2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Electrical Engineering
Electrical Machines
 1 DC Machines

T1 : Solution

(c)
As shown in figure below,

500 A
A
300 0.2 Ia1 = 300 0.3 Ia 2
0.3 0.2
I a1 (0.2) = Ia2 (0.3)
If1 If 2
Ia1 3
= Ia1 = 1.5 Ia 2
Ia 2 2 0.2 0.3

Ia1 + Ia 2 = 500 Ia 1 Ia 2

1.5 Ia 2 + Ia 2 = 500 300 V A A 300 V

500
Ia 2 = = 200 B
2.5
Ia1 = 1.5 Ia 2 = 1.5 200 = 300 A
and If 1 (0.3) = If 2 (0.2)
If 1 2
=
If 2 3
If 2 = 1.5 If1
If1 + If 2 = 500 A
If1 + 1.5 If1 = 500
500
If1 = = 200
2.5

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 Try yourself 3

T2 : Solution

(34)
E b1 = 500 0.5 50 = 475 ...(1)
Let the current when joined in series = I2 A
The resistance = 0.5 2 = 1
Eb2 = 500 I2 1 = 500 I2 ...(2)

Eb2 2 N 2 200 k
= =k = ...(3)
Eb1 1 N1 600 3
2
where, k =
1
From (1), (2) and (3)
500 I 2 k
=
475 3
475 k
500 I2 = ...(4)
3
T2 I k I2
= 2 2 = =2 ( T2 = 2T1)
T1 1 I1 50
100 = k I2
100
k= ...(5)
I2
From (5) and (4),
475 100 15833
500 I2 = =
I2 I2
I2 = 34 A

T3 : Solution

(0.85)
50 746
Input power = = 42.9 kW
0.87
42.9 103
Input line current = = 85.7 A
500
500
Shunt field current = =2A
250
Back emf, Eb = 500 0.4 85.7 = 466.5 V
1

Since the load and the constant losses are constant

Eb2 I2 = Eb1 I1 = 466.5 83.7 = 39046
Total resistance after the series field is added
= 0.4 + 0.1 = 0.5

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4 Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines

(500 0.5 I2)I2 = 39046

I22 1000 I2 + 78092 = 0
This gives, I2 = 85 A
The input current = 85 + 2 = 87 A
output 50 746
The efficiency = = = 0.85
input 87 500

T4 : Solution

(403)
1 ZI
T= (p) a
2 A
1 49 4 Ia
209 = 4 34.6 10 3 = 10.34 Ia
2 2
209
Ia = the line current = 20 A
10.34
ZN p ZN 4 ZN
Eb = = =
60 A 60 2 30
34.6 10 3 944 N
440 =
30
440 30
or, N= = 403 rpm
34.6 0.944

T5 : Solution

(1989)
p
Eg = zn
A
2000 2
200 = 2000
60 2
60
or, = wb (flux per pole)
2000
60 1
The flux density, B = = = wb/m2
L pole arc 2000 32 30 10 4 3.2
The ampere-turns required for 0.8 cm gap

1
= lg = 7
0.8 10 2
0 3.2 4 10

= 1989

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 2 Transformers

T1 : Solution

(d)
Maximum allowable flux, max = B max core area
= 1.2 0.025
= 0.03 Wb
Voltage on primary (high voltage) side,
V 1 = 6000 V
Number of turns of (low voltage) side of main transformer
V2 400
N2 = = = 60
4.44 f 4.44 50 0.03
Number of turns on low voltage side of teaser transformer
= 0.866 N2 = 0.866 60 = 52

2
Point to be tapped = 52 = 35
3

T2 : Solution

(c)
2.5
pu resistance = = 0.025
100
5
pu reactance = = 0.05
100
Voltage regulation will be maximum, when phase angle,

I 2 X 02 / E 2 pu reactance
= tan1 = tan1
I2 R 02 / E 2 pu resistance

0.05
= tan1 = 63.435
0.025
Power factor, cos = cos 63.435 = 0.447 lagging (for maximum regulation)
Maximum regulation = pu resistance cos + pu reactance sin
= 0.025 0.447 + 0.05 0.8944
= 0.0559 or 5.59%

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6 Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines

T3 : Solution

(b)
At 3/4 Full load and unity power factor output

3
= 500 1.0 = 375 kW
4
Maximum efficiency, max = 97%
output 375
Input = = = 386.6 kW
0.97
Total loss = Input output = 386.6 375 = 11.6 kW
This loss is equally divided between iron and copper loss, so
2
3 11.6
Pc = Pi = = 5.8 kW
4 2
16
or, Pc = 5.8 = 10.3 kW
9
I2Ro2
Percentage resistance = 100
V2
I 22Ro2 10.3
= 100 = 100 = 2.06%
V2 I 2 500
Percentage impedance = 10%

Percentage reactance = 102 2.062 = 9.786%

I 2Ro2 cos + I 2X o2 sin

Percentage regulation =
V2
= 2.06 0.8 + 9.786 0.6 = 7.52%

T4 : Solution

(c)
Rated output, S = 25 kVA
Secondary voltage, V 2 = 220 V
Full-load (or rated) secondary current,
S 1000 25 1000
I2 = = = 113.64 A
V2 220
Total resistance referred to secondary,
2
220
Ro 2 = K 2 R1 + R2 = 1 + 0.01
2200

= 0.02

Full-load copper loss, Pc = I 22Ro 2 = (113.64)2 0.02

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 Try yourself 7

= 258 W or 0.258 kW
Iron loss, Pi = 80% of full load copper loss

80
= 258 = 206.4 W or 0.2064 kW
100
Full-load output at 0.8 p.f. = 25 cos = 25 0.8
= 20 kW

output 20
Full-load efficiency at 0.8 p.f., = 100 = 100
output + Pc + Pi 20 + 0.258 + 0.2064

= 97.93%

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 3 Induction Machine

T1 : Solution

(a)
Since the stator resistance is neglected
Stator out-put = Rotor out-put
Rotor cupper loss
=
s
2
1 E 2s 3E 22s
= 3 R = 10 3 kW s
s R R
if E2 = rotor stand-still voltage per phase
E2s
rotor current at slips =
R
if s1 and s2 are the slips with two given stator out-puts we have
3E 22s1
103 = 9 ...(i)
R
3E 22s2
and 103 = 4 ...(ii)
R
From (i) and (ii)
s1
= 2.25
s2
ns n1 n n2
since, s1 = and s2 = s
ns ns
s1 n n1
so, = 2.25 = s
s2 ns n2
2.25 (ns n2) = ns n1
2.25 ns ns = 2.25 n2 n1
1.25 750 = 2.25 n2 n1 ...(iii)
n1
as = 1.043 (given)
n2
from equation (iii)
1.25 750 = 2.25 n2 1.043 n2
n 2 = 776.719 777 rpm
n 1 = 1.043 776.719 810 rpm

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 Try yourself 9

T2 : Solution

(c)
KsR
Torque at any slip, T = ...(1)
R + S2X 2
2

This will be maximum,

when R= sX
Since, maximum torque occurs at s = 0.2
R= 0.2 X
X= 5R ...(2)
At starting, s= 1

KR
Tst =
R + X2
2

with R increased to R + 0.5,

K (R + 0.5)
Tst = ( X = 5R ) ...(3)
(R + 0.5)2 + 25 R 2
R
putting, S= in (1)
X
KR 2 / X K K
Tmax = 2
= = ( X = 5R) ...(4)
2R 2 X 10R
Tst is 75% of Tmax, from (3) and (4)

(R + 0.5) 0.75 3
= =
2
(R + 0.5) + 25 R 2 10 R 40 R
38 R 2 17 R + 0.75 = 0
R = 0.395 or 0.05
and X = (5 0.395) or (5 0.05)
or X = 1.97 or 0.25

T3 : Solution

(b)
120 50
Synchronous speed, Ns = = 750 rpm
8
750 630
Slip, s = = 0.16
750
Since the torque in maximum (stalling)
R2
= s = 0.16
X2
R2 0.07
X2 = = = 0.44
0.16 0.16

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10 Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines

If the total rotor resistance = R 2 (in the second case)

R2
= s at starting = 1
X2

R2 = X 2 = 0.44
The resistance to be added = 0.44 0.07 = 0.37

T4 : Solution

(b)

120 f
Ns = = 1500 rpm
p

1500 1425
N 1 = 1425 rpm S1 = = 0.05
1500

1500 1275
N2 = 1275 rpm S2 = = 0.15
1500
Rotor copper loss 3 I 22R2
Slip = =
Rotor input Rotor input

S1 R + R 0.25 + R
slip R2 = 2 =
S2 R2 0.25

0.15
R= 0.25 0.25 = 0.5 /ph
0.05

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 4 Synchronous Machine

T1 : Solution

(a)
Given data, z s = (0.5 + j 4) = 4.031 82.8
Vt = 400 V, E f = 500 V, 2 = 90 2 = (90 82.8) = 7.12
shaft power output = maximum output power friction windage and iron losses
2
Ef Vt Ef2 500 400 500
2 ra = 0.5
4.031
maximum output power =
zs zs 4.031

= 41.922 kW
shaft power output = (3 42.922 kW) 0.9 kW = 124.867 kW

T2 : Solution

(0.98)
Taking 11 kV, 1600 KVA as base

30
The pu synchronous reactance = = 0.4
(11)2
1.6
if V1 = 10 = terminal voltage and I = 1
Then the generated voltage

V2 = V1 + I Z

or, V2 = 1 + (1)(0.490) = 1 + 0.04 + 90

= 1 + 0.4(sin + j cos) = 1 0.04 sin + j 0.4 cos
For, zero regulation, magnitude of this is 1
(1 0.4 sin )2 + (0.4 cos )2 = 1
1 + 0.4 2 0.8 sin = 1

0.16
sin =
0.8
= 11.5
power factor, cos = cos 11.5 = 0.98

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12 Electrical Engineering Electrical Machines

T3 : Solution

(b)
460
Vt = = 265.58 V
3
550
Ef = = 317.54 V
3
1
zs = (0.4 + j 5) = 0.133 + j1.67 = 1.675 85.44
3
Ef2ra Ef Vt
Gross Pm (output) maximum = +
zs2 zs

(317.54)2 0.133 317.54 265.58

= 2
+ = 45.53 kW
(1.67) 1.675
net Pm (output) maximum = 45.53 3 1.4 = 135.19 kW

T4 : Solution

(c)

Ef Vt V2 1 1
P= sin + t X X sin 2
Xd 2 q d

(1.1) (1.0) (1.0)2 1 1

= sin + sin 2
0.6 2 0.3 0.6
1.1 1
= sin + sin 2
0.6 1.2
dp
= 0 for P = P max
d
1.1 2
0= cos + cos 2
0.6 1.2
1.1 cos + cos 2 = 0
2cos2 1 + 1.1 cos = 0

1.1 (1.1)2 + 4(2)(1)

cos = = 0.4836
4
= 61.12

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 Try yourself 13

T5 : Solution

(b)
6600
Phase voltage = = 3810 V
3
1500
I= = 131 A
6.6 3
r
I as reference,
r
drop = I z = 131(0.4 + j 6) = 52 + j 786
The terminal voltage = 3810(0.8 + j 0.6)
= 3048 + j 2286 V
The generated voltage = 3100 + j 3072 V
= 4.36444.7 kV ...(i )
with I as reference, if x kV is the load phase voltage
Terminal voltage = 0.8 x j 0.6 x kV
r
I z = 0.052 + j 0.786 kV
Generated voltage = (0.8 x + 0.052) + j (0.786 0.6 x) ...(ii )
From equation (i) and (ii),
(0.8 x + 0.052)2 + (0.786 0.6 x)2 = 4.3642
x 2 0.86 x 18.424 = 0
x = 4.744
line voltage = 4.744 3 1000 = 8220 V

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 Single-Phase Motor

5 & Special Machine,

Energy Conversion Principles

T1 : Solution

(5.22)
1000 900
S= = 0.06
1000
The circuit model is given below,
Im Im 1.8 7.8

j48 3.4
= 5.67
s

220 V Im

1.8 7.8 3.4

j48 = 1.75
(2 s)

r
zf (total ) = j 48 (1.8 + 56.7 + j 7.8) = j 48 (58.5 + j 7.8)

= 3554 = 20.6 + j 28.3

r
zb (total ) = j 48 (1.8 + 1.75 + j 7.8) = j 48 (3.55 + j 7.8)

= 7.3669.1 = 2.63 + j 6.88

r
z (total ) = (20.6 + j 28.3) + (2.63 + j 6.88) = 42.1656.6

r 2200
Im = = 5.22 56.6
42.1656.6
IL = IM = 5.22 A

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