Email: [email protected].

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Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Schedule of Classes

Lectures:
- Sunday 13:45 pm to 15:30 in B2-312.

Instructor office hours every Tuesday

from 12:30 pm to 1:30 p.m. in C3 room 215

Tutorials :
- Included in Lectures
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Tutorials
Every week the instructor will assign a problem set from the text
book that deals with the covered sections in the lectures.
In the tutorial, some of the assigned problems will be worked out on
the board.
At the end of some tutorials you will be asked to solve and submit
one or two of the assigned problems. (At least three quizzes will be
conducted during this course).
At the beginning of the following week you will be asked to hand in
another set of problems (assignment).
The full solutions of each problem set will be posted at the end of
the week.
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Marking Scheme

Lab Activity 5%

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Course Objectives
Upon successful completion of this course, you should be able to:

Identify the main components of electric circuits.

Write the equations that govern the operation of Direct Current (D.C.)
electric circuits.
Apply frequency domain analysis technique to solve Alternating
Current (A.C.) circuits.
Examine the circuit response under different frequencies.
Determine the main characteristics of electronic analog and digital
circuits.
Analyze the performance of practical electrical systems.
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Course Contents
I- Circuit concepts.
II- Circuit Analysis Techniques.
III- Time Dependent Circuit analysis.
IV- Analog Building Blocks and Operational Amplifiers.
V- Semiconductor Devices.
VI. Practical Applications.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Text Book
Recommended Textbook
Alexander & Sadiku, Fundamental of Electric Circuits.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Useful Advices

Please try to attend all lectures, and tutorials for your own
benefits and be on time.
Please hand in the assignments and quizzes on time, late
assignments will be rejected.
Update your instructor with any problem that might arise in
the tutorial.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Why study electric circuits?
Building block of any electrical system.
What are electric circuits?
A model of real life electrical system.
Interconnections between electric elements.
What are the main circuit components?
Energy Sources. (batteries)
Energy storing or consuming elements. (resistors)
What are the main circuit variables?
Voltage, current and Power.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Chapter 1
Circuit Elements

Objectives.
Introduction.
Current.
Voltage.
Power and Energy
Circuits Elements

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Objectives
To introduce the active and passive circuit elements.
To be able to identify the ideal voltage and current sources.
To define the characteristics of the different types of dependent
sources.
To write the mathematical expression for the voltage- current
relationship of resistors (Ohms Law).
To be able to write KVL for every loop in the circuit. And to solve the
KVL equations, especially for simple circuits.
To be able to write KCL at every node in the circuit and to solve the
KCL equations, especially for simple circuits.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Introduction

An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

Simple Electric Circuit complicated real circuit

this circuit can be

analyzed using the
techniques we shall
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cover ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
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DC Circuits

Charge and Current

Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter

consists, measured in coulombs (C).

The flow of electric charges. Is a unique feature of electric charge.

Electricity is the fact that it is mobile; that is, it can be transferred from one
place to another.
It can be converted to another form of energy.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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As each electron moves uniformly through a conductor, it
pushes on the one ahead of it, such that all the electrons
move together as a group.

The tube is full of marbles, just as a conductor is full of

free electrons ready to be moved by an outside influence.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 current flow

When a conducting wire (consisting of several atoms) is connected

to a battery (a source of electromotive force).
The charges are compelled to move; positive charges move in one direction
while negative charges move in the opposite direction.
This motion of charges creates electric current.

It is conventional to take the current flow direction as the movement of

positive charges,

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Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Current (I)
Current: measures flow of charge in time. Symbol: i; Unit: Ampere (A)

dq Mathematically, the
i= relationship between current
dt i, charge q, and time t

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Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 The charge transferred between time t0 and t is obtained by integrating
both sides.

If the current does not change with time,

but remains constant, we
call it a direct current (dc).

A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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A time-varying current is represented by
the symbol i. A common
form of time-varying current is the
sinusoidal current or alternating
current (ac).

An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Voltage (V)
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V).

Voltage: Potential to do Work

Symbol: V
Unit: Volts (V)

1 Volt is 1 Joule/1 Coulomb

dw where
mathematically, v= w is energy in joules (J)
dq q is charge in coulombs (C).

i.e. potential energy per unit charge

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 (1) (2)

The figure shows the voltage across an element. connected to points a and b.
The plus (+) and minus () signs are used to define reference direction or
voltage polarity.

The vab can be interpreted in two ways:

(1) point a is at a potential of vab volts higher than point b, or
(2) the potential at point a with respect to point b is vab.

vab = vba
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Power and Energy
Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).

Symbol: p
Units: Watts (W)

dw dw dq Where
p= = p is power in watts (W),
dt dq dt w is energy in joules (J),
t is time in seconds (s)

P=vi V i

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Default Sign Convention

Passive sign convention : current should enter

the positive voltage terminal.

I
Circuit Element
+

P=VI
Positive (+) Power: element absorbs power
Negative (-) Power: element supplies power

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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The power P = v i is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power
Thus,
the power absorbed or supplied by an element is the product of the voltage and
the current .
If the power has a + sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the element.
If, the power has a sign, power is being supplied by the element.

How to know that P is +ve or -ve sign

By the passive sign convention

when the current enters through the positive terminal of an element p = +vi.

When the current enters through the negative terminal, p = vi.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Example
Find the power delivered or absorbed by each element
Absorbing
Element

Absorbing Absorbing Supplying Supplying

element element element element
p=4 3 p=4 3 p = 4 (3) p = 4 (3)
= 12 W, = 12 W, = 12 W, = 12 W,

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Example

Calculate the power delivered or absorbed by each element in the

shown circuit. Show that the sum of the delivered power = sum of the
absorbed power.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Solution
P2 P5

P6
P3

P1 P4

P1 " # $$ $ " # $$$% &' " '$ $ " '$$%

&( " )$ ' " *$$% + " ($ ' " (*$%
&) " # $ ' " #'$% &* " #,$ ' " # +$%

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 P2

P6
P3

P1 P4

P (supplied) = (-1000) + (-20) + (-140) = -1160 W

P (absorbed) = 200 + 600 + 360 = 1160 W
P (supplied) + P (absorbed) = 0

Power absorbed = Power supplied

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Circuit Elements
Types of elements found in electric circuits:

Active elements; are capable to generating energy (sources)..

Example
generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.

Passive elements; don' t generate energy, they are energy consuming

(storing) elements
.
Example
resistors, capacitors, and inductors..

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Active Elements

R C L

The most important active elements are voltage or current sources

that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them. There are
two kinds of sources:
Independent sources
Dependent sources.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 An ideal independent source is an active element that provides
a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of
other circuit variables.

used for constant or used for

time-varying voltage constant voltage (dc).

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Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Ideal Voltage Source

The ideal voltage source explicitly defines +

Vs
the voltage between its terminals.
Constant (DC) voltage source: Vs = 5 V
Time-Varying voltage source: Vs = 10 sin(t) V
Examples: batteries, wall outlet, function generator.
The ideal voltage source does not provide any information about the current
flowing through it.
The current through the voltage source is defined by the rest of the circuit to
which the source is attached. Current cannot be determined by the value of
the voltage.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Ideal Current Source

An ideal independent current source is an active element that provides a

specified current completely independent of the voltage across the source.

That is,
the current source delivers to the circuit whatever voltage is necessary to
maintain the designated current.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 The ideal current source sets the Is
value of the current running through it.
Constant (DC) current source: Is = 2 A
Time-Varying current source: Is = -3 sin(t) A
Examples: few in real life!
The ideal current source has known current, but unknown voltage.
The voltage across the voltage source is defined by the rest of the circuit to
which the source is attached.
Voltage cannot be determined by the value of the current.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 I-V Relationships Graphically

i i

v v

Ideal Voltage Ideal Current

Source: Vertical Source:
line Horizontal line

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Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Source Combinations

Voltage sources in series can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source:

+
v1 +
v1 + v2
+
v2

Current sources in parallel can be replaced by an equivalent current source:

i1 i2 i1+ i2

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Dependent Source

An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the

source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

dependent
dependent
voltage source
current source.

Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols,

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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 Example: You watch a certain voltmeter V1 and manually adjust
a voltage source Vs to be 2 times this value. This constitutes a
voltage-dependent voltage source.

+ +
Circuit A V1 2V1 Circuit B
-
-

This is just a manual example, but we can create such dependent

source electronically.

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Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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We can have voltage or current sources depending on voltages or currents
elsewhere in the circuit.

Here, the voltage V provided by the dependent source (right) is proportional

to the voltage drop over Element X. The dependent source does not need
to be attached to the Element X in any way.

+
Element x VX
+
-
V = A V VX
-

A diamond-shaped symbol is used for dependent sources, just as a

reminder that its a dependent source.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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There are four possible types of dependent sources

1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).

2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Example of a current controlled voltage source

the voltage 10i of the voltage source depends on the current I through element C

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Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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The 4 Basic Dependent Sources

Voltage-controlled voltage source V = Av Vcd

Current-controlled voltage source V = Rm Ic
Current-controlled current source I = Ai Ic

Voltage-controlled current source I = Gm Vcd

+ +
_ Av Vcd _ Rm Ic Ai Ic Gm Vcd
Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology
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For the following circuits:
Calculate the source output voltage or current.

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Example
Calculate the power supplied or absorbed by each element

P1 = -(20)(5) = -100W P2 = (12)(5) = 60W

P3 = (8)(6) = 48W P4 = -(8)(0.2)(5) = 8W
P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 = 100 + 60 + 48 8 = 0

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Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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Example

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
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P1 = -(10)(3) = -30W P2 = -(6)(2) = -12W
P3 = (6)(I0) = 6I0W P4 = -(12)(9) =-108W
P5 = -(4)(8) =-32W P6 = (8)(2)(11) = 176W
6I0 -32 -12 -108 +176 = -182 + 6I0 +176 = 0
=
I oDr.-Eng.
1 [
HishamA ]
El-Sherif
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

45
Example
Compute the power absorbed or supplied by each component of the circuit

P1 = -(5)(8) = -40W P2 = (2)(8) = 16W

P3 = (0.6)(5)(3) = 9W P4 = (3)(5) = 15W
Absorbed Power = 16 + 9 + 15 = 40W
Supplied Power = - 40W

Dr.-Eng. Hisham El-Sherif ELCT708: Electronics for Biotechnology

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