/************************************/

/*** Arduino Wattmeter v1.0 ***/

/*** Board: Arduino Nano 3.0 ***/
/*** By: Freddy Alferink ***/
/*** http://meettechniek.info ***/
/*** May 2014 ***/
/************************************/

/*********** Calibration & Hardware Data ***********/

float Vdiv = 101.0; // Voltage conversion factor
float Cdiv = 10.0; // Current conversion factor
const byte LCDlines = 2; // LCD: Number of lines
const byte LCDwidth = 16; // LCD: Number of character per line
/***************************************************/

const float adcSense = 1.074219e-3; // ADC conversion factor volt/bit (1.1V

/ 1024)
float Vscale = 1.0; // Voltage scale
float Cscale = 1.0; // Current scale
byte muxCnt = 4; // Analog multiplexer start
int nullVal = 512; // Measured null value
boolean overFlowVolt = false; // Voltage overflow flag
boolean overFlowCurr = false; // Current overflow flag
unsigned int vCnt = 0; // Values counter
/*** Voltage frequency measurement ***/
int vfmUpperTh = 10; // Upper threshold voltage
int vfmLowerTh = -10; // Lower threshold voltage
boolean vfmDir = false; // Direction voltage
unsigned int vfmPeriods = 7; // Periods counter
unsigned int vfmPeriodsTime = 1000; // Synchronized with periods time
unsigned int vfmTime = 1000; // Time counter
/*** Current frequency measurement ***/
int cfmUpperTh = 10; // Upper threshold current
int cfmLowerTh = -10; // Lower threshold current
boolean cfmDir = false; // Direction current
unsigned int cfmPeriods = 5; // Periods counter
unsigned int cfmPeriodsTime = 1000; // Synchronized with periods time
unsigned int cfmTime = 1000; // Time counter
/*** Primary averaging ***/
int primCnt = 0; // Primary averaging counter
boolean primReady = false; // Primary averaging complete flag
int adcVolt; // Copy ADC voltage
const unsigned int primAvLength = 64; // Number of samples for primary
averaging
long primMeanVolt = 0; // Cumulative ADC mean voltage
long primMeanVoltCopy = 0; // Averaged primary mean voltage
long primSquaredVolt = 0; // Cumulative ADC squared voltage
long primSquaredVoltCopy = 0; // Averaged primary squared voltage
long primMaxVolt = 0; // Highest measured ADC voltage
long primMinVolt = 0; // Lowest measured ADC voltage
int adcCurr; // Copy ADC current
long primMeanCurr = 0; // Cumulative ADC mean current
long primMeanCurrCopy = 0; // Averaged primary current
long primSquaredCurr = 0; // Cumulative ADC squared current
long primSquaredCurrCopy = 0; // Averaged primary squared current
long primMaxCurr = 0; // Highest measured ADC current
long primMinCurr = 0; // Lowest measured ADC current
long primMeanPow = 0; // Cumulative ADC mean power
long primMeanPowCopy = 0; // Averaged primary mean power
long primMaxPow = 0; // Highest measured ADC power
long primMinPow = 0; // Lowest measured ADC power
/*** Secondary averaging ***/
unsigned int secArrCnt = 0;
const unsigned int secAvLength = 50;
long secMeanVoltArr[secAvLength]; // Mean Voltage secondary averageing
array
long secSquaredVoltArr[secAvLength]; // Squared Voltage secondary averageing
array
long secMeanCurrArr[secAvLength]; // Mean Current secondary averageing
array
long secSquaredCurrArr[secAvLength]; // Squared Current secondary averageing
array
long secMeanPowArr[secAvLength]; // Real Power secondary averageing array
long secMeanVolt = 0; // Result secondary averaging mean
voltage
long secSquaredVolt = 0; // Result secondary averaging squared
voltage
long secMeanCurr = 0; // Result secondary averaging mean
current
long secSquaredCurr = 0; // Result secondary averaging squared
current
long secMeanPow = 0; // Result secondary averaging mean power
/*** Cumulative values ***/
byte tFlux[8]; // 64 bits integrated ADC voltage
byte tCharge[8]; // 64 bits integrated ADC current
byte tEnergy[8]; // 64 bits integrated ADC power
unsigned int preTimeCnt = 0; // Time prescaler
unsigned long timeCnt = 0; // Time seconds counter
/*** ***/
float totAverage = 10.0; // Total averaging length (primary *
secondary)
float fSample = 10.0; // ADC channel sample frequency
const byte LCDlinePos[4] = {0x80,0xC0,0x94,0xD4}; // First char position for
each line (as DDRAM instruction)
byte lineSelect = 0; // The selected dsplay line
byte paramPointers[4] = {0,7,13,18}; // Parameter pointer for each display
line
char* paramLabels[] = {"Vmean ","Vrms ","Vsdef ","Vmax ","Vmin ","Flux
","f (V)","Imean ","Irms ","Isdef ","Imax ","Imin ","Charge","f (I)
","Preal ","S * ","Q * ","Pmax ","Pmin ","Energy","\x01 * ","time
"};
char* paramUnits[] =
{"V","V","V","V","V","Vs","Hz","A","A","A","A","A","C","Hz","W","VA","var","W
","W","J","\x02","s"};
float paramValues[] =
{0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,
0.0,0.0,0.0};
int paramRange[] = {0,0,0,0,0,99,99,0,0,0,0,0,99,99,99,0,0,0,0,99,99,100};
// 99=autorange, 100=int-number
int paramDigits[] = {4,4,4,3,3,5,4,4,4,4,3,3,5,4,4,4,4,3,3,5,3,7}; //
number of digits
byte antiBounceCnt = 0; // Buttons anti bounce counter
boolean buttonState = false; // Button is pressed
unsigned int buttonPushed = 0; // Pressed buttons
void setup() {
MCUCR &= 0xEF; // Enable pull-up resistors
DDRB &= 0xE1; // Buttons on D9...12 are inputs
DDRB |= 0x20; // Overflow LED on D13 is output
PORTB |= 0x1E; // Pull-up resistor for the buttons
bitClear(PORTB, 5); // Overflow LED off
initiateADC(); // initiate AD converter
lcdInitiate(); // initiate LCD
lcdCustomChars(); // Make custom characters
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[0]); // LCD cursor first line position 0
lcdPrintString("Universal power");
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[1]); // LCD cursor second line position 0
lcdPrintString("meter v1.0");
for(int md=0; md<100; md++) { // Wait 2 seconds
muDelay(20000);
}
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[0]); // LCD cursor first line position 0
lcdPrintString("meettechniek ");
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[1]); // LCD cursor second line position 0
lcdPrintString(" .info");
for(int md=0; md<100; md++) { // Wait 2 seconds
muDelay(20000);
}
setProperties(); // Set properties and Clear measured
values
updateParamLabels(); // Write Parameter labels to LCD
updateParamValues(); // Write parameter values to LCD
sei(); // set interrupt flag
}

void loop() {
if (primReady == true) {
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Volt ***/
secMeanVolt -= secMeanVoltArr[secArrCnt]; // Subtract oldest
value strored in array from average
secMeanVolt += primMeanVoltCopy; // Add newest value
to average
secMeanVoltArr[secArrCnt] = primMeanVoltCopy; // Store newest
value in array
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Squared Volt ***/
secSquaredVolt -= secSquaredVoltArr[secArrCnt]; // the same for
squared voltage
secSquaredVolt += primSquaredVoltCopy;
secSquaredVoltArr[secArrCnt] = primSquaredVoltCopy;
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Current ***/
secMeanCurr -= secMeanCurrArr[secArrCnt]; // and mean current
secMeanCurr += primMeanCurrCopy;
secMeanCurrArr[secArrCnt] = primMeanCurrCopy;
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Squared Current ***/
secSquaredCurr -= secSquaredCurrArr[secArrCnt]; // squared current
secSquaredCurr += primSquaredCurrCopy;
secSquaredCurrArr[secArrCnt] = primSquaredCurrCopy;
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Power ***/
secMeanPow -= secMeanPowArr[secArrCnt]; // and power
 secMeanPow += primMeanPowCopy;
secMeanPowArr[secArrCnt] = primMeanPowCopy;
/*** Array Pointer ***/
secArrCnt++; // Increase secondary
averaging array pointer
if(secArrCnt >= secAvLength) {
secArrCnt = 0;
}
/*** Cumulative values ***/
extraLongAddLong(tFlux, primMeanVoltCopy); // Add primary averaged
voltage to total Flux
extraLongAddLong(tCharge, primMeanCurrCopy); // Add primary averaged
current to total Charge
extraLongAddLong(tEnergy, primMeanPowCopy); // Add primary averaged
power to total Energy
primReady = false;
}
/*** Update display ***/
if (vCnt > 1000) { // After 1000 channel samples refresh values
on display
vCnt = 0;
/*** Calculate values Voltage ***/
paramValues[0] = float(secMeanVolt) * Vscale / totAverage;
// calc. mean Voltage
paramValues[1] = sqrt(float(secSquaredVolt) / totAverage) * Vscale;
// calc. RMS Voltage
paramValues[2] = sqrt((paramValues[1]*paramValues[1])-
(paramValues[0]*paramValues[0])); // calc. standard deviation Voltage:
Vsdev=sqrt(Vrms^2 - Vmean^2)
paramValues[3] = float(primMaxVolt) * Vscale;
// Max voltage
paramValues[4] = float(primMinVolt) * Vscale;
// Min voltage
/*** Calculate values Current ***/
paramValues[7] = float(secMeanCurr) * Cscale / totAverage;
// calc. mean Current
paramValues[8] = sqrt(float(secSquaredCurr) / totAverage) * Cscale;
// calc. RMS Current
paramValues[9] = sqrt((paramValues[8]*paramValues[8])-
(paramValues[7]*paramValues[7])); // calc. standard deviation Current:
Csdev=sqrt(Crms^2 - Cmean^2)
paramValues[10] = float(primMaxCurr) * Cscale;
// Max current
paramValues[11] = float(primMinCurr) * Cscale;
// Min current
/*** Calculate values Power ***/
paramValues[14] = float(secMeanPow) * Vscale * Cscale / totAverage;
// Real Power
paramValues[17] = float(primMaxPow) * Vscale * Cscale;
// Max Power
paramValues[18] = float(primMinPow) * Vscale * Cscale;
// Min Power
paramValues[15] = paramValues[1] * paramValues[8];
// Apparent Power = Urms * Irms
paramValues[16] = sqrt((paramValues[15]*paramValues[15])-
(paramValues[14]*paramValues[14])); // Reactive power
/*** Flux, Charge, Energy ***/
 paramValues[5] = extraLongToFloat(tFlux) * Vscale / fSample;
// Flux
paramValues[12] = extraLongToFloat(tCharge) * Cscale / fSample;
// Charge
paramValues[19] = extraLongToFloat(tEnergy) * Vscale * Cscale / fSample;
// Energy
/*** Phase & Time ***/
paramValues[20] = acos(paramValues[14]/paramValues[15]);
// Phase = acos(P/S)
paramValues[21] = (float) round(timeCnt);
// Time
/*** Voltage Frequency ***/
if(vfmPeriodsTime > 10000 && vfmPeriods > 3) {
vfmUpperTh = 2000;
// Prevent asynchronious reading
paramValues[6] = float(vfmPeriods) * fSample / float(vfmPeriodsTime-2);
// calc. voltage frequency
if(pow(10, paramRange[2]) / paramValues[2] > 100) {
paramValues[6] = 0.0; }
// Make zero if signal is too small
vfmTime = 0;
// Start new voltage freqency measurement
}
vfmUpperTh = int((paramValues[0] + (paramValues[2] / 2)) / Vscale);
// Upper voltage threshold
vfmLowerTh = int((paramValues[0] - (paramValues[2] / 2)) / Vscale);
// lower voltage threshold
/*** Current Frequency ***/
if(cfmPeriodsTime > 10000 && cfmPeriods > 3) {
cfmUpperTh = 2000;
// Prevent asynchronious reading
paramValues[13] = float(cfmPeriods) * fSample / float(cfmPeriodsTime-
2); // calc. current frequency
if(pow(10, paramRange[9]) / paramValues[9] > 100) {
paramValues[13] = 0.0; }
// Make zero if signal is too small
cfmTime = 0;
// Start new voltage freqency measurement
}
cfmUpperTh = int((paramValues[7] + (paramValues[9] / 2)) / Cscale);
// Upper current threshold
cfmLowerTh = int((paramValues[7] - (paramValues[9] / 2)) / Cscale);
// Lower current threshold

/*** Update LCD values ***/

updateParamValues(); // Write values to LCD

/*** OverFlow ***/

if (overFlowVolt == true || overFlowCurr == true) {
// If there was an overflow ...
overFlowVolt = false;
// ... clear overflow flags ...
overFlowCurr = false;
bitSet(PORTB, 5);
// ... turn overflow LED on.
}
else {
 bitClear(PORTB, 5);
// Else overflow LED off.
}
}
/*** Button Nulling values ***/
if (buttonPushed == 0x10) { // If "clear values" button is pressed
...
if (~PINB & 0x02) { // ... and "line select" button ...
buttonPushed = 0;
setProperties(); // ... set parametes to zero.
}
}
/*** Button Parameter Select Down ***/
else if (buttonPushed == 0x04) { // If "parameter select down" button is
pressed ...
buttonPushed = 0;
changeParamPointer(false); // ... select previous parameter ...
updateParamLabels(); // ... refresh parameter labels ...
updateParamValues(); // ... and parameter values.
}
/*** Button Parameter Select Up ***/
else if (buttonPushed == 0x08) { // If "parameter select up" button is
pressed ...
buttonPushed = 0;
changeParamPointer(true); // ... select next parameter ...
updateParamLabels(); // ... refresh parameter labels ...
updateParamValues(); // ... and parameter values.
}
/*** Button Line select ***/
else if (buttonPushed == 0x02) { // If "line select" buton is pressed ...
buttonPushed = 0;
updateParamLabels(); // ... refresh parameter labels ...
lineSelect++; // ... select next line.
if(lineSelect >= LCDlines) {
lineSelect = 0; }
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[lineSelect]); // First position on selected
line
lcdPrintString("....."); // Indicate the line with ".....".
vCnt = 0; // Zero the values refresh counter.
}
}

/*** Clear extra long ***/

void extraLongClear(byte* elVal) {
for(int ci=0; ci<8; ci++) {
elVal[ci] = 0x00; // Clear all 8 bytes of the eztra long
}
}

/*** Clear array ***/

void avArrClear(unsigned int arrLen, long* avArr) {
for(int ci=0; ci<arrLen; ci++) {
avArr[ci] = 0; // Clear all values in the array
}
}

/*** Set elementary properties & clear all parameters***/

void setProperties() {
/*** Set division factors ***/
totAverage = float(primAvLength * secAvLength);
fSample = 19230.7 / 4.0; // sample frequency for
each channel
Vscale = adcSense * Vdiv; // Voltage scale
Cscale = adcSense * Cdiv; // Voltage scale
/*** Set parameter ranges ***/
int pp;
int expo = ceil(log10(Vscale*560.0)); // Calculate exponent of
highest expected voltage
for(pp=0; pp<=6; pp++) {
if(paramRange[pp] < 98) { // If not auto range or
int ...
paramRange[pp] = expo; } // ... set range for
voltage related parameters.
}
expo = ceil(log10(Cscale*560.0)); // Calculate exponent of
highest expected current
for(pp=7; pp<=13; pp++) {
if(paramRange[pp] < 98) { // If not auto range or
int ...
paramRange[pp] = expo; } // ... set range for
current related parameters.
}
expo = ceil(log10(Vscale*Cscale*313600.0)); // Calculate exponent of
highest expected power
for(pp=14; pp<=19; pp++) {
if(paramRange[pp] < 98) { // If not auto range or
int ...
paramRange[pp] = expo; } // ... set range for power
related parameters.
}
/*** Clear values ***/
avArrClear(secAvLength, secMeanVoltArr); // Clear the secondary
averaging arrays ...
avArrClear(secAvLength, secSquaredVoltArr);
avArrClear(secAvLength, secMeanCurrArr);
avArrClear(secAvLength, secSquaredCurrArr);
avArrClear(secAvLength, secMeanPowArr);
secArrCnt = 0; // Clear secondary array
counter
secMeanVolt = 0; // Clear secondary
averaging values ...
secSquaredVolt = 0;
secMeanCurr = 0;
secSquaredCurr = 0;
secMeanPow = 0;
primMaxVolt = -1024; // Set maximum vales at
lowest possible value ...
primMinVolt = 1024; // ... and minimum values
at highest possible value.
primMaxCurr = -1024;
primMinCurr = 1024;
primMaxPow = -1048576;
primMinPow = 1048576;
 extraLongClear(tFlux); // Clear thecCumulative
values
extraLongClear(tCharge);
extraLongClear(tEnergy);
preTimeCnt = 0; // Clear time prescaler
...
timeCnt = 0; // ... and time counter
}

/*** Select the next or previous parameter ***/

void changeParamPointer(boolean dir) {
int paramMax = 21; // Number of parameters
if(dir == true) {
paramPointers[lineSelect]++; // Increase parameter pointer for
the selected line
if(paramPointers[lineSelect] > paramMax) {
paramPointers[lineSelect] = 0; }
}
else {
if(paramPointers[lineSelect] == 0) { // Decrease parameter pointer for
the selected line
paramPointers[lineSelect] = paramMax + 1; }
paramPointers[lineSelect]--;
}
}

/*** Write parameter label on each line ***/

void updateParamLabels() {
for (int ci=0; ci<LCDlines; ci++) {
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[ci]);
lcdPrintString(paramLabels[paramPointers[ci]]);
}
}

/*** Write parameter value on each line ***/

void updateParamValues() {
for (int ci=0; ci<LCDlines; ci++) {
lcdParamValues(paramPointers[ci], LCDlinePos[ci] + LCDwidth);
}
}

void lcdParamValues(byte paramPo, byte pos) {

boolean ofm = false;
if(paramPo < 7) { // Voltage related parameters
ofm = overFlowVolt; }
else if(paramPo < 14) { // Current related parameters
ofm = overFlowCurr; }
else if(paramPo < 20) { // Power related parameters
ofm = overFlowVolt | overFlowCurr; }
if(paramRange[paramPo] == 100) { // int number
lcdTechNot(0, timeCnt, paramRange[paramPo], paramDigits[paramPo],
paramUnits[paramPo], ofm, pos, true);
}
else { // float number
lcdTechNot(paramValues[paramPo], 0, paramRange[paramPo],
paramDigits[paramPo], paramUnits[paramPo], ofm, pos, true);
 }
}

/*** Convert an extra long value to float ***/

float extraLongToFloat(byte* elVal) {
boolean sign bitRead(elVal[7], 7); // true = negative, false = positive
value
int fi;
for(fi=7; fi>3; fi--) { // Find the first MS byte without
leading zero's in the higherst 4
if(sign == false && (elVal[fi] != 0x00 || bitRead(elVal[fi-1], 7) ==
true)) {
break;
} // Find the first MS byte without
leading 0xFF in the higherst 4
if(sign == true && (elVal[fi] != 0xFF || bitRead(elVal[fi-1], 7) ==
false)) {
break;
}
}
long tVal;
long loVal = 0;
for(int shi=24; shi>=0; shi-=8) { // Shift values for each byte
tVal = long(elVal[fi--]); // Take first relevant byte
loVal += tVal << shi; // and shift it into te long
}
float flVal = float(loVal); // Make it a float
flVal *= pow(2.0, (fi + 1.0) * 8.0); // and multiply it by the last byte
exponent
return flVal;
}

/*** Add a long to an extra long ***/

void extraLongAddLong(byte* elVal, long addVal) {
byte add0 = byte(addVal); // put the long in seperate bytes.
addVal = addVal >> 8;
byte add1 = byte(addVal);
addVal = addVal >> 8;
byte add2 = byte(addVal);
addVal = addVal >> 8;
byte add3 = byte(addVal);
byte ext = 0x00; // extend the long with 0x00 ...
if(bitRead(add3, 7) == true) {
ext = 0xFF; // ... or 0xFF if the long is negative.
}
asm volatile(
"add %[v0], %[a0]\n" // add the bytes of the long to the extralong
"adc %[v1], %[a1]\n"
"adc %[v2], %[a2]\n"
"adc %[v3], %[a3]\n"
"adc %[v4], %[bext]\n"
"adc %[v5], %[bext]\n"
"adc %[v6], %[bext]\n"
"adc %[v7], %[bext]\n"
: [v0] "+r" (elVal[0]), // ouput operand list
 [v1] "+r" (elVal[1]),
[v2] "+r" (elVal[2]),
[v3] "+r" (elVal[3]),
[v4] "+r" (elVal[4]),
[v5] "+r" (elVal[5]),
[v6] "+r" (elVal[6]),
[v7] "+r" (elVal[7])
: [a0] "r" (add0), // input operand list
[a1] "r" (add1),
[a2] "r" (add2),
[a3] "r" (add3),
[bext] "r" (ext)
);
}

void initiateADC() {
ADCSRB = 0x00;
DIDR0 = 0x30; // digital inputs disabled for A4 & A5
ADMUX = 0xC4; // measuring on ADC4, left adjust, internal 1.1V
ref
ADCSRA = 0xAE; // AD-converter on, interrupt enabled, prescaler =
64
ADCSRB = 0x40; // AD channels MUX on, free running mode
bitWrite(ADCSRA, 6, 1); // Start the conversion by setting bit 6 (=ADSC)
in ADCSRA
}

/*** Interrupt routine ADC ready ***/

ISR(ADC_vect) {
/*** Read ADC result ***/
int adcInt = ADCL; // store lower byte ADC
adcInt += ADCH << 8; // store higher bytes ADC
long adcVal = long(adcInt) - nullVal; // relative ADC value
/*** ADC multiplexer counter ***/
muxCnt++; // Multiplexer counter +1
muxCnt &= 0x03;
ADMUX = muxCnt | 0xC4;
/*** Voltage measurement ***/
if(muxCnt == 2) { // Result Analog voltage input
ready
if(adcInt < 12 || adcInt > 1010) { // Voltage overflow detection
overFlowVolt = true;
}
adcVolt = adcVal;
primMeanVolt += adcVal; // Primary add add Mean Voltage
primSquaredVolt += adcVal * adcVal; // calc. and primary add squared
value
if(adcVal > primMaxVolt) { // Store new maximum voltage if
greater
primMaxVolt = adcVal; }
if(adcVal < primMinVolt) { // Store new minimum voltage if
smaller
primMinVolt = adcVal; }
/*** Voltage frequency ***/
 if(vfmDir == true && adcVal > vfmUpperTh) { // If the upper threshold is
reached ...
vfmDir = false; // the next threshold is the
negative one
vfmPeriodsTime = vfmTime; // copy the current time into
the period time
if(vfmTime > 0) {
vfmPeriods++; // If the measurement is
running: increase the number of periods.
}
else {
vfmTime = 1; // Else start the measurement
...
vfmPeriods = 0; // ... and clear the number
of periods
}
}
else if(vfmDir == false && adcVal < vfmLowerTh) { // If the negative
threshold is reached ...
vfmDir = true; // ... the next
threshold is the positive one.
}
if(vfmTime > 0) { // If the frequency
measurement is running ...
vfmTime++; } // increase time.
}
/*** Current measurement ***/
if(muxCnt == 3) { // Result Analog current input
ready
if(adcInt < 12 || adcInt > 1010) { // Current overflow detection
overFlowCurr = true;
}
adcVal = -adcVal; // Inverting preamp
adcCurr = adcVal;
primMeanCurr += adcVal; // Primary add Mean Voltage
primSquaredCurr += adcVal * adcVal; // calc. and primaty add squared
value
if(adcVal > primMaxCurr) { // Store new maximum current if
greater
primMaxCurr = adcVal; }
if(adcVal < primMinCurr) { // Store new minimum current if
smaller
primMinCurr = adcVal; }
/*** Current frequency ***/
if(cfmDir == true && adcVal > cfmUpperTh) { // If the upper threshold is
reached ...
cfmDir = false; // the next threshold is the
negative one
cfmPeriodsTime = cfmTime; // copy the current time into
the period time
if(cfmTime > 0) {
cfmPeriods++; // If the measurement is
running: increase the number of periods.
}
else {
cfmTime = 1; // Else start the measurement
...
 cfmPeriods = 0; // ... and clear the number
of periods
}
}
else if(cfmDir == false && adcVal < cfmLowerTh) { // If the negative
threshold is reached ...
cfmDir = true; // ... the next
threshold is the positive one.
}
if(cfmTime > 0) { // If the frequency
measurement is running ...
cfmTime++; } // increase time.
}
/*** Power calculation ***/
if(muxCnt == 0) { // Result Analog null reference
input ready
nullVal = long(adcInt); // Store null reference
long TadcVal = long(adcVolt) * long(adcCurr); // Calc. the instantanious
power ...
primMeanPow += TadcVal; // ... and primary add it.
if(TadcVal > primMaxPow) { // Store new maximum power
if greater
primMaxPow = TadcVal; }
if(TadcVal < primMinPow) { // Store new minimum power
if smaller
primMinPow = TadcVal; }
}
/*** Transfer primary averaged values ***/
if(muxCnt == 1) { // At a quiet moment ...
(Analog channel 7 isn't used)
primCnt++; // increase primary
averaging counter
if(primCnt >= primAvLength) { // If the required averaging
number is reached ...
primCnt = 0;
primMeanVoltCopy = primMeanVolt; // Make a copy of all the
primary averaging values ...
primMeanVolt = 0; // ... and clear the primary
averaging value.
primSquaredVoltCopy = primSquaredVolt;
primSquaredVolt = 0;
primMeanCurrCopy = primMeanCurr;
primMeanCurr = 0;
primSquaredCurrCopy = primSquaredCurr;
primSquaredCurr = 0;
primMeanPowCopy = primMeanPow;
primMeanPow = 0;
primReady = true; // The primary averaging
values are availeble for the secondary averaging.
}
vCnt++; // value count +1 // Increase value counter
/*** Button debouncing ***/
byte buttons = ~PINB & 0x1E; // Read the four buttons
if(buttons == 0) { // If no button is pressed
...
if(antiBounceCnt == 0) { // ... and anti bounce is
already zero ...
 buttonState = false;
buttonPushed = 0; // clear the button pressed
register
}
else {
antiBounceCnt--; } // decrease anti bounce
counter if it is not zero
}
else {
if(antiBounceCnt < 40) {
antiBounceCnt++; } // Increase anti bounce
counter if not maximum
else if(buttonState == false) { // If anti bounce reaches
maximum the first time ...
buttonState = true;
buttonPushed = buttons; // ... copy button status
for further processing
}
}
}
/*** Time ***/
preTimeCnt++;
if(preTimeCnt >= 19231) { // Seconds counter prescaler
preTimeCnt = 0;
timeCnt++; // Seconds counter
}
//bitClear(PORTB, 5); // overflow LED off
}

void lcdInitiate() {
/*** Initialize 2*16 char LCD ***/
/*** LCD DB4...7 => PD4...7 (D4...7), RS => PD2 (D2), R/W => PD3 (D3), E =>
PB0 (D8) ***/
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // LCD enable = low
bitSet(DDRB, 0); // LCD enable = output
PORTD = PORTD & 0x03; // LCD D4...7 & R/W & RS = low
DDRD = DDRD | 0xFC; // LCD D4...7 & R/W & RS = output
muDelay(50000);
byte PD = PORTD & 0x03; // LCD in 4 bit mode
PORTD = PD | 0x20;
__asm__("nop\n\t");
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // E high
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // E low
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
// Write function set three times, else the second line isn't functional.
lcdWrite(true, 0x28); // 2 line mode, 5*7 dots
muDelay(40);
lcdWrite(true, 0x28); // 2 line mode, 5*7 dots
muDelay(40);
lcdWrite(true, 0x28); // 2 line mode, 5*7 dots
muDelay(40);
lcdWrite(true, 0x0C); // display on, cursor off, blink off
lcdWrite(true, 0x01); // display clear
lcdWrite(true, 0x06); // increment mode, entire shift off
}
void lcdPrintString(const char* strArr) {
/*** Write a text string to the LCD ***/
for(byte ci=0; ci<strlen(strArr); ci++) {
lcdWrite(false, strArr[ci]);
}
}

void lcdWrite(boolean reg, byte val) {

/*** write byte to LCD in nibble mode ***/
/*** reg: false = data, true = command ***/
lcdCheckBusyFlag();
byte loni = val << 4; // prepare LS nibble
byte hini = val & 0xF0; // prepare MS nibble
byte PD = PORTD & 0x03; // R/W = 0, RS = 0, DB4...7 = 0
if (reg == false) {
PD = PD | 0x04; } // RS = 1
PORTD = PD | hini; // MS nibble to LCD
DDRD = DDRD | 0xF0; // PD4...7 = output
//__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // E = 1
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // E = 0
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
PORTD = PD | loni; // LS nibble to LCD
//__asm__("nop\n\t");
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // E = 1
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // E = 0
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
DDRD = DDRD & 0x0F; // PD4...7 = input
}

void lcdCheckBusyFlag() {
/*** check until LCD is ready ***/
byte dVal;
DDRD = DDRD & 0x0F; // PD4...7 = input
bitSet(PORTD, 3); // R/W = 1
bitClear(PORTD, 2); // RS=0
do {
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // enable = 1
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
dVal = PIND & 0xF0; // Read MS nibble
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // enable = 0
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // enable = 1
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
dVal = dVal | (PIND >> 4); // Read LS nibble
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // enable = 0
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
} while(bitRead(dVal, 7) == HIGH);
bitClear(PORTD, 3); // R/W = 0
}

void lcdCustomChars() {
/*** Make some custom characters ***/
 lcdWrite(true, 0x48); // Char 0x01 = phi
lcdWrite(false, 0x02);
lcdWrite(false, 0x15);
lcdWrite(false, 0x15);
lcdWrite(false, 0x0E);
lcdWrite(false, 0x04);
lcdWrite(false, 0x04);
lcdWrite(false, 0x04);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(true, 0x50); // Char 0x02 = deg
lcdWrite(false, 0x0C);
lcdWrite(false, 0x12);
lcdWrite(false, 0x12);
lcdWrite(false, 0x0C);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(true, 0x80); // First char address
}

void lcdTechNot(float fval, long lval, int rangeExp, int digits, const char*
unit, boolean overFlow, byte pos, boolean alignR) {
/*** Write a value in Technical Notation on the LCD ***/
/*** fval = float value, ore use lval = long int value ***/
/*** rangeExp = exponent of the limit value (e.g. rangeExp=2 => 10^2=100 as
limit), 99=autorange, 100 = use the long int value ***/
/*** digits = number of digits ***/
/*** unit = the unit: "V", "A",... ***/
/*** overFlow = external overflow indicator, e.g. from ADC. Puts the "^"
char between number and unit ***/
/*** pos & alignR = LCD position & right align: last position if
alignR=true, first position if alignR=false) ***/
byte totChar = 11; // Total number of chars to fill
on the LCD (to ensure the old valu is erased)
char valStr[totChar]; // Text string
int strPnt = 0; // Text string pointer
digits -= 1;
int decpoint = digits + 3; // No decimal point if val is
long
char vvArr[] = {'f','p','n',0xE4,'m',' ','k','M','G','T','P'}; // prefix
array
int expo; // Exponent
if (rangeExp == 99) { // If auto range ...
expo = floor(log10(fabs(fval))); // ... use the value exponent ...
}
else {
expo = rangeExp - 1; // ... else use a fixed exponent
as range
}
if(rangeExp != 100) { // If the float value is used ...
lval = long(round(fval / pow(10, expo - digits))); // ... calculate the
value in N digits.
if(lval >= round(pow(10, digits + 1))) { // Fix floating
point errors
lval /= 10;
 expo++;
}
decpoint = digits - ((expo+15) % 3); // Calc. decimal point position
}
else { // If the long int value is used
...
expo = 0; // ... prevent using a prefix.
}
if(lval < 0) { // If the value is negative ...
lval = abs(lval); // ... make the value absolute
...
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x2D; // ... and put a negative sign =>
string
}
long dec;
byte num;
boolean prtStart = false; // Don't push any number into the
string yet (no leading zero's)
for(int nd=digits; nd>=0; nd--) { // For the number of digits the
value is long ...
dec = long(round(pow(10, nd))); // calc. the 10th power number
for the current digit,
num = 0; // start value is 0.
while(lval >= dec) { // While the 10th power number is
smaller than the value ...
lval -= dec; // decrease the value,
num++; // increase the current digit.
if(num > 9) { // If digit > 9 ...
num = 0x3C; // digit is "<" if value doesn't
fit
lval += dec; // for all digit places
break;
}
}
if(prtStart == true || num != 0 || nd == 0) { // If printing is active
or digit is not zero or LS digit
prtStart = true; // printing is active,
valStr[strPnt++] = num | 0x30; // digit => string.
}
else if(prtStart == false && decpoint == nd) { // If no number is printed
yet and decimal point must be printed
prtStart = true; // printing is active,
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x30; // 0 => string.
}
if(decpoint == nd && nd != 0) { // If decimal point must
be printed and it is not the LS digit
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x2E; // decimal point =>
string.
}
}
if(overFlow == true) {
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x5E; // "^" => string if there the
external overflow flag is set
}
else {
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x20; // or a white space => string
}
 int ediv = floor(expo / 3.0); // Calc. prefix pointer
if (ediv != 0) {
valStr[strPnt++] = vvArr[ediv+5]; // Prefix => string
}
byte ci;
for(ci=0; ci<strlen(unit); ci++) { // For every unit character ...
valStr[strPnt++] = unit[ci]; // ... unit char = string.
}
if(alignR == true) { // If the alignment is right ...
pos -= totChar; // ... calc. new start position.
}
lcdWrite(true, pos); // Position cursor LCD
for(byte iw=0; iw<(totChar-strPnt); iw++) { // For every unoccupied
preceding character ...
lcdWrite(false, 0x20); // ... send white spaces to LCD to
erase old text
}
for(ci=0; ci<strPnt; ci++) { // For every character ...
lcdWrite(false, valStr[ci]); // ... send character to LCD
}
}

void muDelay(unsigned int mutime) {

/*** micro seconds delay ***/
for(unsigned int ci=0; ci<mutime; ci++) {

__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
}
}
Wattmeter code

/************************************/
/*** Arduino Wattmeter v1.0 ***/
/*** Board: Arduino Nano 3.0 ***/
/*** By: Freddy Alferink ***/
/*** http://meettechniek.info ***/
/*** May 2014 ***/
/************************************/

/*********** Calibration & Hardware Data ***********/

float Vdiv = 101.0; // Voltage conversion factor
float Cdiv = 10.0; // Current conversion factor
const byte LCDlines = 2; // LCD: Number of lines
const byte LCDwidth = 16; // LCD: Number of character per line
/***************************************************/

const float adcSense = 1.074219e-3; // ADC conversion factor volt/bit (1.1V

/ 1024)
float Vscale = 1.0; // Voltage scale
float Cscale = 1.0; // Current scale
byte muxCnt = 4; // Analog multiplexer start
int nullVal = 512; // Measured null value
boolean overFlowVolt = false; // Voltage overflow flag
boolean overFlowCurr = false; // Current overflow flag
unsigned int vCnt = 0; // Values counter
/*** Voltage frequency measurement ***/
int vfmUpperTh = 10; // Upper threshold voltage
int vfmLowerTh = -10; // Lower threshold voltage
boolean vfmDir = false; // Direction voltage
unsigned int vfmPeriods = 7; // Periods counter
unsigned int vfmPeriodsTime = 1000; // Synchronized with periods time
unsigned int vfmTime = 1000; // Time counter
/*** Current frequency measurement ***/
int cfmUpperTh = 10; // Upper threshold current
int cfmLowerTh = -10; // Lower threshold current
boolean cfmDir = false; // Direction current
unsigned int cfmPeriods = 5; // Periods counter
unsigned int cfmPeriodsTime = 1000; // Synchronized with periods time
unsigned int cfmTime = 1000; // Time counter
/*** Primary averaging ***/
int primCnt = 0; // Primary averaging counter
boolean primReady = false; // Primary averaging complete flag
int adcVolt; // Copy ADC voltage
const unsigned int primAvLength = 64; // Number of samples for primary
averaging
long primMeanVolt = 0; // Cumulative ADC mean voltage
long primMeanVoltCopy = 0; // Averaged primary mean voltage
long primSquaredVolt = 0; // Cumulative ADC squared voltage
long primSquaredVoltCopy = 0; // Averaged primary squared voltage
long primMaxVolt = 0; // Highest measured ADC voltage
long primMinVolt = 0; // Lowest measured ADC voltage
int adcCurr; // Copy ADC current
long primMeanCurr = 0; // Cumulative ADC mean current
long primMeanCurrCopy = 0; // Averaged primary current
long primSquaredCurr = 0; // Cumulative ADC squared current
long primSquaredCurrCopy = 0; // Averaged primary squared current
long primMaxCurr = 0; // Highest measured ADC current
long primMinCurr = 0; // Lowest measured ADC current
long primMeanPow = 0; // Cumulative ADC mean power
long primMeanPowCopy = 0; // Averaged primary mean power
long primMaxPow = 0; // Highest measured ADC power
long primMinPow = 0; // Lowest measured ADC power
/*** Secondary averaging ***/
unsigned int secArrCnt = 0;
const unsigned int secAvLength = 50;
long secMeanVoltArr[secAvLength]; // Mean Voltage secondary averageing
array
long secSquaredVoltArr[secAvLength]; // Squared Voltage secondary averageing
array
long secMeanCurrArr[secAvLength]; // Mean Current secondary averageing
array
long secSquaredCurrArr[secAvLength]; // Squared Current secondary averageing
array
long secMeanPowArr[secAvLength]; // Real Power secondary averageing array
long secMeanVolt = 0; // Result secondary averaging mean
voltage
long secSquaredVolt = 0; // Result secondary averaging squared
voltage
long secMeanCurr = 0; // Result secondary averaging mean
current
long secSquaredCurr = 0; // Result secondary averaging squared
current
long secMeanPow = 0; // Result secondary averaging mean power
/*** Cumulative values ***/
byte tFlux[8]; // 64 bits integrated ADC voltage
byte tCharge[8]; // 64 bits integrated ADC current
byte tEnergy[8]; // 64 bits integrated ADC power
unsigned int preTimeCnt = 0; // Time prescaler
unsigned long timeCnt = 0; // Time seconds counter
/*** ***/
float totAverage = 10.0; // Total averaging length (primary *
secondary)
float fSample = 10.0; // ADC channel sample frequency
const byte LCDlinePos[4] = {0x80,0xC0,0x94,0xD4}; // First char position for
each line (as DDRAM instruction)
byte lineSelect = 0; // The selected dsplay line
byte paramPointers[4] = {0,7,13,18}; // Parameter pointer for each display
line
char* paramLabels[] = {"Vmean ","Vrms ","Vsdef ","Vmax ","Vmin ","Flux
","f (V)","Imean ","Irms ","Isdef ","Imax ","Imin ","Charge","f (I)
","Preal ","S * ","Q * ","Pmax ","Pmin ","Energy","\x01 * ","time
"};
char* paramUnits[] =
{"V","V","V","V","V","Vs","Hz","A","A","A","A","A","C","Hz","W","VA","var","W
","W","J","\x02","s"};
float paramValues[] =
{0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,
0.0,0.0,0.0};
int paramRange[] = {0,0,0,0,0,99,99,0,0,0,0,0,99,99,99,0,0,0,0,99,99,100};
// 99=autorange, 100=int-number
int paramDigits[] = {4,4,4,3,3,5,4,4,4,4,3,3,5,4,4,4,4,3,3,5,3,7}; //
number of digits
byte antiBounceCnt = 0; // Buttons anti bounce counter
boolean buttonState = false; // Button is pressed
unsigned int buttonPushed = 0; // Pressed buttons

void setup() {
MCUCR &= 0xEF; // Enable pull-up resistors
DDRB &= 0xE1; // Buttons on D9...12 are inputs
DDRB |= 0x20; // Overflow LED on D13 is output
PORTB |= 0x1E; // Pull-up resistor for the buttons
bitClear(PORTB, 5); // Overflow LED off
initiateADC(); // initiate AD converter
lcdInitiate(); // initiate LCD
lcdCustomChars(); // Make custom characters
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[0]); // LCD cursor first line position 0
lcdPrintString("Universal power");
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[1]); // LCD cursor second line position 0
lcdPrintString("meter v1.0");
for(int md=0; md<100; md++) { // Wait 2 seconds
muDelay(20000);
}
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[0]); // LCD cursor first line position 0
lcdPrintString("meettechniek ");
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[1]); // LCD cursor second line position 0
lcdPrintString(" .info");
for(int md=0; md<100; md++) { // Wait 2 seconds
muDelay(20000);
}
setProperties(); // Set properties and Clear measured
values
updateParamLabels(); // Write Parameter labels to LCD
updateParamValues(); // Write parameter values to LCD
sei(); // set interrupt flag
}

void loop() {
if (primReady == true) {
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Volt ***/
secMeanVolt -= secMeanVoltArr[secArrCnt]; // Subtract oldest
value strored in array from average
secMeanVolt += primMeanVoltCopy; // Add newest value
to average
secMeanVoltArr[secArrCnt] = primMeanVoltCopy; // Store newest
value in array
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Squared Volt ***/
secSquaredVolt -= secSquaredVoltArr[secArrCnt]; // the same for
squared voltage
secSquaredVolt += primSquaredVoltCopy;
secSquaredVoltArr[secArrCnt] = primSquaredVoltCopy;
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Current ***/
secMeanCurr -= secMeanCurrArr[secArrCnt]; // and mean current
secMeanCurr += primMeanCurrCopy;
secMeanCurrArr[secArrCnt] = primMeanCurrCopy;
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Squared Current ***/
secSquaredCurr -= secSquaredCurrArr[secArrCnt]; // squared current
secSquaredCurr += primSquaredCurrCopy;
 secSquaredCurrArr[secArrCnt] = primSquaredCurrCopy;
/*** Secondary avearaging Mean Power ***/
secMeanPow -= secMeanPowArr[secArrCnt]; // and power
secMeanPow += primMeanPowCopy;
secMeanPowArr[secArrCnt] = primMeanPowCopy;
/*** Array Pointer ***/
secArrCnt++; // Increase secondary
averaging array pointer
if(secArrCnt >= secAvLength) {
secArrCnt = 0;
}
/*** Cumulative values ***/
extraLongAddLong(tFlux, primMeanVoltCopy); // Add primary averaged
voltage to total Flux
extraLongAddLong(tCharge, primMeanCurrCopy); // Add primary averaged
current to total Charge
extraLongAddLong(tEnergy, primMeanPowCopy); // Add primary averaged
power to total Energy
primReady = false;
}
/*** Update display ***/
if (vCnt > 1000) { // After 1000 channel samples refresh values
on display
vCnt = 0;
/*** Calculate values Voltage ***/
paramValues[0] = float(secMeanVolt) * Vscale / totAverage;
// calc. mean Voltage
paramValues[1] = sqrt(float(secSquaredVolt) / totAverage) * Vscale;
// calc. RMS Voltage
paramValues[2] = sqrt((paramValues[1]*paramValues[1])-
(paramValues[0]*paramValues[0])); // calc. standard deviation Voltage:
Vsdev=sqrt(Vrms^2 - Vmean^2)
paramValues[3] = float(primMaxVolt) * Vscale;
// Max voltage
paramValues[4] = float(primMinVolt) * Vscale;
// Min voltage
/*** Calculate values Current ***/
paramValues[7] = float(secMeanCurr) * Cscale / totAverage;
// calc. mean Current
paramValues[8] = sqrt(float(secSquaredCurr) / totAverage) * Cscale;
// calc. RMS Current
paramValues[9] = sqrt((paramValues[8]*paramValues[8])-
(paramValues[7]*paramValues[7])); // calc. standard deviation Current:
Csdev=sqrt(Crms^2 - Cmean^2)
paramValues[10] = float(primMaxCurr) * Cscale;
// Max current
paramValues[11] = float(primMinCurr) * Cscale;
// Min current
/*** Calculate values Power ***/
paramValues[14] = float(secMeanPow) * Vscale * Cscale / totAverage;
// Real Power
paramValues[17] = float(primMaxPow) * Vscale * Cscale;
// Max Power
paramValues[18] = float(primMinPow) * Vscale * Cscale;
// Min Power
paramValues[15] = paramValues[1] * paramValues[8];
// Apparent Power = Urms * Irms
 paramValues[16] = sqrt((paramValues[15]*paramValues[15])-
(paramValues[14]*paramValues[14])); // Reactive power
/*** Flux, Charge, Energy ***/
paramValues[5] = extraLongToFloat(tFlux) * Vscale / fSample;
// Flux
paramValues[12] = extraLongToFloat(tCharge) * Cscale / fSample;
// Charge
paramValues[19] = extraLongToFloat(tEnergy) * Vscale * Cscale / fSample;
// Energy
/*** Phase & Time ***/
paramValues[20] = acos(paramValues[14]/paramValues[15]);
// Phase = acos(P/S)
paramValues[21] = (float) round(timeCnt);
// Time
/*** Voltage Frequency ***/
if(vfmPeriodsTime > 10000 && vfmPeriods > 3) {
vfmUpperTh = 2000;
// Prevent asynchronious reading
paramValues[6] = float(vfmPeriods) * fSample / float(vfmPeriodsTime-2);
// calc. voltage frequency
if(pow(10, paramRange[2]) / paramValues[2] > 100) {
paramValues[6] = 0.0; }
// Make zero if signal is too small
vfmTime = 0;
// Start new voltage freqency measurement
}
vfmUpperTh = int((paramValues[0] + (paramValues[2] / 2)) / Vscale);
// Upper voltage threshold
vfmLowerTh = int((paramValues[0] - (paramValues[2] / 2)) / Vscale);
// lower voltage threshold
/*** Current Frequency ***/
if(cfmPeriodsTime > 10000 && cfmPeriods > 3) {
cfmUpperTh = 2000;
// Prevent asynchronious reading
paramValues[13] = float(cfmPeriods) * fSample / float(cfmPeriodsTime-
2); // calc. current frequency
if(pow(10, paramRange[9]) / paramValues[9] > 100) {
paramValues[13] = 0.0; }
// Make zero if signal is too small
cfmTime = 0;
// Start new voltage freqency measurement
}
cfmUpperTh = int((paramValues[7] + (paramValues[9] / 2)) / Cscale);
// Upper current threshold
cfmLowerTh = int((paramValues[7] - (paramValues[9] / 2)) / Cscale);
// Lower current threshold

/*** Update LCD values ***/

updateParamValues(); // Write values to LCD

/*** OverFlow ***/

if (overFlowVolt == true || overFlowCurr == true) {
// If there was an overflow ...
overFlowVolt = false;
// ... clear overflow flags ...
overFlowCurr = false;
 bitSet(PORTB, 5);
// ... turn overflow LED on.
}
else {
bitClear(PORTB, 5);
// Else overflow LED off.
}
}
/*** Button Nulling values ***/
if (buttonPushed == 0x10) { // If "clear values" button is pressed
...
if (~PINB & 0x02) { // ... and "line select" button ...
buttonPushed = 0;
setProperties(); // ... set parametes to zero.
}
}
/*** Button Parameter Select Down ***/
else if (buttonPushed == 0x04) { // If "parameter select down" button is
pressed ...
buttonPushed = 0;
changeParamPointer(false); // ... select previous parameter ...
updateParamLabels(); // ... refresh parameter labels ...
updateParamValues(); // ... and parameter values.
}
/*** Button Parameter Select Up ***/
else if (buttonPushed == 0x08) { // If "parameter select up" button is
pressed ...
buttonPushed = 0;
changeParamPointer(true); // ... select next parameter ...
updateParamLabels(); // ... refresh parameter labels ...
updateParamValues(); // ... and parameter values.
}
/*** Button Line select ***/
else if (buttonPushed == 0x02) { // If "line select" buton is pressed ...
buttonPushed = 0;
updateParamLabels(); // ... refresh parameter labels ...
lineSelect++; // ... select next line.
if(lineSelect >= LCDlines) {
lineSelect = 0; }
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[lineSelect]); // First position on selected
line
lcdPrintString("....."); // Indicate the line with ".....".
vCnt = 0; // Zero the values refresh counter.
}
}

/*** Clear extra long ***/

void extraLongClear(byte* elVal) {
for(int ci=0; ci<8; ci++) {
elVal[ci] = 0x00; // Clear all 8 bytes of the eztra long
}
}

/*** Clear array ***/

void avArrClear(unsigned int arrLen, long* avArr) {
for(int ci=0; ci<arrLen; ci++) {
avArr[ci] = 0; // Clear all values in the array
 }
}

/*** Set elementary properties & clear all parameters***/

void setProperties() {
/*** Set division factors ***/
totAverage = float(primAvLength * secAvLength);
fSample = 19230.7 / 4.0; // sample frequency for
each channel
Vscale = adcSense * Vdiv; // Voltage scale
Cscale = adcSense * Cdiv; // Voltage scale
/*** Set parameter ranges ***/
int pp;
int expo = ceil(log10(Vscale*560.0)); // Calculate exponent of
highest expected voltage
for(pp=0; pp<=6; pp++) {
if(paramRange[pp] < 98) { // If not auto range or
int ...
paramRange[pp] = expo; } // ... set range for
voltage related parameters.
}
expo = ceil(log10(Cscale*560.0)); // Calculate exponent of
highest expected current
for(pp=7; pp<=13; pp++) {
if(paramRange[pp] < 98) { // If not auto range or
int ...
paramRange[pp] = expo; } // ... set range for
current related parameters.
}
expo = ceil(log10(Vscale*Cscale*313600.0)); // Calculate exponent of
highest expected power
for(pp=14; pp<=19; pp++) {
if(paramRange[pp] < 98) { // If not auto range or
int ...
paramRange[pp] = expo; } // ... set range for power
related parameters.
}
/*** Clear values ***/
avArrClear(secAvLength, secMeanVoltArr); // Clear the secondary
averaging arrays ...
avArrClear(secAvLength, secSquaredVoltArr);
avArrClear(secAvLength, secMeanCurrArr);
avArrClear(secAvLength, secSquaredCurrArr);
avArrClear(secAvLength, secMeanPowArr);
secArrCnt = 0; // Clear secondary array
counter
secMeanVolt = 0; // Clear secondary
averaging values ...
secSquaredVolt = 0;
secMeanCurr = 0;
secSquaredCurr = 0;
secMeanPow = 0;
primMaxVolt = -1024; // Set maximum vales at
lowest possible value ...
primMinVolt = 1024; // ... and minimum values
at highest possible value.
primMaxCurr = -1024;
 primMinCurr = 1024;
primMaxPow = -1048576;
primMinPow = 1048576;
extraLongClear(tFlux); // Clear thecCumulative
values
extraLongClear(tCharge);
extraLongClear(tEnergy);
preTimeCnt = 0; // Clear time prescaler
...
timeCnt = 0; // ... and time counter
}

/*** Select the next or previous parameter ***/

void changeParamPointer(boolean dir) {
int paramMax = 21; // Number of parameters
if(dir == true) {
paramPointers[lineSelect]++; // Increase parameter pointer for
the selected line
if(paramPointers[lineSelect] > paramMax) {
paramPointers[lineSelect] = 0; }
}
else {
if(paramPointers[lineSelect] == 0) { // Decrease parameter pointer for
the selected line
paramPointers[lineSelect] = paramMax + 1; }
paramPointers[lineSelect]--;
}
}

/*** Write parameter label on each line ***/

void updateParamLabels() {
for (int ci=0; ci<LCDlines; ci++) {
lcdWrite(true, LCDlinePos[ci]);
lcdPrintString(paramLabels[paramPointers[ci]]);
}
}

/*** Write parameter value on each line ***/

void updateParamValues() {
for (int ci=0; ci<LCDlines; ci++) {
lcdParamValues(paramPointers[ci], LCDlinePos[ci] + LCDwidth);
}
}

void lcdParamValues(byte paramPo, byte pos) {

boolean ofm = false;
if(paramPo < 7) { // Voltage related parameters
ofm = overFlowVolt; }
else if(paramPo < 14) { // Current related parameters
ofm = overFlowCurr; }
else if(paramPo < 20) { // Power related parameters
ofm = overFlowVolt | overFlowCurr; }
if(paramRange[paramPo] == 100) { // int number
lcdTechNot(0, timeCnt, paramRange[paramPo], paramDigits[paramPo],
paramUnits[paramPo], ofm, pos, true);
}
 else { // float number
lcdTechNot(paramValues[paramPo], 0, paramRange[paramPo],
paramDigits[paramPo], paramUnits[paramPo], ofm, pos, true);
}
}

/*** Convert an extra long value to float ***/

float extraLongToFloat(byte* elVal) {
boolean sign bitRead(elVal[7], 7); // true = negative, false = positive
value
int fi;
for(fi=7; fi>3; fi--) { // Find the first MS byte without
leading zero's in the higherst 4
if(sign == false && (elVal[fi] != 0x00 || bitRead(elVal[fi-1], 7) ==
true)) {
break;
} // Find the first MS byte without
leading 0xFF in the higherst 4
if(sign == true && (elVal[fi] != 0xFF || bitRead(elVal[fi-1], 7) ==
false)) {
break;
}
}
long tVal;
long loVal = 0;
for(int shi=24; shi>=0; shi-=8) { // Shift values for each byte
tVal = long(elVal[fi--]); // Take first relevant byte
loVal += tVal << shi; // and shift it into te long
}
float flVal = float(loVal); // Make it a float
flVal *= pow(2.0, (fi + 1.0) * 8.0); // and multiply it by the last byte
exponent
return flVal;
}

/*** Add a long to an extra long ***/

void extraLongAddLong(byte* elVal, long addVal) {
byte add0 = byte(addVal); // put the long in seperate bytes.
addVal = addVal >> 8;
byte add1 = byte(addVal);
addVal = addVal >> 8;
byte add2 = byte(addVal);
addVal = addVal >> 8;
byte add3 = byte(addVal);
byte ext = 0x00; // extend the long with 0x00 ...
if(bitRead(add3, 7) == true) {
ext = 0xFF; // ... or 0xFF if the long is negative.
}
asm volatile(
"add %[v0], %[a0]\n" // add the bytes of the long to the extralong
"adc %[v1], %[a1]\n"
"adc %[v2], %[a2]\n"
"adc %[v3], %[a3]\n"
"adc %[v4], %[bext]\n"
"adc %[v5], %[bext]\n"
 "adc %[v6], %[bext]\n"
"adc %[v7], %[bext]\n"
: [v0] "+r" (elVal[0]), // ouput operand list
[v1] "+r" (elVal[1]),
[v2] "+r" (elVal[2]),
[v3] "+r" (elVal[3]),
[v4] "+r" (elVal[4]),
[v5] "+r" (elVal[5]),
[v6] "+r" (elVal[6]),
[v7] "+r" (elVal[7])
: [a0] "r" (add0), // input operand list
[a1] "r" (add1),
[a2] "r" (add2),
[a3] "r" (add3),
[bext] "r" (ext)
);
}

void initiateADC() {
ADCSRB = 0x00;
DIDR0 = 0x30; // digital inputs disabled for A4 & A5
ADMUX = 0xC4; // measuring on ADC4, left adjust, internal 1.1V
ref
ADCSRA = 0xAE; // AD-converter on, interrupt enabled, prescaler =
64
ADCSRB = 0x40; // AD channels MUX on, free running mode
bitWrite(ADCSRA, 6, 1); // Start the conversion by setting bit 6 (=ADSC)
in ADCSRA
}

/*** Interrupt routine ADC ready ***/

ISR(ADC_vect) {
/*** Read ADC result ***/
int adcInt = ADCL; // store lower byte ADC
adcInt += ADCH << 8; // store higher bytes ADC
long adcVal = long(adcInt) - nullVal; // relative ADC value
/*** ADC multiplexer counter ***/
muxCnt++; // Multiplexer counter +1
muxCnt &= 0x03;
ADMUX = muxCnt | 0xC4;
/*** Voltage measurement ***/
if(muxCnt == 2) { // Result Analog voltage input
ready
if(adcInt < 12 || adcInt > 1010) { // Voltage overflow detection
overFlowVolt = true;
}
adcVolt = adcVal;
primMeanVolt += adcVal; // Primary add add Mean Voltage
primSquaredVolt += adcVal * adcVal; // calc. and primary add squared
value
if(adcVal > primMaxVolt) { // Store new maximum voltage if
greater
primMaxVolt = adcVal; }
if(adcVal < primMinVolt) { // Store new minimum voltage if
smaller
 primMinVolt = adcVal; }
/*** Voltage frequency ***/
if(vfmDir == true && adcVal > vfmUpperTh) { // If the upper threshold is
reached ...
vfmDir = false; // the next threshold is the
negative one
vfmPeriodsTime = vfmTime; // copy the current time into
the period time
if(vfmTime > 0) {
vfmPeriods++; // If the measurement is
running: increase the number of periods.
}
else {
vfmTime = 1; // Else start the measurement
...
vfmPeriods = 0; // ... and clear the number
of periods
}
}
else if(vfmDir == false && adcVal < vfmLowerTh) { // If the negative
threshold is reached ...
vfmDir = true; // ... the next
threshold is the positive one.
}
if(vfmTime > 0) { // If the frequency
measurement is running ...
vfmTime++; } // increase time.
}
/*** Current measurement ***/
if(muxCnt == 3) { // Result Analog current input
ready
if(adcInt < 12 || adcInt > 1010) { // Current overflow detection
overFlowCurr = true;
}
adcVal = -adcVal; // Inverting preamp
adcCurr = adcVal;
primMeanCurr += adcVal; // Primary add Mean Voltage
primSquaredCurr += adcVal * adcVal; // calc. and primaty add squared
value
if(adcVal > primMaxCurr) { // Store new maximum current if
greater
primMaxCurr = adcVal; }
if(adcVal < primMinCurr) { // Store new minimum current if
smaller
primMinCurr = adcVal; }
/*** Current frequency ***/
if(cfmDir == true && adcVal > cfmUpperTh) { // If the upper threshold is
reached ...
cfmDir = false; // the next threshold is the
negative one
cfmPeriodsTime = cfmTime; // copy the current time into
the period time
if(cfmTime > 0) {
cfmPeriods++; // If the measurement is
running: increase the number of periods.
}
else {
 cfmTime = 1; // Else start the measurement
...
cfmPeriods = 0; // ... and clear the number
of periods
}
}
else if(cfmDir == false && adcVal < cfmLowerTh) { // If the negative
threshold is reached ...
cfmDir = true; // ... the next
threshold is the positive one.
}
if(cfmTime > 0) { // If the frequency
measurement is running ...
cfmTime++; } // increase time.
}
/*** Power calculation ***/
if(muxCnt == 0) { // Result Analog null reference
input ready
nullVal = long(adcInt); // Store null reference
long TadcVal = long(adcVolt) * long(adcCurr); // Calc. the instantanious
power ...
primMeanPow += TadcVal; // ... and primary add it.
if(TadcVal > primMaxPow) { // Store new maximum power
if greater
primMaxPow = TadcVal; }
if(TadcVal < primMinPow) { // Store new minimum power
if smaller
primMinPow = TadcVal; }
}
/*** Transfer primary averaged values ***/
if(muxCnt == 1) { // At a quiet moment ...
(Analog channel 7 isn't used)
primCnt++; // increase primary
averaging counter
if(primCnt >= primAvLength) { // If the required averaging
number is reached ...
primCnt = 0;
primMeanVoltCopy = primMeanVolt; // Make a copy of all the
primary averaging values ...
primMeanVolt = 0; // ... and clear the primary
averaging value.
primSquaredVoltCopy = primSquaredVolt;
primSquaredVolt = 0;
primMeanCurrCopy = primMeanCurr;
primMeanCurr = 0;
primSquaredCurrCopy = primSquaredCurr;
primSquaredCurr = 0;
primMeanPowCopy = primMeanPow;
primMeanPow = 0;
primReady = true; // The primary averaging
values are availeble for the secondary averaging.
}
vCnt++; // value count +1 // Increase value counter
/*** Button debouncing ***/
byte buttons = ~PINB & 0x1E; // Read the four buttons
if(buttons == 0) { // If no button is pressed
...
 if(antiBounceCnt == 0) { // ... and anti bounce is
already zero ...
buttonState = false;
buttonPushed = 0; // clear the button pressed
register
}
else {
antiBounceCnt--; } // decrease anti bounce
counter if it is not zero
}
else {
if(antiBounceCnt < 40) {
antiBounceCnt++; } // Increase anti bounce
counter if not maximum
else if(buttonState == false) { // If anti bounce reaches
maximum the first time ...
buttonState = true;
buttonPushed = buttons; // ... copy button status
for further processing
}
}
}
/*** Time ***/
preTimeCnt++;
if(preTimeCnt >= 19231) { // Seconds counter prescaler
preTimeCnt = 0;
timeCnt++; // Seconds counter
}
//bitClear(PORTB, 5); // overflow LED off
}

void lcdInitiate() {
/*** Initialize 2*16 char LCD ***/
/*** LCD DB4...7 => PD4...7 (D4...7), RS => PD2 (D2), R/W => PD3 (D3), E =>
PB0 (D8) ***/
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // LCD enable = low
bitSet(DDRB, 0); // LCD enable = output
PORTD = PORTD & 0x03; // LCD D4...7 & R/W & RS = low
DDRD = DDRD | 0xFC; // LCD D4...7 & R/W & RS = output
muDelay(50000);
byte PD = PORTD & 0x03; // LCD in 4 bit mode
PORTD = PD | 0x20;
__asm__("nop\n\t");
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // E high
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // E low
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
// Write function set three times, else the second line isn't functional.
lcdWrite(true, 0x28); // 2 line mode, 5*7 dots
muDelay(40);
lcdWrite(true, 0x28); // 2 line mode, 5*7 dots
muDelay(40);
lcdWrite(true, 0x28); // 2 line mode, 5*7 dots
muDelay(40);
lcdWrite(true, 0x0C); // display on, cursor off, blink off
lcdWrite(true, 0x01); // display clear
 lcdWrite(true, 0x06); // increment mode, entire shift off
}

void lcdPrintString(const char* strArr) {

/*** Write a text string to the LCD ***/
for(byte ci=0; ci<strlen(strArr); ci++) {
lcdWrite(false, strArr[ci]);
}
}

void lcdWrite(boolean reg, byte val) {

/*** write byte to LCD in nibble mode ***/
/*** reg: false = data, true = command ***/
lcdCheckBusyFlag();
byte loni = val << 4; // prepare LS nibble
byte hini = val & 0xF0; // prepare MS nibble
byte PD = PORTD & 0x03; // R/W = 0, RS = 0, DB4...7 = 0
if (reg == false) {
PD = PD | 0x04; } // RS = 1
PORTD = PD | hini; // MS nibble to LCD
DDRD = DDRD | 0xF0; // PD4...7 = output
//__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // E = 1
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // E = 0
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
PORTD = PD | loni; // LS nibble to LCD
//__asm__("nop\n\t");
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // E = 1
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // E = 0
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
DDRD = DDRD & 0x0F; // PD4...7 = input
}

void lcdCheckBusyFlag() {
/*** check until LCD is ready ***/
byte dVal;
DDRD = DDRD & 0x0F; // PD4...7 = input
bitSet(PORTD, 3); // R/W = 1
bitClear(PORTD, 2); // RS=0
do {
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // enable = 1
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
dVal = PIND & 0xF0; // Read MS nibble
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // enable = 0
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
bitSet(PORTB, 0); // enable = 1
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\t");
dVal = dVal | (PIND >> 4); // Read LS nibble
bitClear(PORTB, 0); // enable = 0
__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
} while(bitRead(dVal, 7) == HIGH);
bitClear(PORTD, 3); // R/W = 0
}
void lcdCustomChars() {
/*** Make some custom characters ***/
lcdWrite(true, 0x48); // Char 0x01 = phi
lcdWrite(false, 0x02);
lcdWrite(false, 0x15);
lcdWrite(false, 0x15);
lcdWrite(false, 0x0E);
lcdWrite(false, 0x04);
lcdWrite(false, 0x04);
lcdWrite(false, 0x04);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(true, 0x50); // Char 0x02 = deg
lcdWrite(false, 0x0C);
lcdWrite(false, 0x12);
lcdWrite(false, 0x12);
lcdWrite(false, 0x0C);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(false, 0x00);
lcdWrite(true, 0x80); // First char address
}

void lcdTechNot(float fval, long lval, int rangeExp, int digits, const char*
unit, boolean overFlow, byte pos, boolean alignR) {
/*** Write a value in Technical Notation on the LCD ***/
/*** fval = float value, ore use lval = long int value ***/
/*** rangeExp = exponent of the limit value (e.g. rangeExp=2 => 10^2=100 as
limit), 99=autorange, 100 = use the long int value ***/
/*** digits = number of digits ***/
/*** unit = the unit: "V", "A",... ***/
/*** overFlow = external overflow indicator, e.g. from ADC. Puts the "^"
char between number and unit ***/
/*** pos & alignR = LCD position & right align: last position if
alignR=true, first position if alignR=false) ***/
byte totChar = 11; // Total number of chars to fill
on the LCD (to ensure the old valu is erased)
char valStr[totChar]; // Text string
int strPnt = 0; // Text string pointer
digits -= 1;
int decpoint = digits + 3; // No decimal point if val is
long
char vvArr[] = {'f','p','n',0xE4,'m',' ','k','M','G','T','P'}; // prefix
array
int expo; // Exponent
if (rangeExp == 99) { // If auto range ...
expo = floor(log10(fabs(fval))); // ... use the value exponent ...
}
else {
expo = rangeExp - 1; // ... else use a fixed exponent
as range
}
if(rangeExp != 100) { // If the float value is used ...
lval = long(round(fval / pow(10, expo - digits))); // ... calculate the
value in N digits.
 if(lval >= round(pow(10, digits + 1))) { // Fix floating
point errors
lval /= 10;
expo++;
}
decpoint = digits - ((expo+15) % 3); // Calc. decimal point position
}
else { // If the long int value is used
...
expo = 0; // ... prevent using a prefix.
}
if(lval < 0) { // If the value is negative ...
lval = abs(lval); // ... make the value absolute
...
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x2D; // ... and put a negative sign =>
string
}
long dec;
byte num;
boolean prtStart = false; // Don't push any number into the
string yet (no leading zero's)
for(int nd=digits; nd>=0; nd--) { // For the number of digits the
value is long ...
dec = long(round(pow(10, nd))); // calc. the 10th power number
for the current digit,
num = 0; // start value is 0.
while(lval >= dec) { // While the 10th power number is
smaller than the value ...
lval -= dec; // decrease the value,
num++; // increase the current digit.
if(num > 9) { // If digit > 9 ...
num = 0x3C; // digit is "<" if value doesn't
fit
lval += dec; // for all digit places
break;
}
}
if(prtStart == true || num != 0 || nd == 0) { // If printing is active
or digit is not zero or LS digit
prtStart = true; // printing is active,
valStr[strPnt++] = num | 0x30; // digit => string.
}
else if(prtStart == false && decpoint == nd) { // If no number is printed
yet and decimal point must be printed
prtStart = true; // printing is active,
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x30; // 0 => string.
}
if(decpoint == nd && nd != 0) { // If decimal point must
be printed and it is not the LS digit
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x2E; // decimal point =>
string.
}
}
if(overFlow == true) {
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x5E; // "^" => string if there the
external overflow flag is set
}
 else {
valStr[strPnt++] = 0x20; // or a white space => string
}
int ediv = floor(expo / 3.0); // Calc. prefix pointer
if (ediv != 0) {
valStr[strPnt++] = vvArr[ediv+5]; // Prefix => string
}
byte ci;
for(ci=0; ci<strlen(unit); ci++) { // For every unit character ...
valStr[strPnt++] = unit[ci]; // ... unit char = string.
}
if(alignR == true) { // If the alignment is right ...
pos -= totChar; // ... calc. new start position.
}
lcdWrite(true, pos); // Position cursor LCD
for(byte iw=0; iw<(totChar-strPnt); iw++) { // For every unoccupied
preceding character ...
lcdWrite(false, 0x20); // ... send white spaces to LCD to
erase old text
}
for(ci=0; ci<strPnt; ci++) { // For every character ...
lcdWrite(false, valStr[ci]); // ... send character to LCD
}
}

void muDelay(unsigned int mutime) {

/*** micro seconds delay ***/
for(unsigned int ci=0; ci<mutime; ci++) {

__asm__("nop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\tnop\n\t");
}
}