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Inorganic Scale

This document is the contents page for a book on inorganic scale formation, removal, and inhibition in oilfield environments. It lists 9 chapters that will discuss topics such as the chemistry of common inorganic scales found in oilfields, methods for mechanically and chemically removing scale, using scale inhibitors to prevent formation, and case studies of scale management projects.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
270 views

Inorganic Scale

This document is the contents page for a book on inorganic scale formation, removal, and inhibition in oilfield environments. It lists 9 chapters that will discuss topics such as the chemistry of common inorganic scales found in oilfields, methods for mechanically and chemically removing scale, using scale inhibitors to prevent formation, and case studies of scale management projects.

Uploaded by

ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Formation, Removal, and Inhibition of Inorganic

Scale in the Oilfield Environment - Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Life of a Reservoir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Reservoir Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Why and Where Scale Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Impact of Scale on Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.5 Economic Impact of Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.6 Simple Diagnostic of Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.7 Things to Think About . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2. Inorganic Scale Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Review of Basic Inorganic Scale Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Inorganic Scales Found in the Oil Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Things to Think About . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3. Inorganic Scale-Removal Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Mechanical Removal of Inorganic Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2 Dissolution of Inorganic Scales by Application of Solvent Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3 Things to Think About . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4. Inhibition of Inorganic Scale Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.1 How Inhibitors Work to Delay Scale Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2 Categories of Chemicals Available for Inhibition of Inorganic Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3 The Green Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.4 Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.5 Things to Think About . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5. Application of Design Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1 Dissolution Removal Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.2 Inhibition Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.3 Best Practices for Management of Inorganic Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.4 Things to Think About . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6. Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.1 Analysis of Carbonate Scaling (Vassenden et al. 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6.2 Scale Dissolver Case Histories (Clemmit et al. 1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.3 Stimulation of a Subsea Well Using Scale Dissolvers (Boreng et al. 1999) . . . . . . . 177
6.4 Hot Oil and Gas Wells Can Be Stimulated Without Acids (Frenier 2004) . . . . . . . . . 178
6.5 Use of Coiled Tubing to Enhance Production in the Duri Steamflood Field
(Ali 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.6 Use of Scale Inhibitor in a Matrix Acid Treatment in the Gulf of Mexico
(Samy 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6.7 San Andres FormationInhibitor in Frac Fluid (Miller 1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.8 Control of Formation Damage at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, by Inhibitor
Squeeze Treatment (Meyers et al. 1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.9 SQUEEZE Modeling: Treatment Design and Case Histories
(Mackay and Jordan 2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223

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