personnel.SF6 gas circuit breaker goes to lockout
conditions after falling to lockout pressure close and trip circuits will be
blocked and circuit breaker operation cant be performed N<0 contacts of
63GLX were used in close and trip circuits of the CB and 63GLX contactor is in
picked up conditions when the gas pressure is sufficient. Some of the SF6 gas
circuit breaker automatically trips while going to lockout stage N<C contacts
of 63GLX contactor were used in close and trip circuits and 63GLX is in drop
off condition when the gas pressure is sufficient.

There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are
(a) SF6 circuit breakers
(b) Vacuum circuit breakers.

SF6 Circuit Breakers:

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with
pressure and is more than the dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now
being widely used in electrical equipment like high voltage metal enclosed cables;
high voltage metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit breakers, current
transformers, bushings, etc. The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature,
liquidification temperature increases with the pressure.
Sulphur hexafluoride gas is prepared by burning coarsely crushed roll sulphur in
the fluorine gas, in a steel box, provided with staggered horizontal shelves, each
bearing about 4 kg of sulphur. The steel box is made gas tight.
The use of SF6 circuit breaker is mainly in the substations which are having high
input KV, say above 220KV and more. The gas is put inside the circuit breaker by

39
force i.e. under high pressure. When if the gas gets decreases there is a motor
connected to the circuit breaker. The motor starts operating if the gas went lower
than 20.8 bar. There is a meter connected to the breaker so that it can be
manually seen if the gas goes low. The circuit breaker uses the SF6 gas to reduce
the torque produce in it due to any fault in the line. The circuit breaker has a
direct link with the instruments in the station, when any fault occur alarm bell
rings.

Fig. 2.8. SF6 Circuit Breaker

Some of the properties of SF6

Very high dielectric strength
High thermal and chemical inertia
Superior arc extinguishing capability
Low decomposition by arcing
40
Vacuum circuit breakers:
Vacuum type of circuit breakers is used for small KV rated stations below 33KV.
They are only used in low distribution side.

Control Circuit of Circuit Breakers:-

In closing circuit of the Circuit Breaker there are no. of series inter locks we
can say that it is an AND Gate and tripping circuit there are no.of parallel
paths it is an OR Gate.

For closing the Circuit Breaker following conditions are to be met:

a) Local/Remote selector shall be in Remote for closing the CB from remote
and it shall be in Local for closing the CB from Local.
b) Spring is in charged condition in spring type CBs, Air pressure shall be
sufficient in kinematic CBs and Hydraulic Pressure is sufficient in Aero shell
fluid CBs.
c) SF6 Gas pressure is sufficient.
d) Master Trip is resettled.

For tripping the circuit breaker

a) Local/Remote selector Switch shall be in Remote for tripping the CB
from Remote and it shall be in Local for tripping the CB from Local.
b) SF6 Gas pressure is sufficient.
c) Air Pressure is sufficient/Hydraulic Pressure is sufficient.
d) Protection trip bypasses the local/Remote selector switch.

Trip circuit healthiness is to be ensured immediately after closing the circuit

breaker. It is to be ensured at regular intervals at least once shift, as there is
no trip circuit supervision relay and annunciation relay for 33KV feeders and
in case of old panels of 132KV feeders If any deviation is found it is to be
brought to the notice of maintenance personnel.
41
BUS:

The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the
instruments for further step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the
incoming feeders in a single line.

There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other
can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are
separated by a little distance by a conductor having a connector between them.
This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having
any fault.

TRANSFORMERS:
A transformer is a static machine used for transforming power from one circuit to
another without changing frequency. This is a very basic definition of transformer.
Since there is no rotating or moving part so transformer is a static device.
Transformer operates on ac supply. Transformer works on the principle of mutual
induction. Transformers come in a range of sizes from a thumbnail-sized coupling
transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds
of tons used to interconnect portions of national power grids. All operate with the
same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new
technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic
circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for
household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high voltage power
transmission, which makes long distance transmission economically practical.

42
 Fig. 2.8. 315 MVA, 400/220 kV Power Transformer

Basic Principle:

The transformer is based on two principles:

a) An electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism).

b) A changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the
ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).

Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is
developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

43
 3. AN OVERVIEW OF 400/220 kV Ballabgarh Substation

INTRODUCTION
BALLABGARH is a vital node for disbursement of power to Northern States of
India. It is located at a distance of 47 KM from DELHI, near Samaypur village of
BALLABGARH (Distt. FARIDABAD) of Haryana State. Normally it imports power
from generating stations of SINGRAULI/RIHAND, AURAIYA, DADRI reroute the
substations of KANPUR, AGRA, DADRI & MAINPURI respectively and the same is
exported to RAJASTHAN, HARYANA/DELHI via Gurgaon substation, Bamunali
substation & 220 kV BBMB SAMAYPUR. Further BALLABGARH being one of the
five nodes of 400 kV RING MAIN double circuit line around national capital of
DELHI, assumes the additional onus of responsibility for ensuring uninterrupted
power supply to the CAPITAL. Indias first indigenous FACTS has been test charged
at Ballabgarh on 400 kV S/C Ballabgarh-Kanpur line. However Fixed Series
Compensation (35%) on 400 kV BLB-KNP line executed by M/S BHEL is in service
since July2002. This Fixed Series Compensation was first project on any 400 kV
line in India.

Ballabgarh substation is nearly 29 years old. It spans over 135 acres of land, and
consists of huge outdoor switchyard equipment with transmission lines carrying
average power flow of 2000 MW at 400 kV voltages level.

44
Features Of Ballabgarh Substation

TOTAL AREA 135 Acres

BUSBAR SCHEME ONE & HALF CB
NO. OF BAYS COMMISSIONED 28
No. of TRANSMISSION LINES 09
No. of ICTs (500 MVA) 04
No. of BUS REACTOR (80 MVAR) 03
No. of BUS REACTOR (50 MVAR) 01

Commissioning Chronology

400 KV BLB-JPR S/C (NOW BHIWADI) 13 September 1988

400 KV 315 MVA ICT-I 26 September 1988
400 KV BLB-KNP S/C 13 October 1988
400 KV 315 MVA ICT-I I 26 September 1988
400 KV 80 MVAR BUS REACTOR 23 June 1989
400 KV BLB-DDR D/C 25 June 1990
400 KV 315 MVA ICT III 22 January 1991

45
 400 KV BLB-AGR S/C 26 December 1991
400 KV 315 MVA ICT IV 30 June 2002
400 KV BLB MAINPURI I 11 May 2005
400 KV BLB MAINPURI-II 08 May 2005
400 KV BLB-BAMNAULI-I 18 Aug 2004
400 KV BLB-BAMNAULI-II 21 Aug 2003
FACTS STAGE-I 01 July 2002
FACTS STAGE-II TEST CHARGE 29 November 2004
REMOTE OPERATION OF BWD S/S 01 December 2003

LINE LENGTH (KM)

400 KV BLB-KNP S/C 393

400 KV BLB-BHD S/C 60
400 KV BLB-AGR S/C 181
400 KV BLB-DDR 54
400 KV BLB-Greater Noida 39
400 KV BLB-BAM D/C 53
400 KV BLB-MNP D/C 236

46
THE RELAYS SCHEMES PROVODEED FOR PROTECTION PURPOSES ARE AS UNDER:

FOR LINE & BUS BAR

1. DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR LINE

2. OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION
3. AUTO RECLOSE SCHEME
4. BUS BAR PROTECTION
5. LOCAL BREAKER BACK UP
6. POLE DESCREPENCY

FOR TRANSFORMERS AND REACTORS

1. DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
2. REF PROTECTION
3. BACK UP O/C AND EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
4. CORE PROTECTION
5. OTI/WTI
6. PRD

47
Single Line Diagram Of 400/220 kV Ballabgarh Substation

48
4. OPERATION OF 400 kV SUB-STATION

GENERAL
In general if everything is normal then the staff has to fill the operation
records as listed in enclosure.
All readings must be taken at proper time as per OS norms.
There should not be any over writing or cutting on Log Books.
Readings of switch yard equipments, A/C plant, DG set, F/F system, Auxiliary
system must be taken locally.

Normally there should not be any alarm on control panel windows in C/R, A /C
plant control panel, DG control panel and F/F system Control panel. In case any
alarm appears then try to reset the same and inform to maintenance In-charge.

OPERATIONAL STRATEGY IN CASE LINE AUTO RECLOSES.

About 90% of the faults on line are transient in nature because line passes
through forests, other areas also. In this case fault is not of permanent nature,
so an attempt is to be taken to reclose the line.
As soon as there is any fault in the line, Main-I and Main-II protections will
operate and particular pole of CBs (main & tie) will open at both ends. After
dead time (1 second), which starts since the operation of Main-I and Main-II,
A/R attempt is taken by A/R relay and if fault is cleared with-in dead time, CB
at both ends will close but If fault is persisting 3 phase tripping will takes
place. If fault is again repeated with in reclaim time after successful A/R of

49
 line, which is 25 seconds for A/R relay, then also 3 phase tripping takes place.
After 25 seconds of auto - reclosing A/R relay become normal for next
operation.

ACTION TO BE TAKEN BY STAFF:

Acknowledge the alarm by pressing Acknowledge push button on respective

panel.
Record the time and consult other end also, see time in DR, EL prints.
Normally CB auto trip and I/T (inter trip) signal receive fascia will appear on
control panel along with Main I / II Prot. Operated.
Note down the flags on protection relay panels as below.
i) Main-I ii) Main-II iii) Trip Relay.
iv) Any other relay v) Fault locator readings.
vi) Increment in PLCC counter.
Inform S/S In-charge immediately and discuss before passing the flags to
CPCC.
Inform verbally and by written message to CPCC about above with flags &
fascias details.
Reset the flags if there is no confusion as per advise of S/S In-charge.
Take DR print out.
Take E/L print and cross check timings.
Take other end flags.
Inform the line staff about the fault and fault locator readings of both ends.

50
OPERATIONAL STRATEGY IN CASE LINE TRIPS OR A/R UNSUCESSFUL:-

The reason for unsuccessful auto-reclosure at one end or at both ends will be
following:-

Fault is of permanent in nature, may be due to snap of Phase wire or earth

wire.
1 phase fault converted into 3 phase faults.
CB operating mechanism oil/SF6 PRESSURE is low, it will block auto reclose.
Wrong detection of fault by relay.
PLCC channel is not healthy.
Fault is repeated on other healthy phase within dead time on the same phase.
A/R relay DC is not healthy.
Direct trip received from other end.
A/R success full at one end and failed at other end, then line may trip on Over
voltage from other end.
In case of ALSTOM system, 186A & B will appear on auto recluse relay if auto
reclose fails and in ABB auto reclose lock out relay.
In case of tripping of line, repeat Sl. No. 1 to 5 as above in 1.1 ( line auto
recloses) but ask for the charging code from CPCC after inspecting the switch
yard equipments and consulting other end.
If line is open at one end only, synchronize after taking permission from CPCC.
If the line is open at other end only, permit him to close if CPCC code is there
and no problem at other end.
If Line trips at both ends take permission from CPCC to charge from one end
and synchronize at other end.

51
OPERATIONAL STRATEGY IN CASE LINE TRIPS:

Due to other faults (O/V, D/T RECEIVE ETC.)

The reasons other than earth fault for tripping of line are given below.

1) Over voltage protection operates [voltage goes > (440-460) KV for 5 Seconds
or 600 KV for instantaneous tripping).

2) Shunt reactor protection operates.

3) Direct trip signal received (85 LO in ALSTOM system).

In case of above there will not be any flag on Main-1 / Main-2 panel & fault
locator will not give any reading. Follow steps 1 to 5 as in the section Line auto
recloses successfully.

i) In case of over voltage take permission from CPCC if voltage has come
down. Consult other end and Charge/Synchronize the line.

In case over voltage stage-2 operates then inform S/S In-charge for further
restoration of the feeder.

ii) Bus reactor has hand reset type of trip relay, so when ever Bus
reactor trips, clearance is to be taken from S/S In-charge and then reset the
relay by pressing push button.
iii) In case direct trip signal receives, consult other end if they find out the
reason for tripping after that code may be taken for charging and
synchronization of line.

52
OPERATIONAL STRATEGY IN CASE BUS BAR PROTECTION AND LOCAL BREAKER
BACK UP (LBB) PROTECTION OR BREAKER FAILURE RELAY (BFR) OPERATES.

The operation of Bus Bar protection is very rare. It can operate in case some
earthing is left during the shut down or bus post insulator has failed.

Bus bar is having differential protection. It is divided into Zone-I covering B/B 1
and Zone -2 covering B/B- 2 and check zone covers both buses. Core-I of all CTs
which are used in Bus Bar protection is connected with Check zone and core-2
connected to zone-1 or zone-2 as per Bay connection to Bus-1 or Bus-2. CT cores
1&2 used for bus bar protection has 2000/1 ratio. For any tripping check zone &
zone-1 or zone-2 has to pick up. This is for giving more security in tripping. The
relay setting is 100V and relays are located in BB panel.

LBB (local breaker back up) or BFR will operate when main protection has
operated and tripping has been extended to trip relay and CB fails to trip due to
mechanical problem etc. It is delayed protection if the current to the LBB or BFR
persists for 200 ms then only relay will operate. Setting of ABB relay RAICA)
is 200mA and that of ALSTOM relay CTIG 1.2 amps for phase element & 0.4
amp for neutral element with 1000/1 A CT. The tripping relays for both these
protection are common and are located in bus bar Panel. In case of operation of
these protection either B/B-I or B/B-II connected all CBs will trip and B/B will
become dead.

STEPS TO BE TAKEN

Acknowledge the alarm on control panel.

In case of B/B tripping note down the flags on B/B panel.

53
 In case of LBB or BFR note down the flags on respective panels.
Inform S/S In-charge and CPCC immediately.
Do not charge the Bus or line till clearance is given by S/S In-charge and CPCC.
After inspection and clearance is accorded by S/S In-charge and ask for code
from CPCC.
Reset the B/B trip relays by pressing the push button in B/B panel.
Without resetting the B/B trip relays, CBs cannot be closed because closing
command for CB goes through the contact of this relay.
If code is given by CPCC charge the B/B by closing CBs and record time and
other parameters

SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES

SEQUENCE OF MANDATORY OPERATIONS FOR SHUTDOWN OF LINE:

A. Avail permission code from CPCC for shut down of the line. Pass on the
same code to remote end.

B. Note down the system parameters of all lines/ICTS.

C. Open the Main CB of the line.

D. Open the Tie CB of the line.

(If the remote end opens the line from their end, Main CB & Tie CB will open
automatically)

E. Put the Auto Reclose switch (A/R) of the line in NON AUTO position.

54
F. Open the line Isolator *89L.

G. Open the Main Bay Isolator *89A & Tie Bay Isolator *89A & *89B.

H. Open Bus side Isolator *89 & Reactor isolator *89R.

I. Check physically for proper opening of all Isolators done in F, G, H.

J. Ensure that line Isolator at the other end is open.

K. Get permission from other end to earth the line.

L. Close the earth switch of the line Isolator *89LE and inform other end.

M. Ensure that the line is earthed at the other end.

N. Attach DO NOT OPERATE board at the control panel of the line bay.

O. Issue PTW (Permit To Work) on the line and individual equipment.

SEQUENCE OF MANDATORY OPERATIONS FOR SHUTDOWN OF ICT:

A. Avail permission code from CPCC for shut down of the ICT. Pass on the same
code to BBMB.

B. Note down the system parameters of all lines/ICTS.

C. Open the 400 KV Main CB of the ICT.

D. Open the 400 KV Tie CB of the ICT.

E. Open the 220 KV CB of the ICT.

55
F. Open the 400 KV line Isolator *89L of the ICT.

G. Open the Main Bay Isolator *89A & Tie Bay Isolator *89A & *89B.

H. Open Bus side Isolator *89 & 220 KV side isolator L*89.

I. Check physically for proper opening of all Isolators done in F, G, H.

J. Ensure that line Isolator at BBMB end is open.

K. Get permission from BBMB to earth the ICT.

L. Close the earth switch of the ICT from 220 KV side Isolator L*89E.

M. Close the earth switch of the ICT from 400 KV side Isolator *89LE.

N. Attach DO NOT OPERATE board at the control panel of the 400 KV & 220
KV ICT bay.

O. Issue PTW (Permit To Work) on the ICT and individual equipment.

SEQUENCE OF MANDATORY OPERATIONS FOR THE S/D OF BUS 1/ BUS 2:

A. Avail permission code from CPCC for shut down of the BUS 1/ BUS 2.
B. Open all the CBS connected to BUS-I/ BUS 2.
C. Put the Auto Reclose switches (A/R) of all the above CBs in NON AUTO
position.
D. Open all the Isolators of the bays connected to BUS 1/ BUS 2.
E. Check physically for proper opening of all Isolators done in D.
F. Ensure that the BUS-I/ BUS-2 voltage is around 10KV (due to induction).

56
G. Close Bus-I/ Bus-2 earth switch 1389E / 1589E Bus side respectively.
H. Ensure that the Bus selection switch of voltage / frequency is on Bus-II/ Bus-I
respectively.
I. Ensure that the bus selection latch relay is correctly operated and MW,
MVAR and Current of all feeders are matching.
J. Ensure that all the energy meters of feeders & ICTs are running
K. Issue the PTW (PERMIT TO WORK) on individual equipment.

CHARGING & SYNCHRONISING PROCEDURES

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION FOR CHARGING & SYN. OF LINE

GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

A. Ensure all permits issued are returned and cancelled. (i.e. Line, Switchyard,
CP/RP Maintenance)
B. Check for removal of all men and material from S/Y physically.
C. Physically check for removal of earthing done at working site, both permanent
and temporary.
D. Ensure that all S/Y equipments of the line on which PTWS were cleared, are
in operating condition.
E. Check for SF6/ OIL pressure of Main & Tie CB.
F. Ensure local/remote switch of CBs are in Remote position.
G. Ensure that all relay flags are reset.
H. Check for no annunciation pending on window and do lamp test OK.
I. Ensure that D/R,E/L, F/L are in service.

57
J. During charging of the line from BALLABGARH end the A/R selection switch of
both Breaker must be kept in NON AUTO mode to avoid auto re-closure of
switch on to fault. After successful synchronizing same may be kept in 1 PH
mode.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION FOR LINE CHARGING:

A. Confirm the removal of line earthing at other end.

B. Close all the isolators i.e. Reactor isolator, Main Bay & Tie Bay isolators.
C. Close the line isolator.
D. Check physically the closing of all isolators done in B,C .
E. Give clearance to close line isolator at remote end and confirm.
F. Note down the counter reading of all PLCC channels.
G. Note down the parameters of all lines and Auto Transformers.
H. Take permission from CPCC for charging the line and inform other end.
I. For the charging and synchronising of the line, charge the line from the end
where voltage is less.
J. If voltage is less at our end then charge the line and confirm synchronising of
the line from other end.
K. If line trips during charging on SOTF then no second attempt is to be made for
charging the line and inform to S/S In-charge and CPCC.
L. If voltage is less at other end then line is to be charged from other end and
after confirming the voltage in all the three phases line synchronised from our
end through synchronising trolley. In no case check synchronising relay should
be bypassed.

58
M. After synchronising the line note down the readings and check the current in
all the three phases and inform to CPCC.
N. Check all the relay & control panels and note down the PLCC readings. If any
abnormalities observed then inform to S/S in-charge.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION FOR CHARGING & SYNCHRONISING 315 MVA

400/220/33KV ICT.

GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

A. Ensure all permits issued are returned and cancelled. (i.e. ICT, Switchyard,
CP/RP Maintenance)
B. Check for removal of all men and material from S/Y physically.
C. Physically check for removal of earthing done at working site, both permanent
and temporary.
D. Ensure that all S/Y equipments of the ICT & Bay on which PTWS were cleared,
are in operating condition.
E. Check for SF6/ OIL pressure of Main & Tie CB.
F. Ensure local/remote switch of CBs are in Remote position.
G. Ensure that all relay flags are reset.
H. Check for no annunciation pending on window and do lamp test OK.
I. Ensure that Event Logger is in service.

PRE-CONDITIONS FOR CHARGING ICTS.

ICT shall be charged preferably from 220 KV side and synchronized from 400
KV side in normal condition.
59
 In case of Auto transformer has undergone major overhaul or oil has been
exposed to the atmosphere, values of BDV, PPM shall be taken before
charging the transformer.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS
A. Confirm the removal of earthing at BBMB end, if any, and give clearance for
closing the 220 KV line isolators at their end.
B. Close 220 KV side Autotransformer isolator L*489.
C. Close all the 400 KV side isolators of Main & Tie Bay.
D. Check physically the closing of all isolators done B & C.
E. Inform the readiness to CPCC.
F. Take permission from CPCC for charging the ICT-I from 220 KV side.
G. Note down all parameters of ICTs and lines.
H. Check physically the healthiness of transformer.
I. Close 220 KV Breaker of ICT. As such the Auto- transformer is charged from
220 KV side.
J. In case the Auto transformer trips on fault, second attempt MUST NOT be
made until ICT is properly tested and reason for tripping is ascertained.
K. Close 400KV Main and Tie CBs of ICT as per requirement. In no case check
synchronizing relay should be bypassed.
L. After synchronizing the ICT note down the readings and check the current in
all the three phases and inform to CPCC.
M. Check all relay and control panels and equipments in the switch yard for any
abnormalities and inform S/S In-charge.

60
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION FOR CHARGING BUS-1/ BUS-2

GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

A. Ensure all permits issued are returned and cancelled. (i.e. Bus-1/ Bus-2,
Switchyard, CP/RP Maintenance).
B. Check for removal of all men and material from S/Y physically.
C. Physically check for removal of earthing done at working site, both permanent
and temporary.
D. Ensure that all S/Y equipments on which PTWS were cleared, are in operating
condition.
E. Check for SF6/ OIL pressure of all the CBs.
F. Ensure local/remote switch of CBs are in Remote position.
G. Ensure that all relay flags are reset.
H. Ensure that Event Logger is in service.

SEQUENCE OF OPERATION:

A. Close all the isolators of the bays connected to Bus-1/ Bus-2.

B. Check physically the closing of all isolators.
C. Take permission from CPCC for charging the Bus-1/ Bus-2.
D. Close all the CBs of the bays connected to Bus-1/ Bus-2.
E. Check all the equipments in switchyard. If any abnormalities observed then
inform to S/S in-charge.

61
5. MAINTENANCE OF 400 kV SUB-STATION

In order to ensure smooth & safe operation of the substation, it is essential to

keep all the equipments of switchyard, protection relays and auxiliaries in healthy
condition all the time so that we can attain high level of availability which is more
than 98.5%. There are various maintenance activities for different equipments in
order to keep them in healthy condition. Details of various schedule maintenance
activities are as given below:

MONTHLY MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES FOR EQUIPMENTS: (WITHOUT

SHUTDOWN)

TRANSFORMER & REACTOR:

i) Checking of bushing oil level.

ii) Checking of oil level in conservator.

iii) Checking of oil level in OLTC conservator.

iv) Checking of cooling pump & fans (manual actuation).

v) Checking of oil leaks.

vi) Checking of Silica gel condition in breather.

vii) Checking of oil level in oil seal of breather.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

i) Checking of oil leaks from grading capacitors.

ii) Checking of oil leaks in hydraulic circuit.

iii) Checking of hydraulic oil level & replenishment/ topping up of oil (if
necessary).

62
CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

i) Visual inspection of CT for oil leakage and crack in insulator etc.

ii) Checking of oil leakage in Terminal Box of CT MB.

iii) Checking of healthiness of gasket of CT MB.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

i) Checking of oil leakage.

ii) Measurement of secondary voltage measurement in S/Y MB.

PROTECTION SYSTEM:

i) Testing of DR/EL with Time Synchronisation Unit.

HALF YARLY MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENTS (WITHOUT S/D):

TRANSFORMENR AND REACTOR:

i) Testing of oil for DGA and other oil parameters.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

i) Maintenance of Air Dryer of Pneumatic Operating Mechanism, if provided.

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YEARLY MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENTS (S/D ACTIVITY):

TRANSFORMENR AND REACTOR:

i) Check Auto Starting of cooler oil pumps and fans.

ii) Measurement of BDV of OILTC oil.

iii) External Cleaning of Radiator.

iv) Cleaning of all bushings.

v) Maintenance of OLTC driving mechanism.

vi) Checking of all remote indications (WTI & Tap position indicator)

vii) Electrical checking/testing of Pressure Relief Device, Buchholz relay, OLTC

surge relay and checking/ replacement of the gaskets of the terminal box.

viii) checking/ testing of Buchholz relay by oil draining.

ix) Cleaning of MB, tightening of terminations and checking of contactors, space

heaters and illumination etc.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

i) Checking of Hydraulic oil pressure drop/ air pressure drop during duty cycle
operation check.

ii) Checking of auto-starting/ stopping of oil pump/ air compressor.

iii) Dew point measurement of operating air at the outlet of Air Dryer for ABCB
breaker.

iv) CB operating timings (Main, PIR, Aux.)

v) Checking of Pole Discrepancy relay.

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vi) Functional checks, duty cycle operation including rapid re-closing (O-0.3s-CO).

vii) Checking of all operation lockouts, interlocks,pressure settings.

Viii)Cleaning of Breaker interrupter,support insulators, PIRs and grading

capacitors.

ix)Checking of close/trip coil currents, healthiness of Operation Counter.

x) Checking of tightness of all cable terminations in MB.

xi) Checking of door sealing gaskets and replacement, if necessary.

xii) Checking of space heaters.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

i) Thermovision scanning of CT and Top dome.

ii) Checking of space heaters & illumination in CT MB.

iii) Checking the tightness of all connections including earthing.

iv) Cleaning of marshalling box and junction box.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

i) Visual checking of earthing HF point (in case it is not being used for PLCC).

ii) Checking for any breakage or cracks in cementing joint.

iii) Cleaning of CVT capacitor stacks and tightness of terminal connections.

iv) Thermovision scanning of capacitor stacks and EMU.

v) Checking of space heaters & illumination of MB.

vi) Checking and tightness of all connections including earth connections.

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ISOLATORS AND EARTH SWITCHES:

i) Linkages including transmission gears of operating mechanism.

ii) Stopper bolt.

iii) Cleaning of aux. switch contacts.

iv) Lubrication of operating mechanism, hinges, levers, bearing.

v) Checking of all mounting bolts for tightness.

vi) Cleaning and lubrication of main & earthing blades.

vii) Alignment of main & earth contacts.

viii) Checking of interlocks.

ix) Cleaning of support insulators and checking insulator cracks.

x) Checking of earth connections of structure and MOM box.

xi) Cleaning and terminal tightening in MOM box.

xii) Checking of space heater & illumination and checking of gaskets.

SURGE ARRESTOR:

i) Cleaning of LA insulator.

ii) Testing of counters.

iii) Checking of leakage current (Third harmonic Resistive current).

BUS-BAR, JUMPERS, CONNECTORS, CLAMPS ETC.

i) Measurement of station earth resistance.

ii) Thermovision scanning of all conductor joints, terminal connectors/ clamps.

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iii) Checking of insulators for cracks.

iv) Cleaning of insulators

WAVE TRAP;

i) General inspection / cleaning of tuning unit.

ii) Tightening & cleaning of wave trap.

PROTECTION SYSTEMS:

i) Checking of DC logic circuit for trip and annunciations including timers by

simulation.

ii) Checking of voltage for relays.

iii) Reach checks for all 4 zones of Distance protection.

iv) Time measurement for the same.

v) Power swing blocking check for Distance protection.

vi) SOTF checking for Distance protection.

vii) VT fuse failure check for Distance protection.

viii) Checking of trip contacts and annunciations.

ix) Check for carrier send.

x) LBB and STUB protection testing.

xi) Auto Reclose test.

xii) Checking of DR & EL initiation.

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xiii) Checking of fault locator initiation.

xiv) Checking of Over voltage relay.

xv) Checking of all aux. relays.

xiv) Checking of Reactor back up impedance.

xv) Checking of Buchholz, PRV OTI, WTI in reactor and transformer.

xvi) Checking of differential protection of reactor and transformer.

xvii) Checking of REF Protection of reactor and transformer.

xviii) Checking of Over Fluxing and over load relay in transformer.

xix) Checking of PLCC system for return loss, transmitter/ receiver check,
power supply measurement and alarms.

TWO YEARLY MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENTS (S/D ACTIVITY):

TRANSFORMER AND REACTORS:

i) C & Ten delta measurement of bushings.

ii) Vibration measurement of reactors.

iii) Checking and calibration of WTI & OTI.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

i) Static Contact Resistance measurement.

ii) Dynamic contact Resistance measurement.

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CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

i) Measurement of C & tan delta.

THREE/ FOUR YEARLY MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENTS (S/D ACTIVITY):

TRANSFORMER AND REACTOR:

i) IR measurement of transformer winding.

ii) C & Tan delta measurement of transformer winding.

iii) Winding resistance measurement of transformer at all tap position.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

i) C & Tan delta measurement of grading capacitor.

ii) Dew point measurement of SF6 gas (3Y).

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

i) C & Tan delta measurement (3Y).

ISOLATORS AND EARTH SWITCH:

i) Contact resistance measurement of main and earth contacts.

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SOS ACTIVITIES FOR EQUIPMENTS:

TRANSFORMER AND REACTORS:

i) Measurement of windings ratio.

ii) Measurement of short circuit impedance.

iii) FRA measurement.

iv) Checking and cleaning of diverter contacts.

v) Filtration/ replacement of OLTC oil.

vi) Filtration/ degassing of main tank oil.

vii) IR measurement of bushing CTs.

CIRCUIT BREAKER:

i) SF6 gas/ Air pressure leakage test.

ii) Repainting of metallic part.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER:

i) IR measurement.

ii) Measurement of CT secondary resistance, CT ratio test.

iii) Magnetization characteristics.

iv) DGA and other parameters of oil.

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CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:

i) Testing of EMU tank oil for BDV (if oil found discoloured).

BUS-BAR, JUMPERS, CONNECTORS, CLAMPS, S/Y ILLUMINATION ETC.:

i) Removal of hot spots.

ii) De-weeding of switchyard.

iii) Repainting, rust removal of all structures, equipments etc.

iv) Checking of Switchyard lighting.

MAINTENANCE OF FACTS:
FACTS installed on 400 KV BLB-KNP line is first project on any 400 KV lines in India.
For the maintenance of FACTS some precautions has to be taken as capacitor
bank and all other equipments are installed on a platform, charged at 400 KV.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED WHILE WORKING ON THE HIGH VOLTAGE

PLATFORM

All equipment on the platform need to be de-energized disconnected from the

supply and grounded and un-authorized re-enerrgisation shall be prevented
before any work is started.

1. Bypass the capacitor bank permanently (both earth switches will be closed
under this condition, both capacitor isolators are open, bypass isolator and
BPCB is closed).
2. Open the fence door observing all capacitor isolator interlock protocol.

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3. Using an earth rod, manually earth all incoming tube connections from line
for all the phases. Also, earth all the platforms manually by earthing rod. Keep
the earth rod permanently connected on that platform on which work will be
undertaken.
4. Do not work on the platform when it is drizzling or raining or under conditions
of thunder and fog.

5. After completing work on platform remove earthing rod, ladders, loose

hardware and working tools lying on platform or inside platform mounted
equipment. Ensure all doors of platform mounted equipment are properly
closed.
6. Ensure all maintenance personnel have vacated the fenced area.

7. Close fence door observing all interlock protocol.

8. No isolator is to be opened or closed unless BPCB is closed.

PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR METAL OXIDE VARISTOR (MOV)

HALF YEARLY MAINTENANCE:

1. Visual Inspection
2. Check for any bulging of Pressure Relief Diaphragm
3. Check for cleanliness of insulator surface and clean if required

THREE YEARLY MAINTENANCE:

1. Check electrical and mechanical connections and re-torque if required

Note: Visual inspection need to be carried out after each line fault at the first
available opportunity.

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PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE FOR CAPACITOR BANK

YEARLY MANITENANCE:

1. Visual inspection of bank for pollution, painting damages or leaking capacitor

units and cleaning if necessary. (If capacitor is damaged and starts leaking, it is
to be replaced. However small leaks can be repaired with epoxy adhesive)
2. Check the settings and operation of the protective relays.
3. Tightening of all connectors (including the connectors on housing studs) with
optimum torque (20Nm).
4. Check the unbalance current. (If the unbalance current exceeds 50% of the
tripping value, undertake measurement of capacitance of all capacitor units in
the bank and faulty units be replaced. Measurement is applicable where ever
provision is available.)

THREE YEARLY MAINTENANCE:

Measurement of Capacitance of all capacitor units. (If the measurement of a

capacitor unit indicates deviation beyond +/_5% compared to the values stated in
routine test report, the unit to be replaced)

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