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Complex Numbers

Complex numbers are numbers of the form a + bi, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. They were developed to solve equations like x^2 + 1 = 0. Complex numbers can be expressed in rectangular (a + bi) or polar (r * e^iθ) form. They follow properties like closure under addition and multiplication, and have operations like conjugates and inverses defined. Complex exponentials like e^ix can be used to define trigonometric functions on the complex plane.

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164 views

Complex Numbers

Complex numbers are numbers of the form a + bi, where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part. They were developed to solve equations like x^2 + 1 = 0. Complex numbers can be expressed in rectangular (a + bi) or polar (r * e^iθ) form. They follow properties like closure under addition and multiplication, and have operations like conjugates and inverses defined. Complex exponentials like e^ix can be used to define trigonometric functions on the complex plane.

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Complex numbers

Complex Numbers
Described by Euler.
Formed when trying to find solution of x2+1=0 in real domain. The imaginary unit is defined as 1
A number in the form Z=a+ib , where a is the real part of Z (ReZ) and b is the imaginary part (Im Z)
Every real number is a complex number with imaginary part 0
Two complex numbers X=a+ib and Y=c+id are equal when a=b and c=d
If 4x+i(3x-y)=3-i6 then 4x=3 and 3x-y=-6=> x=3/4 and y=33/4
The complex numbers are simply not an ordered field and there is no way to make them one i.e not
possible to express a+bi < c + di

Representation in Cartesian form ( Argand plane, Complex plane, Gaussian plane)

Absolute value (modulus/magnitude) : |z|=2 + 2

Conjugate (z bar or z*)- Reflection of z about x-axis

Re (z)=1/2(z+z )

Im(z)=1/2i (z+z )

In polar form conjugate of z=Rei is z (bar)= Re-i

Properties of conjugate
(e)z*=(ez)*

So also the logarithm ( ln) is true.

If p is a polynomial with real coefficients, and p(z)=0, then p(z*)=0 as well. Thus, non-real roots of real polynomials
occur in complex conjugate pairs.

Addition of complex numbers : similar to vector

Multiplication and division


Reciprocal (multiplicative inverse):

Square root: The square roots of a + bi (with b 0) are , where

And

Properties of Complex Numbers


a) Addition of two complex numbers A=x+iy and B=p+iq, then A+B=(x+p)+i(y+q)
Closure law: sum of two complex numbers z1 and z2 is also a complex number
Commutative law :A+B =B+A where A & B are two complex numbers
Associate law A+(B+C)=(A+B)+C
Additive identity: A+0=A (0=0+i*0) is called identity complex number or zero complex number
Additive inverse :z=a+ib then z=-a-ib
b) z1=a+ib, z2=c+id, then z1z2=(ac-bd)+i(ad+bc)
c) If x+yi=p+qi x-yi=p-qi
d) f(x+yi)=f(p+qi) f(x-yi)=f(p-qi)
e.g ex+iy=(p+iq)n ex-iy=(p+iq)n e2x=(p2+q2)n
e)

Practice : find multiplication of 3+i5 and 2+i6 ans: (3*2-5*6+i(3*6+5*2)=(-)24+i28


Laws:
1. closure rule=z1z2 is a complex number
2. commutative rule: z1z2=z2z1
3. Associative rule z1(z2z3)=(z1z2)z3
4. Multiplicative Identity z1x1=z, 1=1+i0
5. Distributive rule z1(z2+z3)=z1z2+z1z3
6. Multiplicative inverse : for any complex number z=a+ib (a and b are not zero), there is a number 1/z such
that z*1/z(or z-1)=1, multiplicative inverse =a/(a2+b2)-ib(a2+b2)
If z1=6+3i z2=2-i z1/z2, find z1/z2?
Ans: z1z2=z1*1/z2
1/z2=1/(2-i)=(2+i)/(2^2-i^2)=(2+i)/5=2/5+1/5i
(6+3i)*(2/5+1/5i)=1/5(9+12i)=3/5(3+4i)
Properties of modulus
Polar form of Complex numbers

Eulers formula
eix= cos x+ i sin x ( also known as cis x- cosine plus sine x)

when x=, ei+1=0 ( Eulers identity)

Example

Vector representation of Complex numbers

a) Sum
b) Difference

P2P1 represents difference of two complex numbers z1 and z2


The argument is the angle by which OX must be rotated to be parallel with P2P1 which is negative in the case as OP.
c) Product (multiplication)

Quotient
1. Argument of Z conjugate= (-)argument of z
Application of Eulers formula in complex plane
a. Define logarithm of complex numbers
z=|z|ei=eln|z| ei=eln|z|+i
lnz=ln|z|+i

b. Define trigonometric function


cosx=Re(eix)=(eix+e-ix)/2
sinx=Im(eix)= (eix - e-ix)/2i

eix=cosx+i sinx
e-ix=cosx-i sinx

substituting x=iy, we get


coshx=(ey+e-y)/2
sinhx=(ey- e-y)/2
i4k=1, i4k+1=i,i4k+2=-1, i4k+3=-i

Power of i
Note : square root of -1 is +i and i, but -1=+i only.
axbab for negative real number (axb=ab, for all positive real numbers and if at least a or b=0)

Representation in Cartesian form ( Argand plane, Complex plane, Gaussian plane)

Conjugate
Addition and subtraction like vectors ( constructing parallelogram )

Multiplication and division

Reciprocal :

Square root: The square roots of a + bi (with b 0) are , where

And

Polar form of complex numbers

Absolute value (modulus/magnitude) and argument

Properties of modulus
Argument

The argument is always w.r.t positive x-axis


It is not unique for any particular z=x+yi and have a periodicity of 2n. The principal argument is (, ]. Note
the brackets
When converting the argument into (0, 2], add to the derived angle.

Polar form of Complex numbers

Example

Vector representation of Complex numbers

d) Sum
e) Difference

P2P1 represents difference of two complex numbers z1 and z2


The argument is the angle by which OX must be rotated to be parallel with P2P1 which is negative in the case as OP.
f) Product (multiplication)

Quotient

2. Argument of Z conjugate= (-)argument of z


Multiplication and division in polar form

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