IC 7805 (Voltage Regulator IC)

7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear
voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give
the fixed voltage output. The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant
value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide. 7805 provides
+5V regulated power supply. Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output
pins depending upon the respective voltage levels.

Pin Description:

Pin No Function Name

1 Input voltage (5V-18V) Input

2 Ground (0V) Ground

3 Regulated output; 5V (4.8V-5.2V) Output

ATmega328
Specifications[edit]
The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 kB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities,
1 kB EEPROM, 2 kB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with
compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial
port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with
internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device
achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.[1]

Key parameters[edit]

Parameter Value

CPU type 8-bit AVR

Performance 20 MIPS at 20 MHz[2]

Flash memory 32 kB

SRAM 2 kB

EEPROM 1 kB

Pin count 28-pin PDIP, MLF, 32-pin TQFP, MLF[2]

Maximum operating frequency 20 MHz

Number of touch channels 16

Hardware QTouch Acquisition No

Maximum I/O pins 26

External interrupts 2

USB Interface No

USB Speed
 Parallel program mode[2]

Programming signal Pin Name I/O Function

RDY/BSY PD1 O High means the MCU is ready for a new command, otherwise busy.

OE PD2 I Output Enable (Active low)

WR PD3 I Write Pulse (Active low)

BS1 PD4 I Byte Select 1 (0 = Low byte, 1 = High byte)

XA0 PD5 I XTAL Action bit 0

XA1 PD6 I XTAL Action bit 1

PAGEL PD7 I Program memory and EEPROM Data Page Load

BS2 PC2 I Byte Select 2 (0 = Low byte, 1 = 2nd High byte)

DATA PC[1:0]:PB[5:0] I/O Bi-directional data bus (Output when OE is low)

Dc geared motor
A gear motor is a specific type of electrical motor that is designed to produce high torque while maintaining a
low horsepower, or low speed, motor output. Gear motors can be found in many different applications, and are
probably used in many devices in your home.

Gear motors are commonly used in devices such as can openers, garage door openers, washing machine time
control knobs and even electric alarm clocks. Common commercial applications of a gear motor include
hospital beds, commercial jacks, cranes and many other applications that are too many to list.

Gear motors are primarily used to reduce speed in a series of gears, which in turn creates more torque. This is
accomplished by an integrated series of gears or a gear box being attached to the main motor rotor and shaft
via a second reduction shaft. The second shaft is then connected to the series of gears or gearbox to create what
is known as a series of reduction gears. Generally speaking, the longer the train of reduction gears, the lower
the output of the end, or final, gear will be.

Rechargeable batteries allow for multiple usages from a cell, reducing waste and generally providing
a better long-term investment in terms of dollars spent for usable device time. This is true even
factoring in the higher purchase price of rechargeables and the requirement for a charger.
A rechargeable battery is generally a more sensible and sustainable replacement to one-time use
batteries, which generate current through a chemical reaction in which a reactive anode is
consumed. The anode in a rechargeable battery gets consumed as well but at a slower rate,
allowing for many charges and discharges.

In use, rechargeable batteries are the same as conventional ones. However, after discharge the
batteries are placed in a charger or, in the case of built-in batteries, an AC/DC adapter is connected.

A chassis consists of an internal vehicle frame that supports an artificial object in its construction
and use, can also provide protection for some internal parts. An example of a chassis is the
underpart of a motor vehicle, consisting of the frame (on which the body is mounted). If
the running gear such as wheels and transmission, and sometimes even the driver's seat, are
included, then the assembly is described as a rolling chassis.
A servo consists of a Motor (DC or AC), a potentiometer, gear assembly and a controlling circuit. First of
all we use gear assembly to reduce RPM and to increase torque of motor. Say at initial position of servo
motor shaft, the position of the potentiometer knob is such that there is no electrical signal generated
at the output port of the potentiometer. Now an electrical signal is given to another input terminal of
the error detector amplifier. Now difference between these two signals, one comes from potentiometer
and another comes from other source, will be processed in feedback mechanism and output will be
provided in term of error signal. This error signal acts as the input for motor and motor starts rotating.
Now motor shaft is connected with potentiometer and as motor rotates so the potentiometer and it will
generate a signal. So as the potentiometers angular position changes, its output feedback signal
changes. After sometime the position of potentiometer reaches at a position that the output of
potentiometer is same as external signal provided. At this condition, there will be no output signal from
the amplifier to the motor input as there is no difference between external applied signal and the signal
generated at potentiometer, and in this situation motor stops rotating.

https://circuitdigest.com/article/servo-motor-basics

The nine-volt battery format is commonly available in primary carbon-zinc and alkaline chemistry, in
primary lithium iron disulfide, and in rechargeable form in nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride and
lithium-ion.

Type IEC ANSI/NEDA Typical capacity Nominal voltage

Zinccarbon 6F22 1604D 400

Lithium 1604LC 1200 9.6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-volt_battery

L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive on either direction.
L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in any direction. It means
that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC.

It works on the concept of H-bridge. H-bridge is a circuit which allows the voltage to be flown in either
direction. As you know voltage need to change its direction for being able to rotate the motor in
clockwise or anticlockwise direction, Hence H-bridge IC are ideal for driving a DC motor.
L293D Pin Diagram

http://www.rakeshmondal.info/L293D-Motor-Driver

These wireless receivers work with our 434MHz transmitters. They can easily fit into a breadboard and
work well with microcontrollers to create a very simple wireless data link. Since these are only receivers,
they will only work communicating data one-way, you would need two pairs (of different frequencies) to
act as a transmitter/receiver pair.

Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals through RF
can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly
operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction between
transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF
communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting
sources.

Features:

434 MHz

500ft range (given perfect conditions)

4800bps data rate

5V supply voltage

https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10532

Pin Description:
RF Transmitter

Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Serial data input pin Data

4 Antenna output pin ANT

RF Receiver

Pin No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Serial data output pin Data

3 Linear output pin; not connected NC

4 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc

5 Supply voltage; 5V Vcc

6 Ground (0V) Ground

7 Ground (0V) Ground

8 Antenna input pin ANT

https://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/rf-module-transmitter-receiver