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446 CHAPTER 7 Applications of Integration

Section 7.1 Area of a Region Between Two Curves

Find the area of a region between two curves using integration.
Find the area of a region between intersecting curves using integration.
Describe integration as an accumulation process.

Area of a Region Between Two Curves

y With a few modifications you can extend the application of definite integrals from the
g area of a region under a curve to the area of a region between two curves. Consider
Region two functions f and g that are continuous on the interval a, b. If, as in Figure 7.1,
between the graphs of both f and g lie above the x-axis, and the graph of g lies below the graph
two
curves of f, you can geometrically interpret the area of the region between the graphs as the
f area of the region under the graph of g subtracted from the area of the region under
the graph of f, as shown in Figure 7.2.
x
x=a x=b y y y

Figure 7.1 g g g

f f f

x x x
a b a b a b

Area of region
Area of region  Area of region

between f and g under f under g

a
b
 f x  gx dx

a
b
f x dx 
a
b
gx dx

Figure 7.2

Representative rectangle To verify the reasonableness of the result shown in Figure 7.2, you can partition
Height: f(xi) g(xi)
the interval a, b into n subintervals, each of width x. Then, as shown in Figure 7.3,
y Width: x
sketch a representative rectangle of width x and height f xi   gxi , where xi is
x g
in the ith interval. The area of this representative rectangle is
Ai
heightwidth
 f xi   gxi  x.
f(xi) By adding the areas of the n rectangles and taking the limit as   0 n , you
f
obtain
g(xi)
n

a xi b
x lim
n  i
1  f x   gx  x.
i i

Figure 7.3 Because f and g are continuous on a, b, f  g is also continuous on a, b and the
limit exists. So, the area of the given region is
n
Area
lim
n  i
1   f x   gx  x
i i

b

a
 f x  gx dx.
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SECTION 7.1 Area of a Region Between Two Curves 447

Area of a Region Between Two Curves

If f and g are continuous on a, b and gx f x for all x in a, b, then the
area of the region bounded by the graphs of f and g and the vertical lines x
a
and x
b is

A


a
b
 f x  gx dx.

In Figure 7.1, the graphs of f and g are shown above the x-axis. This, however,
is not necessary. The same integrand  f x  gx can be used as long as f and g are
continuous and gx f x for all x in the interval a, b. This result is summarized
graphically in Figure 7.4.

y y

a b x
(x, f(x))
(x, f(x))
f
f
f(x) g(x) g
a b f(x) g(x) g
x

(x, g(x))
(x, g(x))

Figure 7.4
NOTE The height of a representative
rectangle is f x  gx regardless of the Representative rectangles are used throughout this chapter in various applications
relative position of the x-axis, as shown of integration. A vertical rectangle of width x implies integration with respect to x,
in Figure 7.4. whereas a horizontal rectangle of width y implies integration with respect to y.

EXAMPLE 1 Finding the Area of a Region Between Two Curves

Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y
x 2  2, y
x, x
0, and
x
1.
y
Solution Let gx
x and f x
x 2  2. Then gx f x for all x in 0, 1, as
3
f(x) = x2 + 2 shown in Figure 7.5. So, the area of the representative rectangle is
(x, f(x)) A
 f x  gx x

x 2  2  x x
and the area of the region is

1
b 1

x
A
 f x  gx dx
x 2  2  x dx
a 0
1 1 2 3

 x3  x2  2x
3 2 1

1
(x, g(x))

0
g(x) = x 1 1

 2
3 2
Region bounded by the graph of f, the
graph of g, x
0, and x
1 17 .


Figure 7.5 6
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448 CHAPTER 7 Applications of Integration

Area of a Region Between Intersecting Curves

In Example 1, the graphs of f x
x 2  2 and gx
x do not intersect, and the
values of a and b are given explicitly. A more common problem involves the area of
a region bounded by two intersecting graphs, where the values of a and b must be
calculated.

EXAMPLE 2 A Region Lying Between Two Intersecting Graphs

Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of f x
2  x 2 and gx
x.

y Solution In Figure 7.6, notice that the graphs of f and g have two points of
intersection. To find the x-coordinates of these points, set f x and gx equal to each
g(x) = x other and solve for x.
(x, f(x))
2  x2
x Set f x equal to gx.
1 x 2  x  2
0 Write in general form.
 x  2x  1
0 Factor.
x x
2 or 1 Solve for x.
2 1 1
So, a
2 and b
1. Because gx f x for all x in the interval 2, 1, the
f(x) = 2 x 2
1 representative rectangle has an area of
(x, g(x)) A
 f x  gx x
2
2  x 2  x x
and the area of the region is
Region bounded by the graph of f and the
graph of g
Figure 7.6
A


1

2

2  x 2  x dx

x3 x2
3
  2x
2
1

2

9

.
2

EXAMPLE 3 A Region Lying Between Two Intersecting Graphs

The sine and cosine curves intersect infinitely many times, bounding regions of equal
areas, as shown in Figure 7.7. Find the area of one of these regions.

Solution
y
sin x
cos x Set f x equal to gx.
g(x) = cos x
sin x
1
1 Divide each side by cos x.
(x, f(x)) cos x
tan x
1 Trigonometric identity
x  5
3 x
or , 0 x 2 Solve for x.
2 2 4 4

1 (x, g(x)) So, a
4 and b
54. Because sin x cos x for all x in the interval
f(x) = sin x 4, 54, the area of the region is

One of the regions bounded by the graphs of

the sine and cosine functions
A


54

4

sin x  cos x dx
cos x  sin x
54

4

Figure 7.7
2
2.
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SECTION 7.1 Area of a Region Between Two Curves 449

If two curves intersect at more than two points, then to find the area of the region
between the curves, you must find all points of intersection and check to see which
curve is above the other in each interval determined by these points.

EXAMPLE 4 Curves That Intersect at More Than Two Points

Find the area of the region between the graphs of f x
3x 3  x 2  10x and
gx
x 2  2x.

Solution Begin by setting f x and gx equal to each other and solving for x. This
yields the x-values at each point of intersection of the two graphs.
g(x) f(x) f(x) g(x)
y 3x 3  x 2  10x
x 2  2x Set f x equal to gx.

6 3x 3  12x
0 Write in general form.

4
3xx  2x  2
0 Factor.

(0, 0)
x
2, 0, 2 Solve for x.
(2, 0)
x So, the two graphs intersect when x
2, 0, and 2. In Figure 7.8, notice that
1 1 gx f x on the interval 2, 0. However, the two graphs switch at the origin, and
f x gx on the interval 0, 2. So, you need two integralsone for the interval
4 2, 0 and one for the interval 0, 2.

6 0 2

(2, 8) 8 A
 f x  gx dx  gx  f x dx

2

0
10
g(x) = x 2 + 2x 0 2

3x 3  12x dx  3x 3  12x dx
f(x) = 3x 3 x 2 10x 2 0

 3x4  3x4
4 0 4 2
On  2, 0, gx f x, and on 0, 2,
 6x 2   6x 2
f x gx 2 0

Figure 7.8
 12  24  12  24
24

NOTE In Example 4, notice that you obtain an incorrect result if you integrate from 2 to 2.
Such integration produces

2

2
 f x  gx dx

2

2
3x 3  12x dx
0.

If the graph of a function of y is a boundary of a region, it is often convenient to

use representative rectangles that are horizontal and find the area by integrating with
respect to y. In general, to determine the area between two curves, you can use

A

x1
x2
top curve  bottom curve dx Vertical rectangles

in variable x

A

y1
y2
right curve  left curve dy Horizontal rectangles

in variable y

where x1, y1 and x2, y2 are either adjacent points of intersection of the two curves
involved or points on the specified boundary lines.

indicates that in the HM mathSpace CD-ROM and the online Eduspace system
for this text, you will find an Open Exploration, which further explores this example using the
computer algebra systems Maple, Mathcad, Mathematica, and Derive.
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450 CHAPTER 7 Applications of Integration

EXAMPLE 5 Horizontal Representative Rectangles

Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of x
3  y 2 and x
y  1.

Solution Consider
g y
3  y 2 and f  y
y  1.
These two curves intersect when y
2 and y
1, as shown in Figure 7.9. Because
f  y g y on this interval, you have
A
 g y  f  y y
3  y 2   y  1 y.
So, the area is

A

1

2
3  y 2   y  1 dy

1

2
y 2  y  2 dy
1
y 3 y 2

 3

2
 2y
2

   2    2  4
1 1 8
3 2 3
9

.
2

y f(y) = y + 1 y=x1
y
(2, 1)
1 (2, 1) y= 3x
1

x x
1 1 2 1 1
y
1 1 x

g(y) = 3 y 2
2 2 x
y= 3x
(1, 2) (1, 2)
Horizontal rectangles (integration with Vertical rectangles (integration with respect
respect to y) to x)
Figure 7.9 Figure 7.10

In Example 5, notice that by integrating with respect to y you need only one
integral. If you had integrated with respect to x, you would have needed two integrals
because the upper boundary would have changed at x
2, as shown in Figure 7.10.

A

2

1
x  1 
3  x  dx 
 3

3  x 
3  x dx 

2
2 3

x  1  3  x12 dx  2 3  x12 dx
1 2

 2  x  3 32x  2 3 32x
32 2 32 3
x2


1 2

2  2     1   20  2
2 1 16 2
3 2 3 3
9


2
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SECTION 7.1 Area of a Region Between Two Curves 451

Integration as an Accumulation Process

In this section, the integration formula for the area between two curves was developed
by using a rectangle as the representative element. For each new application in the
remaining sections of this chapter, an appropriate representative element will be con-
structed using precalculus formulas you already know. Each integration formula will
then be obtained by summing or accumulating these representative elements.

Known precalculus Representative New integration

formula element formula

For example, in this section the area formula was developed as follows.

A
heightwidth A
 f x  gx x A

a
b
 f x  gx dx

EXAMPLE 6 Describing Integration as an Accumulation Process

Find the area of the region bounded by the graph of y
4  x 2 and the x-axis.
Describe the integration as an accumulation process.

Solution The area of the region is given by

A

2

2
4  x 2 dx.

You can think of the integration as an accumulation of the areas of the rectangles
formed as the representative rectangle slides from x
2 to x
2, as shown in
Figure 7.11.
y y y

5 5 5

3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
x x x
3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3
1 1 1

A

2

2
4  x 2 dx
0 A

1

2
4  x 2 dx

5
3
A

0

2
4  x 2 dx

16
3

y y

5 5

3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
3 2 1 1 2 3 3 2 1 1 2 3
1 1

A

1

2
4  x 2 dx
9 A

2

2
4  x 2 dx

32
3
Figure 7.11
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452 CHAPTER 7 Applications of Integration

Exercises for Section 7.1 See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

In Exercises 1 6, set up the definite integral that gives the area In Exercises 13 and 14, find the area of the region by integrating
of the region. (a) with respect to x and (b) with respect to y.

1. f x
x 2  6x 2. f x
x 2  2x  1 13. x
4  y2 14. y
x2

gx
0 gx
2x  5 x
y2 y
6x
y y y y

g g 6 10
x 8
2 4 8 4 8
2 6
6
4 x 4
f 6 4 2 4 6
6 2
f 4 x
8 x 6 4 2 2 4 6
4 2 2 4 6 2

3. f x
x 2  4x  3 4. f x
x 2 Think About It In Exercises 15 and 16, determine which value
gx
x  2x  3 2
gx
x 3 best approximates the area of the region bounded by the graphs
y y of f and g. (Make your selection on the basis of a sketch of the
region and not by performing any calculations.)
4 g f 1 15. f x
x  1, gx
x  1 2
3 (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 10 (d) 4 (e) 8
f
16. f x
2  12 x, gx
2 
x
1 g
x (a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 3 (e) 4
x
1 2 4 5 1
1
In Exercises 1732, sketch the region bounded by the graphs of
the algebraic functions and find the area of the region.
5. f x
3 x3  x 6. f x
x  1 3

gx
0 gx
x  1 17. y
12 x3  2, y
x  1, x
0, x
2

y y 18. y
 38 xx  8, y
10  12 x, x
2, x
8
f 19. f x
x 2  4x, gx
0
f g
1 1 20. f x
x 2  4x  1, gx
x  1
21. f x
x 2  2x  1, gx
3x  3
g
x x
22. f x
x 2  4x  2, gx
x  2
1 1 1 2
23. y
x, y
2  x, y
0
1 1
1
24. y
, y
0, x
1, x
5
x2
25. f x

3x  1, gx
x  1
In Exercises 712, the integrand of the definite integral is a
difference of two functions. Sketch the graph of each function 26. f x

3 x  1, gx
x  1

and shade the region whose area is represented by the integral. 27. f  y
y 2, g y
y  2

7.

4
x  1 
x
2
dx
28. f  y
y2  y, g y
y
29. f  y
y 2  1, g y
0, y
1, y
2

0
1 y
8. 1  x 2  x 2  1 dx 30. f  y
, g y
0, y
3
1

16  y 2

9.
6
42x3 
x
6 dx 10.

3
x3
3
x 
x
3
dx 31. f x

10
x
, x
0, y
2, y
10

0 2
3 4 4
11. 2  sec x dx 12. sec2 x  cos x dx 32. gx
, y
4, x
0
2x
3 4
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SECTION 7.1 Area of a Region Between Two Curves 453

In Exercises 33 42, (a) use a graphing utility to graph the In Exercises 5760, find the accumulation function F. Then
region bounded by the graphs of the equations, (b) find the area evaluate F at each value of the independent variable and graph-
of the region, and (c) use the integration capabilities of the ically show the area given by each value of F.


graphing utility to verify your results. x
57. Fx
 1 dt (a) F0 (b) F2 (c) F6
1
33. f x
x x2  3x  3, gx
x2 2t


0
34. f x
x 3  2x  1, gx
2x, x
1 x
58. Fx
 2 dt (a) F0 (b) F4 (c) F6
1 2
2t
35. y
x 2  4x  3, y
3  4x  x 2

0

36. y
x 4  2x 2, y
2x 2 
59. F
(a) F1 (b) F0 (c) F2 
1
cos d
37. f x
x4  4x 2, gx
x2 4 1 2
38. f x
x 4  4x 2, gx
x 3  4x
39. f x
11  , gx

x2 1 2
60. Fy

y

1
4e x2 dx (a) F1 (b) F0 (c) F4
2x
40. f x
6xx  1, y
0, 0 x 3
2
In Exercises 6164, use integration to find the area of the figure
1
41. y

1  x 3, y
2 x  2, x
0 having the given vertices.

42. y
x
4x
4x
, y
0, x
4 61. 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 1 62. 0, 0, a, 0, b, c
63. 0, 2, 4, 2, 0, 2, 4, 2
In Exercises 43 48, sketch the region bounded by the graphs of 64. 0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3
the functions, and find the area of the region.
65. Numerical Integration Estimate the surface area of the golf
  green using (a) the Trapezoidal Rule and (b) Simpsons Rule.
43. f x
2 sin x, gx
tan x,  x
3 3
 
44. f x
sin x, gx
cos 2x,  x
2 6
45. f x
cos x, gx
2  cos x, 0 x 2
14 ft

14 ft

12 ft

12 ft

15 ft

20 ft

23 ft

25 ft

26 ft
x x
46. f x
sec tan , gx

2  4x  4, x
0
4 4
6 ft
47. f x
xex , y
0, 0 x 1
2

48. f x
3 x, gx
2x  1

66. Numerical Integration Estimate the surface area of the oil
spill using (a) the Trapezoidal Rule and (b) Simpsons Rule.
In Exercises 49 52, (a) use a graphing utility to graph the
region bounded by the graphs of the equations, (b) find the area
of the region, and (c) use the integration capabilities of the
graphing utility to verify your results.
14.2 mi

14 mi

14.2 mi
13.5 mi

13.5 mi
15 mi
49. f x
2 sin x  sin 2x, y
0, 0 x 
11 mi

50. f x
2 sin x  cos 2x, y
0, 0 < x 

1 1x 4 mi
51. f x
e , y
0, 1 x 3
x2
4 ln x
52. gx
, y
0, x
5 In Exercises 6770, set up and evaluate the definite integral that
x
gives the area of the region bounded by the graph of the function
In Exercises 53 56, (a) use a graphing utility to graph the and the tangent line to the graph at the given point.
region bounded by the graphs of the equations, (b) explain why 67. f x
x 3, 1, 1 68. y
x3  2x, 1, 1
the area of the region is difficult to find by hand, and (c) use the
integration capabilities of the graphing utility to approximate
the area to four decimal places.
69. f x

1
x2  1
, 1, 21 70. y

2
1  4x2
, 12, 1

4 x x ,
3
53. y
y
0, x
3 Writing About Concepts
71. The graphs of y
x 4  2x 2  1 and y
1  x 2 intersect
54. y

x e x, y
0, x
0, x
1
at three points. However, the area between the curves can
55. y
x2, y
4 cos x be found by a single integral. Explain why this is so, and
56. y
x2, y

3  x write an integral for this area.
332460_0701.qxd 11/4/04 3:36 PM Page 454

454 CHAPTER 7 Applications of Integration

81. R1
7.21  0.58t 82. R1
7.21  0.26t  0.02t 2

Writing About Concepts (continued)
R 2
7.21  0.45t R2
7.21  0.1t  0.01t 2
72. The area of the region bounded by the graphs of y
x 3
and y
x cannot be found by the single integral 83. Modeling Data The table shows the total receipts R and total
1 x3  x dx. Explain why this is so. Use symmetry to
1
expenditures E for the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust
write a single integral that does represent the area. Fund (Social Security Trust Fund) in billions of dollars. The
73. A college graduate has two job offers. The starting salary time t is given in years, with t
1 corresponding to 1991.
for each is $32,000, and after 8 years of service each will (Source: Social Security Administration)
pay $54,000. The salary increase for each offer is shown in
the figure. From a strictly monetary viewpoint, which is the t 1 2 3 4 5 6
better offer? Explain.
R 299.3 311.2 323.3 328.3 342.8 363.7
S D
E 245.6 259.9 273.1 284.1 297.8 308.2
(in billions of dollars)

60,000 60 Proposal 2
Offer 2
Salary (in dollars)

50,000 50
Proposal 1
40
Deficit

40,000 t 7 8 9 10 11
30,000 Offer 1 30
20,000 20 R 397.2 424.8 457.0 490.5 518.1
10,000 10 E 322.1 332.3 339.9 358.3 377.5
t t
2 4 6 8 2002 2006 2010
Year Year (a) Use a graphing utility to fit an exponential model to the
data for receipts. Plot the data and graph the model.
Figure for 73 Figure for 74
(b) Use a graphing utility to fit an exponential model to the
74. A state legislature is debating two proposals for eliminating data for expenditures. Plot the data and graph the model.
the annual budget deficits by the year 2010. The rate of (c) If the models are assumed to be true for the years 2002
decrease of the deficits for each proposal is shown in the through 2007, use integration to approximate the surplus
figure. From the viewpoint of minimizing the cumulative revenue generated during those years.
state deficit, which is the better proposal? Explain.
(d) Will the models found in parts (a) and (b) intersect?
Explain. Based on your answer and news reports about the
fund, will these models be accurate for long-term analysis?
In Exercises 75 and 76, find b such that the line y
b divides
the region bounded by the graphs of the two equations into two 84. Lorenz Curve Economists use Lorenz curves to illustrate the
regions of equal area. distribution of income in a country. A Lorenz curve, y
f x,
represents the actual income distribution in the country. In this
75. y
9  x 2, y
0 76. y
9  x , y
0  model, x represents percents of families in the country and y
represents percents of total income. The model y
x represents
In Exercises 77 and 78, find a such that the line x
a divides a country in which each family has the same income. The area
the region bounded by the graphs of the equations into two between these two models, where 0 x 100, indicates a
regions of equal area. countrys income inequality. The table lists percents of income
77. y
x, y
4, x
0 78. y2
4  x, x
0 y for selected percents of families x in a country.

In Exercises 79 and 80, evaluate the limit and sketch the graph x 10 20 30 40 50
of the region whose area is represented by the limit. y 3.35 6.07 9.17 13.39 19.45
n
79. lim
0 i
1  x  x  x, where x
in and x
1n
i
2
i i
x 60 70 80 90
n
80. lim
0 i
1  4  x  x, where x
2  4in and x
4n
2
i i
y 28.03 39.77 55.28 75.12

(a) Use a graphing utility to find a quadratic model for the

Revenue In Exercises 81 and 82, two models R1 and R2 are
Lorenz curve.
given for revenue (in billions of dollars per year) for a large
corporation. The model R1 gives projected annual revenues (b) Plot the data and graph the model.
from 2000 to 2005, with t
0 corresponding to 2000, and R2 (c) Graph the model y
x. How does this model compare with
gives projected revenues if there is a decrease in the rate of the model in part (a)?
growth of corporate sales over the period. Approximate the total (d) Use the integration capabilities of a graphing utility to
reduction in revenue if corporate sales are actually closer to the approximate the income inequality.
model R2.
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SECTION 7.1 Area of a Region Between Two Curves 455

85. Profit The chief financial officer of a company reports that True or False? In Exercises 9092, determine whether the
profits for the past fiscal year were $893,000. The officer pre- statement is true or false. If it is false, explain why or give an
dicts that profits for the next 5 years will grow at a continuous example that shows it is false.
annual rate somewhere between 312% and 5%. Estimate the
cumulative difference in total profit over the 5 years based on 90. If the area of the region bounded by the graphs of f and g
the predicted range of growth rates. is 1, then the area of the region bounded by the graphs of
h x
f x  C and kx
gx  C is also 1.

86. Area The shaded region in the figure consists of all points b b
whose distances from the center of the square are less than their 91. If  f x  gx dx
A, then gx  f x dx
A.
distances from the edges of the square. Find the area of the a a

region. 92. If the graphs of f and g intersect midway between x
a and

y y x
b, then
2

1

a
b
 f x  gx dx
0.

93. Area Find the area between the graph of y
sin x and
y2 7 1

x
2 1 1 2 the line segments joining the points 0, 0 and ,  , as
6 2
y1
1 shown in the figure.
x

2 y y
x2 y2
+ =1
Figure for 86 Figure for 87 1 a2 b2
1
87. Mechanical Design The surface of a machine part is the 2
b
region between the graphs of y1
x and y2
0.08x 2  k  (0, 0)
x
a
x
(see figure). 4
6 3
(a) Find k if the parabola is tangent to the graph of y1.
(b) Find the area of the surface of the machine part.
( 76 , 12 (
88. Building Design Concrete sections for a new building have
the dimensions (in meters) and shape shown in the figure. Figure for 93 Figure for 94
y
94. Area Let a > 0 and b > 0. Show that the area of the ellipse
2 2
( 5.5, 0) x y2

1
1 2m a2 b2

6 5
is ab (see figure).
4 3 2 1 1 x
2 3 4 5 6
y=1 5+x y=1 5x
3 3 (5.5, 0)
Putnam Exam Challenge
(a) Find the area of the face of the section superimposed on the
rectangular coordinate system. 95. The horizontal line y
c intersects the curve y
2x  3x 3 in
(b) Find the volume of concrete in one of the sections by the first quadrant as shown in the figure. Find c so that the areas
multiplying the area in part (a) by 2 meters. of the two shaded regions are equal.
y
(c) One cubic meter of concrete weighs 5000 pounds. Find the
weight of the section. y = 2x 3x 3
89. Building Design To decrease the weight and to aid in the
y=c
hardening process, the concrete sections in Exercise 88 often
are not solid. Rework Exercise 88 to allow for cylindrical
openings such as those shown in the figure.
1m 1m y
4 8
x
2

1 2m This problem was composed by the Committee on the Putnam Prize Competition.
The Mathematical Association of America. All rights reserved.
6 5 4 3 2 1
( 5.5, 0) 1 2 3 x
4 5 6
y=1 5+x y=1 5x
3 3 (5.5, 0)