Engine Out Taxi
Engine Out Taxi
NUMBER: 737-17-01
This bulletin provides information which may prove useful in airline operations or airline training. The information
provided in this bulletin is not critical to flight safety. The information may not apply to all customers; specific
effectivity can be determined by contacting The Boeing Company. This information will remain in effect depending
on production changes, customer-originated modifications, and Service Bulletin incorporation. Information in this
bulletin is supplied by The Boeing Company and may not be approved or endorsed by the FAA at the time of
writing. Appropriate formal documentation will be revised, as necessary, to reflect the information contained in this
bulletin. For further information, contact Boeing Commercial Airplanes through the Service Requests Application
(SR App) on the MyBoeingFleet home page.
Background Information
The Flight Crew Training Manual (2007 and earlier) stated that it is not recommended to taxi
out with less than all engines running. Many operators found this policy to be restrictive to their
operations. Boeing Flight Operations has reevaluated this policy while considering the
following:
Many operators have:
Used Engine Out Taxi (EOT) policies and procedures for years
Requested information about taxiing with an engine shut down.
There are environmental and economic benefits for EOT operations including reduced
carbon emissions and fuel costs.
This bulletin provides engineering data and factors that operators should consider before
implementing EOT operations. The material in this bulletin is intended to assist those operators
who wish to develop their own EOT policy and operating procedures.
Introduction
EOT operations have the potential to save fuel and to reduce an airplanes carbon emissions.
The decision to implement EOT belongs to the operator.
Because our customers engage in a wide range of operations, it is not possible for Boeing to
provide a single procedure that will work for all operators. Therefore, operators should develop
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EOT policies, procedures, and flight crew familiarization materials specific to their operation and
in accordance with the requirements of their regulatory authorities.
Based on our review of operator EOT policies and procedures, Boeing recommends that the
following factors be considered when implementing EOT operations:
1. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
2. Potential Risk Factors
3. Operational Considerations
4. Airplane Systems Considerations.
SOPs should contain and emphasize two separate steps. First, the flight crew configures the
airplane using normal scan flow and procedures. Second, the flight crew verifies the proper
configuration using a checklist. For example, the flight crew sets the flaps using scan flow and
procedures, then in a second separate step, the flight crew verifies proper airplane configuration
using a checklist.
FAA Advisory Circular (AC) 120-71B (1/10/2017) titled Standard Operating Procedures and
Pilot Monitoring Duties for Flight Deck Crewmembers provides advice and recommendations
about the development, implementation, and updates of SOPs. It also explains the background,
basic concepts, and philosophy with respect to SOPs.
FAA AC 120-74B (7/30/2012 titled Flight Crew Procedures During Taxi Operations provides
advice and recommendations regarding taxi operations.
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Secondary tasks also increase the risk of crew error, including the potential for incorrect airplane
configuration, runway incursion, or violation of a taxi clearance. Flight crews need to be aware
of the potential for high workload situations prior to and during engine start and shutdown, and
when configuring airplane systems during EOT operations.
Starting an engine with the parking brake set is one way to mitigate the potential for human error
during taxi operations.
Other elements that can contribute to crew errors and deviations from SOPs include:
Changes to ATC instructions, e.g., runway or taxiway changes while taxiing or takeoff
sequence changes
Unfamiliar airports
Complicated taxi clearances.
A key element that contributes to crew errors and deviations from SOPs, as identified by pilot
reports, includes:
The crew tries to accommodate an ATC request to expedite movement across an active
runway without taking into consideration:
The additional time required to accelerate from a stop, causing the traffic on final to
go around
The flight crew increasing the thrust above acceptable levels.
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3. Operational Considerations
Operator policies, procedures, and crew familiarization material should address items such as:
3.1. Airports
Local airport directives can require taxiing with all engines running. Other airports may not be
suited to EOT operations due to ramp and taxiway layout.
Congested ramps: The risk of damage due to jet blast increases, with the close proximity of
personnel and equipment. When ramps are congested, consider taxiing with all engines
operating.
Slippery taxiways and ramps: Ramp areas can be more slippery than taxiways and runways.
Some operators require a taxi surface braking action of good or better before conducting EOT
operations.
Contamination: When ramps or taxiways are covered with ice, snow, slush or standing water,
taxi with all engines operating.
Engine Starting Time: The Crew should consider the longer start times on the 737 MAX as
well as the additional Bowed Rotor Motoring time (new for the 737 MAX) and plan ahead to
prevent disruption of airport operations.
Engine warm up and cool down: The crew should comply with engine warm up and cool
down time requirements as indicated in the Flight Crew Operations Manual (FCOM) including
minimum engine oil temperature.
CAUTION: Failure to adhere to the engine warm up and cool down times can result in
engine damage.
Foreign Object Damage (FOD): With a high thrust setting, the potential for FOD increases.
Higher break-away thrust increases the likelihood of FOD on the operating engine. On a narrow
taxiway, engines can overhang the taxiway edges and ingest FOD.
Remote start: When starting an engine away from the gate, the flight crew may not have the
benefit of ground crew.
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3.4. Crew Performance and Additional Considerations
Familiarity with EOT and airport: The flight crew should be familiar with EOT operations,
the additional risk factors, and airplane system considerations. Boeing recommends that
familiarization or training material be integrated into normal training events. The crew should
consider their familiarity with the airport and the complexity of the taxi route before conducting
EOT operations.
Atmospheric conditions: The crew should consider the current atmospheric conditions such as
wind, visibility, and temperature. During adverse weather conditions, taxi with all engines
operating.
Direction and radius of turns: The crew should consider the direction of turns when
conducting EOT operations. A sharp turn toward the operating engine is more difficult to
accomplish. Also, a small turn radius may not be possible with less than all engines operating.
If possible, when making minimum radius turns, keep the operating engine on the outside of the
turn. Keeping the airplane moving will preserve the momentum and makes the taxi task easier.
Maintain a constant pressure on the tiller due to the asymmetrical thrust.
Secondary tasks, e.g., system configurations: Airplane systems need to be configured and
managed appropriately to maintain safety, redundancies, and to optimize passenger comfort. For
example, during EOT operations there is a potential for a fuel imbalance during long taxi times.
The crew should ensure that fuel balance is maintained within the applicable limits. Proper
configuration of systems for EOT operations should be addressed.
Taxi time (slot time): With a short taxi time, EOT may not be advisable, due to the time
required for systems reconfiguration, engine start, checklist accomplishment and engine warm
up.
Due to the large number of configurations allowed by the Master Minimum Equipment List
(MMEL), MEL dispatch conditions were not considered. Operators choosing to conduct EOT
operations with an inoperative item per the MEL should ensure that their SOPs account for the
inoperative equipment.
Every effort has been made to ensure that a complete review of the airplane is included in the
attached analysis but the possibility remains that some systems affected by EOT are not
identified. The exclusion of a system from this analysis is not a guarantee that there is no impact
to the system or other dependent systems during EOT operations.
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Conclusion
Boeing believes that if operator policies, procedures, and training are appropriately applied to
EOT operations, the risks can be mitigated to a level that will be satisfactory to operators and
their regulatory authorities.
Additional References
MyBoeingFleet www.myboeingfleet.com
Airport Technology www.boeing.com/commercial/airports
FAA Advisory Circulars www.faa.gov
Flight Safety Foundation www.flightsafety.org/about_fsf.html
IATA Best Practices www.iata.org/index.htm
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Due to the large number of configurations allowed by the Master Minimum Equipment List
(MMEL), no MEL considerations were made during this analysis. Operators choosing to
conduct EOT operations with MEL items will need to ensure that their policies and procedures
account for the inoperative equipment.
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
On warm and hot days cabin airflow will be less than normal, regardless of engine thrust
level on the operating engine. However, both air conditioning packs cannot be operated
with one engine operating and the isolation valve open due to engine EGT limitations. If
satisfactory temperature control cannot be achieved with bleed air from one engine, air
conditioning performance can be improved with both engines operating or with the APU
operating.
With both engine bleed switches selected to OFF and the isolation valve open, the APU
can supply bleed air to operate both air conditioning packs regardless of which engine is
operating.
For the impact on Nitrogen Generation System (NGS) see the Fuel section.
Anti-Ice, Rain
Boeing does not recommend EOT operations during icing conditions.
Automatic Flight
When operating on the ground with both electrical busses powered by the same
generator, TOGA mode is inhibited. Flight Mode Annunciator (FMA) annunciation can
be displayed momentarily then removed. The autothrottle will not engage.
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Electrical
For configurations with the APU OFF, the electrical load should not exceed the Airplane
Flight Manual (AFM) limitation (75 KVA) for a single engine driven generator during
ground operations. Note that automatic load shedding does not activate until the load
exceeds 90 KVA. Selecting the CAB/UTIL switch to OFF will lower the electric load.
With the CAB/UTIL switch OFF, a single engine driven generator can supply power to
the airplane electrical system with the exception of the following: galleys and non-
essential loads which typically include heating elements (for lavatory water, drains, hoses
and doors), logo lights, the potable water compressor, and recirculation fans. Medical
outlets (if installed) can lose power. Total load on the generator will be less than the
AFM limitation, assuming there has not been a post-production modification to the
airplane electrical system that will cause a large increase in electrical loading.
For configurations with the APU ON, the APU generator should power the AC transfer
bus on the side of the engine that is shut down.
Engines, APU
During EOT operations, engine operation limits as specified in the FCOM should be
followed, including engine warm up and cool down times and an increase in engine oil
temperature before takeoff.
Three minutes is the minimum recommended warm up time. However, a longer warm up
time can result in a lower peak EGT value during the takeoff and could increase engine
life. Operators can establish longer minimum warm up and cool down times. The engine
manufacturer should be consulted for economic impact (increase in engine life) of
extended warm up and cool down times.
EOT operations can require that the operating engine be run at a higher thrust level.
Operating in this manner increases the potential for FOD.
When taxiing with one engine operating, the engine exhaust velocity contours are
different than when taxiing with two engines operating. See Appendix J for a 737 MAX
engine exhaust velocity contour at breakaway thrust for one engine operation. The
following assumptions were made when developing this data:
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Flight Controls
Depending on the hydraulic system configuration, moving multiple flight control surfaces
simultaneously can cause the hydraulic demand to exceed the capabilities of the Electric
Motor-Driven Pump (EMDP), resulting in movement at reduced rates.
To preclude incorrect settings caused by rushed activity the following items should be set
before taxiing:
Stabilizer trim for takeoff
Flaps for takeoff
After both engines are operating, the flight crew should do:
The Before Taxi Procedure
The Before Taxi normal checklist
The Before Takeoff Procedure
The Before Takeoff normal checklist
Fuel
Fuel System:
All fuel system functions will be available regardless of which engine is operating. Fuel
loading and usage limitations are unaffected. If a fuel imbalance occurs, follow the Fuel
Balancing supplementary procedure.
Note: There is a misconception that opening the fuel crossfeed valve will balance the
fuel system. The fuel pumps have allowable variations in output pressure. If
there is a sufficient difference in pump output pressure and the crossfeed valve
is open, more fuel will feed from the tank with the higher pump output
pressure.
To guard against fuel contamination affecting engine operation during takeoff, each
engine must use fuel from the fuel tank which will be used for takeoff for a minimum of
3 minutes at idle thrust following engine start and prior to takeoff.
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Taxi-In
To supply bleed air pressure and cooling air for the NGS, ensure the left manifold
is pressurized, and the left air conditioning pack is on.
Hydraulics
Hydraulic system effects during EOT operations are not affected by the operational state
of the APU (ON or OFF).
When taxiing with engine #2 shutdown, depending on the hydraulic load of the airplane,
the brakes can switch from hydraulic system B normal brakes to hydraulic system A
alternate brakes. Use of alternate brakes can cause undesired transfer of hydraulic fluid
between the systems due to valve operation.
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
With both PACK switches in AUTO or HIGH, and with both With both PACK switches in AUTO or HIGH, and with both
engine BLEED air switches ON, if the isolation valve switch engine BLEED air switches ON, if the isolation valve switch
is in AUTO, the valve will remain closed. The right engine is in AUTO, the valve will remain closed.
will supply bleed air to the right pack. With the right engine bleed switch selected to ON, and the
Considerations
isolation valve closed, the APU will supply bleed air to the
left pack and the right engine will supply bleed air to the right
Air Systems pack.
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
With both PACK switches in AUTO or HIGH, and with both With both PACK switches in AUTO or HIGH, and with both
engine BLEED air switches ON, if the isolation valve switch engine BLEED air switches ON, if the isolation valve switch
Considerations is in AUTO, the valve will remain closed. The number one is in AUTO, the valve will remain closed.
engine will supply bleed air to the left pack.
Air Systems
Airflow will be less than normal. None
Impact
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
With CAB/UTIL switch ON total load can exceed AFM The APU generator should power the AC transfer bus on the
limitation for single engine generator ground operations. side of the shutdown engine.
Automatic load shedding does not activate until load
exceeds 90 KVA.
Electrical With the GALLEY or CAB/UTIL switch OFF, total load will be
Considerations
less than the AFM limitation, assuming there has not been a
post-delivery modification to the airplane electrical system
that causes a large increase in electrical loading.
None None
Impact
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
With CAB/UTIL switch ON total load can exceed AFM The APU generator should power the AC transfer bus on the
limitation for single engine generator ground operations. side of the shutdown engine.
Automatic load shedding does not activate until load
Electrical exceeds 90 KVA.
Considerations With the GALLEY or CAB/UTIL switch OFF, total load will be
less than the AFM limitation, assuming there has not been a
post-delivery modification to the airplane electrical system
that causes a large increase in electrical loading.
None None
Impact
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
During EOT operations, engine operation limits as specified During EOT operations, engine operation limits as specified
in the FCOM should be followed including engine warm up in the FCOM should be followed including engine warm up
Considerations and cool down time and an increase in engine oil and cool down time and an increase in engine oil
temperature before takeoff. temperature before takeoff.
Engines,
APU
None None
Impact
Indicators for EGT, fuel flow, oil pressure, and oil Indicators for EGT, fuel flow, oil pressure, and oil
temperature for the #1 engine will be blank. temperature for the #1 engine will be blank.
Flight Deck Effects LOW OIL PRESSURE amber alert will remain illuminated for LOW OIL PRESSURE amber alert will remain illuminated for
the #1 engine. the #1 engine.
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
During EOT operations, engine operation limits as specified During EOT operations, engine operation limits as specified
in the FCOM should be followed including engine warm up in the FCOM should be followed including engine warm up
Considerations and cool down time and an increase in engine oil and cool down time and an increase in engine oil
temperature before takeoff. temperature before takeoff.
Engines,
APU None None
Impact
Indicators for EGT, fuel flow, oil pressure, and oil Indicators for EGT, fuel flow, oil pressure, and oil
temperature for the #2 engine will be blank. temperature for the #2 engine will be blank.
Flight Deck Effects LOW OIL PRESSURE amber alert will remain illuminated for LOW OIL PRESSURE amber alert will remain illuminated for
the #2 engine. the #2 engine.
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
None
Impact
None
Flight Deck Effects
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Considerations
Flight
Identical to Configuration 1 Identical to Configuration 1
Controls
Impact
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Considerations
Flight
Management, Identical to Configuration 1
Navigation
None
Impact
None
Flight Deck Effects
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Not Operable
Components/Systems
Considerations
Flight
Management, Identical to Configuration 1 Identical to Configuration 1
Navigation
Impact
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Each engine must use fuel from the fuel tank which will be
used for takeoff for a minimum of 3 minutes at idle thrust, or
Considerations at a thrust level which will consume an equivalent amount
Fuel of fuel, following engine start and prior to takeoff. Identical to Configuration 1
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Each engine must use fuel from the fuel tank which will be
used for takeoff for a minimum of 3 minutes at idle thrust, or
Considerations at a thrust level which will consume an equivalent amount
Fuel of fuel, following engine start and prior to takeoff. Identical to Configuration 3
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
For EOT taxi-in it is recommended that the isolation valve To supply bleed air pressure and cooling air for the NGS,
be opened and the left air conditioning pack be selected on ensure bleed air is available to the left manifold, and the left
Considerations to supply bleed air and cooling air to the NGS. pack is on.
Fuel,
Nitrogen
Generation No impact to system operation or performance if the The system is not functional if the left air conditioning pack is
System isolation valve is open and the left air conditioning pack is off or the isolation valve is closed.
(NGS) on.
Impact
The system is not functional if the left air conditioning pack
is off or the isolation valve is closed.
None None
Flight Deck Effects
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
None
Flight Deck Effects
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
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System Considerations and Flight Deck Effects
Appendix J:
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