FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY Ss. CYRIL & METHODIUS

CO Qc = Qe + P

3 2

TXV

P C
EV
4 1

Qe

REFRIGERATION
SOLVED EXAMPLES
RISTO CICONKOV
 CONTENTS
Preface
Letter symbols

1. BASIC CALCULATIONS 1
Velocity, volume and mass flow rate, work, power, heat, heat transmission, overall heat
transfer coefficient, heat load, equation of state, moist air, size and pressure drop in pipes (19
examples)

2. REFRIGERATION CYCLES WITH AN IDEAL GAS

2.1. Carnot refrigeration cycle, 15
2.2. Joule refrigeration cycle 16

3. SINGLE STAGE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

3.1. Basic cycle 19
3.2. Cycle with subcooling 20
3.3. Cycle with superheating 21
3.4. Cycle with a regenerator (internal heat exchanger) 22
3.5. Cycle with zeotropic refrigerant (R407C) 23
3.6. Cycle with transcritical parameters (CO2) 25
3.7. Cycle with transcritical parameters and with a parallel compression 26
3.8. Cycle with transcritical parameters, parallel compression and internal heat exchanger 28
3.9. Transcritical CO2 system with an ejector as an expansion device 30
3.10. Transcritical CO2 system with an ejector and with a parallel compression 33
Recommendations: choice of condensing and evaporating temperature 36
3.11. Water chiller 38
3.12. Reciprocating compressors, volumetric efficiency, indicated efficiency 39
3.13. Reciprocating compressors, power, dimensions 43
3.14. Transcritical CO2 system with an ejector and real cycle 47
Recommendations: for effective efficiency (e) of compressors 50

4. COMPLEX VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

4.1. Two-stage compression cycle with one evaporator and intercooler with water 51
4.2. Two-stage compression cycle with one evaporator and intercooling with flash gas 53
4.3. Two-stage compression cycle with one evaporator and intercooler/flash tank 55
4.4. Two-stage compression cycle with one evaporator, flash tank and liquid subcooler
immersed in tank 57
4.5. Two-stage compression cycle with one evaporator and liquid injection intercooling 59
4.6. Two-stage compression cycle with one evaporator and regenerative liquid subcooler 61
4.7. Two-stage compression cycle with two evaporators and intercooler/flash tank 63
4.8. Two-stage compression cycle with two evaporators, intercooler/flash tank and liquid
subcooler immersed in tank 65
4.9. One-stage compression cycle with two evaporators 67
4.10. Two-stage compression cycle with three evaporators and intercooler/flash tank 69
4.11. Two-stage compression cycle with three evaporators and intercooler/flash tank and
constant pressure valve 71
4.12. Three-stage compression cycle with one evaporator and intercooler/flash tanks 73
4.13. Cascade refrigeration cycle NH3 / CO2 76
4.14. Two-stage transcritical compression cycle with two evaporators, separator/flash
tank, parallel compression and ejectors 78

5. ABSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

5.1. Basic system with, NH3-H2O 82
5.2. System with a heat exchanger (regenerator), NH3-H2O 86
5.3. System with a heat exchanger (regenerator), LiBr-H2O 89

6. CONDENSERS
6.1. Shell and tube condenser (NH3) 93
6.2. Shell and tube condenser (R134a) 100
6.3. Shell and tube condenser, including desuperheating (R134a) 108
6.4. Evaporative condenser (NH3) 115
6.5. Air cooled condenser (R134a) 123
6.6. Air cooled condenser, including desuperheating and subcooling (R134a) 132

7. EVAPORATORS
7.1. Shell and tube dry evaporator (R22) 141
7.2. Shell and tube dry evaporator with superheating (R22) 148
7.3. Shell and tube flooded evaporator (R134a) 155
7.4. Air cooler evaporator (R22) 161
7.5. Air cooler evaporator (NH3) 169

8. HEAT EXCHANGERS
8.1. Shell and tube heat exchanger (liquid liquid) 177
8.2. Fin coil heat exchanger (air liquid) 183

9. COLD ROOM
9.1. Cold room, calculation of the refrigeration load 190
9.2. Freezing room (tunnel), calculation of the refrigeration load 200

10. DIFFERENT EXAMPLES

10.1. Air cooled condenser work performances 205
10.2. Water chiller, capacity control, work performances 209
10.3. Heat pump (water-water) 213
10.4. Water chiller / Heat pump (air-water) reversible cycle with R407C 215
10.5. Water chiller Pressure drops of secondary loops 220
10.6. Ice storage system for air conditioning 224
10.7. Cascade refrigeration cycle NH3 / CO2 in supermarket application 227
10.8. Heat pump with CO2 transcritical cycle 230

11. THERMODYNAMIC AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANTS

AND SECONDARY COOLANTS (BRINES)
Table 1. Basic and environmental properties of refrigerants 233
Table 2. R717 (ammonia) - Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 234
Table 3. R744 (Carbon Dioxide) Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 237
Table 4. R290 (Propane) Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 239
Table 5. R22 - Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 241
Table 6. R32 Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 244
Table 7. R134a - Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 246
Table 8. R404A - Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 249
Table 9. R410A - Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 252
Table 10. R1234ze(E) Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor 255

Table 11. R717 - Thermophysical properties of saturated liquid 257

Table 12. R717 - Thermophysical properties of saturated vapor 257
Table 13. R744 (Carbon Dioxide) - Thermophysical properties of saturated liquid 258
Table 14. R744 (Carbon Dioxide) - Thermophysical properties of saturated vapor 258
Table 15. R290 (Propane) - Thermophysical properties of saturated liquid 259
Table 16. R290 (Propane) - Thermophysical properties of saturated vapor 259
Table 17. R22 - Thermophysical properties of saturated liquid 260
Table 18. R22 - Thermophysical properties of saturated vapor 260
Table 19. R32 Thermophysical properties of saturated liquid 261
Table 20. R32 Thermophysical properties of saturated vapor 261

Equations for thermophysical properties of R134a of saturated liquid and

saturated vapor 262
Equations for thermophysical properties of R404A of saturated liquid and
saturated vapor 262
Equations for thermophysical properties of R410A of saturated liquid and
saturated vapor 263

Table 21. R1234ze(E) - Thermophysical properties of saturated liquid 264

Table 22. R1234ze(E) - Thermophysical properties of saturated vapor 264

Table 23. Air (dry) - Thermophysical properties at 1.013 bar 265

Table 24. Water - Thermophysical properties of saturated liquid 265
Table 25. Ethylene glycol / Water - Thermophysical properties 266
Table 26. Propylene glycol / Water - Thermophysical properties 268
Table 27. Calcium Chloride / Water - Thermophysical properties 270
Table 28. Sodium Chloride / Water - Thermophysical properties 271

Conversion between SI and IP units 273

Bibliography 275

Pressure - Enthalpy (Molier) diagrams

R717 (Ammonia)
R744 (Carbon Dioxide)
R134a
R404A
R410A
R1234ze(E)