DC MACHINES

KEVIN D. DUGAY

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

OBJECTIVES
1. Differentiate dc generator and dc motor
2. Illustrate energy conversion process in dc machines
3. Identify basic parts of dc machines and their functions and
applications
4. Analyze the principle behind the generated voltage/back
electromotive force in the armature of dc machines
5. Construct the schematic diagram of series, shunt, and compound dc
machines.
6. Solve for various dc machine parameters such as, but not limited to,
voltage, current, torque, efficiency, power, and the like.

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

What is a generator? What is a motor?
What is the difference of the two?

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MAGNETIC FIELD
Designated by the vector B.
Exist around a magnet or a magnetized material.

Magnetic Field on a Bar Magnet

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

MAGNETIC FIELD

Magnetic Field of two Bar Magnets

with opposite poles facing each other

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DC GENERATORS
Are machines that convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
in the form of DC voltages.
Original voltage generated is AC, but with the process called
commutation, the resulting output is a DC voltage.
Electromotive force (EMF) generated is based on Faradays Law
that any conductor cutting a magnetic flux will induce a voltage
on the conductor proportional to the rate the flux is being cut.

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DC GENERATORS

+
N S

A conductor moving across a magnetic field

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SIMPLE AC GENERATOR

Output voltage of an elementary generator during one revolution

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PRIME MOVERS
DC Generators are driven by machines called Prime Movers.
Prime movers can be diesel engines, hydraulic turbines, steam turbines or
an electric motor.

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
Main Components:
Stator
Field Winding
Armature (Rotor)
Commutator
Brushes

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR

N S

Perspective of 2-pole DC machine

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
Stator
Provides mechanical support
Yoke highly permeable material
Poles Mounted inside the yoke

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
Field Windings
Polarity alternates N, S
If permanent magnets are not used,
field windings are used.
Can be wound in series, parallel
(shunt), or both (compound)

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
Field Windings

2-pole assembly 4-pole assembly

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PARTS OF A DC GENERATOR
Armature
Rotates in a DC machine.
Made of highly permeable material
Armature coils usually made from
copper with insulation.
Circular cross section with slots to
accommodate the armature coils
(armature windings)

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SIMPLE PULSATING DC GENERATOR

Effects of commutation
EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SIMPLE PULSATING DC GENERATOR

commutator
brush

The more coils there is, the smoother the DC output voltage.

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INDUCED EMF (Ea)
Is the internal voltage induced in the armature windings. Rf
Ra
Depends on three factors: flux per pole (), speed of
rotation of the armature, and the machine constant. If Ea
Vf
+ -
Ea = induced armature voltage (volts or V) PNZ
P = number of poles E K am
60
a

= flux per pole (Weber or Wb)

n = armature rotation speed (revolutions / min)
Z= no. of armature conductors
= number of parallel paths ( = mP for lap winding; = 2m for wave winding)
m = 2n/60 = angular velocity (rad/sec)
Ka = PZ/2 = machine constant

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SEPARATELY-EXCITED DC
GENERATOR
Ia
+
Rf
Ra Vf I f Rf
If Ea Vt
Vf Vt Ea I a Ra
+ -
-

Vf = voltage applied to the field circuit (volts or V)

If = field current (amperes or A)
Rf = field winding resistance
Vt = terminal voltage
Ia = armature current
Ra = armature winding resistance

PNZ
Ea K am
60
EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
SERIES GENERATORS
The field flux is produced by connecting the field
circuit in series with the armature of the generator.

Rf
IL=Ia =If
+
Ia Ra

+ Vt Equivalent circuit of Series Generator

Ea
-

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

 Illustrative Problem 1
A series DC generator has an armature resistance of 0.8
ohm and field resistance of 0.4 ohm. Determine the
armature current, field current and load current. Induced
emf is 48V and terminal voltage is 32V
Ans. If = 5 A; Ea = 205.1 V

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SHUNT GENERATORS
The field flux is derived by
connecting the field circuit directly
across the terminals of the
generator.
If IL = Ia - If If IL = Ia - If
+ +
Ia Ra Ia Ra
Field brush
Rheostat
If + m Vt If + m Vt
Ea Rf Ea
Rf - -

brush
- -

Equivalent circuit of Shunt Generators

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SHUNT GENERATORS
If IL = Ia - If If IL = Ia - If
+ +
Ia Ra Ia Ra
Field brush
Rheostat
If + m Vt If + m Vt
Ea Rf Ea
Rf - -

brush
- -

Equivalent circuit of Shunt Generators

Ea = induced EMF, volts
= angular velocity , rad/sec.
Rf=field winding resistance, ohms
Ra = armature winding resistance, ohms
If = field winding current, amps.
Ia = armature winding current, amps.
IL = load current
Vt = terminal voltage, volts

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

 Illustrative Problem 2
A shunt generator running at 500 rpm delivers 50 kW at
200 V. the armature and field resistances are 0.02 and 40
respectively. Calculate the field current If and induced
voltage Ea.
Ans. If = 5 A; Ea = 205.1 V

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VOLTAGE REGULATION
Is a measure of the change in terminal voltage of a generator from no-
load to full load.
Ideally, generators must have zero voltage regulation.

Ea Vt
VR 100%
Vt
Illustrative Problem 4
A shunt generator has an induced voltage of 240 V on open circuit. When
the machine is on load, the terminal voltage is 230 V. Find the voltage
regulation of the generator
DC Series generators has poor voltage regulation compared to shunt
generators. As a result, series generators find limited application such
as arc welding.

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ELECTROMAGNETIC POWER
Is the electrical power delivered by the armature,
Pe Ea I a
where, Pe = electromagnetic power developed by the DC generator
armature, Watts
Ea = induced voltage on the armature conductors, volts.
Ia = armature current, Amps.
Electromagnetic power is the mechanical power delivered by the
prime mover of the DC generator, assuming no mechanical losses
on the shaft connecting the DC generator to the prime mover.

Mechanical power =
T
where = shaft torque, N-m

= angular velocity, rad/s
Prime mover DC Generator
EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
DC GENERATOR EFFICIENCY
Generator efficiency E is defined as,
POUT POUT
E
PIN POUT total losses
where, E = efficiency of the generator
POUT = output power of the generator, watts
PIN = input power to the generator, watts

PIN

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

BRUSH CONTACT DROP
The brushes touching the commutator
segments are made of carbon and has IL
resistance, hence, will introduce a voltage +
drop Vb as current passes through it. If Ia Ra
The voltage drop is usually fix, that is, it
does not change with armature current. + Vb
Vt RL
For a shunt DC generator, the terminal Rf Ea
-
voltage will now be given by;
-

Vt Ea I a Ra Vb Shunt DC Generator
with Brush Contact Drop

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

 Illustrative Problem 5
The armature of a 4-pole, 128 slots shunt generator is
lap wound with four conductors per slot. The flux per
pole is 50 mWb. The armature and shunt field
resistances are 0.04 ohm and 50 ohms respectively.
When supplying 400 A at a terminal voltage of 250 V,
determine:
a) Shunt current
b) Armature current
c) Induced emf
d) Speed of the machine

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SUMMARY
1. In a generator, voltage is induced as the armature/rotor rotates
through the interaction between the magnetic fields of the rotor
and stator.
2. There are five basic parts for a dc generator, namely: stator, rotor,
field windings, brushes and commutator.
4. There are two basic types of generators: Self-excited and
separately excited.
5. Analysis of DC generators vary depending on their construction
and configuration.

EE104 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DC MOTORS
KEVIN D. DUGAY
DC MOTORS
Are DC machines that convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
Works by taking advantage of the fact that a current-
carrying conductor in a magnetic field will experience a
force.
DC MOTORS
1

a b

VA
Sw. + -

Battery
DC MOTORS
1
IF
IF IA

a b

IA IA

IF VA
Sw. + -

Battery
DC MOTORS
A 1 IF
IF IA
B
N a b S
r
IA IA

IF VT
Sw. + -
DC Shunt Motor
Battery
 DC Motor Losses and Efficiency
Ability of the machine to convert the input electrical power to
output mechanical power.

Output Power Input Power Losses Losses

Efficiency 1
Input Power Input Power Input Power

Sources of Losses:
o Rotational loss (3 15 %)
o Armature circuit copper loss (3 6 %)
o Shunt field circuit copper loss (1 5 %)

EE112 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

 Illustrative Problem 1

A 220-V shunt d.c. machine has an armature resistance

of 0.5 . If the full-load armature current is 20 A, find
the induced e.m.f. when the machine acts as (i) generator
(ii) motor.

EE112 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

 Illustrative Problem 2

A 440-V, shunt motor has armature resistance of 0.8

and field resistance of 200 . Determine the back e.m.f.
when giving an output of 7.46 kW at 85 percent
efficiency.

EE112 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION

END OF SESSION