International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622

International Conference on Industrial Automation and Computing (ICIAC-12-13th April 2014)

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Design of Arithmetic Unit for High Speed Performance Using Vedic

Mathematics
Rahul Nimje, Sharda Mungale
Department of Electronics Engineering Priyadarshini College of Engineering Nagpur, India
[email protected]
Department of Electronics Engineering, Priyadarshini College of Engineering Nagpur, India
[email protected]

Abstract-
Vedic Mathematics is the ancient system of mathematics which has a unique technique of calculation based on
16 formula (sutras). The word Vedic is desired from word Veda which store house of all knowledge. As the ever
increasing demand in enhancing the ability of coprocessor to handle the complex and challenging processor as
resulted in integration of number of processor cores into single chip, but still the load on the processor is not less
in generic system. This load is reduced by connecting the main processor with co processor, which are designed
to work on the specific types of function like numeric computation, signal processing, image processing and
arithmetic operation. The speed of arithmetic is of extreme importance and depends greatly on the speed of
multiplier. Therefore the technologies are always looking for new algorithm and hardware so as to implement
this operation in much optimized way in the terms of area and speed. Vedic Mathematics deals with various
branches of mathematics like arithmetic, algebra, geometry etc in computation algorithm of the coprocessor
which will reduce the complexity of execution time , area and power consumption etc. The efficiency of Urdhav
Triyagbhyam Vedic method for multiplication, strikes a difference of actual process of multiplication, by
enabling parallel generation of intermediate product, eliminating unwanted multiplication steps with zeros and
scaled to higher bit level. This formula (Sutras) is used to build high speed power efficient multiplier in
coprocessor.
This project is to design arithmetic module using the technique of ancient Indian Vedic Mathematics to improve
the performance of coprocessor. This project is to design NxN arithmetic module, where A & B are the two N
bits inputs of these module and different sections of module are multiplier which is designed by using Vedic
algorithm of multiplication named Urdhav Triyagbhyam multiplier and with carry save adder, adder/ subtractor
and MAC unit.
Keywords : DSP, Arithmetic Logical Unit, Adder, Multiplication,Vedic Urdhav Triyambakam multiplication
algorithm, Vedic Multiplier (VM).

I. Introduction Processing (DSP) application such as convolution,

As many of know that the Computation unit Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), filtering and in
is main unit of any science and technology, which microprocessors in its arithmetic and logic unit. As
perform different arithmetic operation like as addition, the multiplication operation manage the execution
subtraction and multiplication etc. also in some places time of most DSP algorithm, so there is a need of high
it perform logical operation such as add, or, invert, x- speed multiplier for execution. The core computing
or etc. Multiplexer are extensively used in process is always a multiplication routing; therefore
Microprocessor, DSP and Communication engineers are constantly looking for new algorithm
application. For higher order multiplication, a huge and hardware to implement technology.
number of adder are used to perform the partial The demand for high speed processing day by day has
product addition. The need of high speed processor is been increasing as a result of expanding computer and
increasing. Higher throughput arithmetic operation is signal processing application. Higher throughput
important to achieve the desired performance in many arithmetic operation is important to achieve the
real time signal and image processing application. desired performance in many real- time signal and
Among these units the performance of any processor image processing application. One of the key
majorly depends on the time taken by ALU to perform arithmetic operations in such application is
the specified operation. The important fundamental multiplication and the development of fast multiplier
function in arithmetic operation is multiplication. The circuit has been a subject of interest over decades.
multiplication based operation such as Multiply and Reducing time delay and power consumption are very
Accumulate (MAC) and inner product are among essential requirement for many application. In any
some of frequently used Computation Intensive processor the major unit is control unit, ALU and
(CIAF) Currently implemented in many Digital Signal memory read write. ALU is an execution unit which

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 International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
International Conference on Industrial Automation and Computing (ICIAC-12-13th April 2014)

not only performs the arithmetic operation but also PROPOSED ARITHMETIC UNIT:
logical operation and therefore ALU is called a heart Our Proposed 32x32 bit Arithmetic Unit is shown in
of Microprocessor, Microcontroller, and CPUs. No the following:-
technology uses works upon that operation either fully FPGAs are well suited to datapath designs come
or partially which are performs by ALU. The block across in digital filtering applications which
diagram of ALU given below in figure (1), where encountered in digital filtering applications which
ALU has been implemented on FPGA tool operations on a single device. In particular, multiple
multiply-accumulate (MAC) units [2] [3] may be
implemented on a single FPGA, which provides
comparable performance to general-purpose
architectures which have a single MAC unit.

This work focuses on using variable precision

multiplication approach with adder applicable to
FPGAs. The word sizes can be chosen to balance the
size of the implementation, which is limited by the
FPGA density, against the numerical precision. Larger
Figure 1: Block Diagram of an ALU word sizes are possible if the number of MAC units
per chips is reduced. The increase in density of
Here the input interface to access ALU module is FPGAs in the future will surely expand the design
input switches on FPGA board, and after processing space available to the designer, and make such
on the data the result can be seen from LCD output of constraints less severe
FPGA.

PROPOSED ARITHMETIC UNIT:

Our Proposed 32x32 bit Arithmetic Unit is
shown in the following:-
CPUs. No technology uses works upon that operation
either fully or partially which are performs by ALU.
The block diagram of ALU given below in figure (1),
where ALU has been implemented on FPGA tool

Figure 2: Arithmetic Unit

Here the A and B are the two 32 bit inputs of our

Arithmetic Unit. And other sections of the design are
self-explanatory. We have not given much importance
on the designing of the adder/subtractor circuits as
they are not listed as the modules which consumes
high amount of area and power in ALU. But after a
deep we found that in general, carry ripple adders can
be used when they meet timing constraints because
they are compact and easy to build. At word lengths
of 32, tree adders are distinctly faster.

MAC UNIT:
Due to ever-increasing IC i.e. integrated
circuit fabrication capabilities, the future of FPGA
technology promises both higher densities and higher
speeds. Many FPGA families are based on memory
technology, so the improvements in those areas
Figure 1: Block Diagram of an ALU
should associate with FPGA evolution.

Here the input interface to access ALU module is

input switches on FPGA board, and after processing
on the data the result can be seen from LCD output of
FPGA.

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 International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
International Conference on Industrial Automation and Computing (ICIAC-12-13th April 2014)

answer.
We get: 21 x 32 = 276

Figure 3: Basic structure of MAC Unit

The basic structure of MAC Unit is shown in fig. 2 it

has two N-bit inputs (i.e A and B) given to multiplier
which produces 2N bits as output then an adder is Figure 5: Multiplication of two 4-bit binary numbers by Urdhva
used to add the present and previous bits output of tiryagbhyam sutra
multiplier and accumulator, so the Output bits are
usually 2N+1 bits. For floating point numbers based Urdhva tiryagbhyam Sutra is used for two decimal
MAC where rounding is required at least once or number multiplication. This Sutra is used in binary
twice is referred to as fused multiplyadd (FMA) or multiplication as the 4-bit binary numbers to be
fused multiply accumulate (FMAC). multiplied and are written on two consecutive sides of
For multiplication purpose Vedic Urdhva the square as shown in the figure (5) and square is
Triyambakam multiplication scheme has been used. divided into rows and columns where as each
Urdhva Triyakbhyam Sutra (formula) is a general row/column corresponds to one of the digit of either a
multiplication formula applicable to all cases of multiplier or a multiplicand and hence, each bit of the
multiplication. It literally means Vertically and multiplier has a small box common to a digit of the
crosswise. To demonstrate this multiplication multiplicand. Each bit of the multiplier is then
scheme, let us consider multiplication of two decimal independently multiplied (logical AND) with every
numbers (21 x 32). The conventional methods for bit of the multiplicand and the product is written in
calculation already know to us it is a time consuming the common box. All the bits lying on a crosswise
method and for the present condition of requirement dotted line are added to the previous carry so that least
we need speed, so because of that an alternative
method of multiplication using Urdhav Triyakbhyam II. OBJECTIVE :
Sutra is shown in following figure(4). The Vedic The main objective of this thesis is to design
multiplication algorithm for 2 digit number is shown and synthesis of an ALU with high speed, which can
below be used in any processor application. The ever
increasing demand in enhancing the ability of
processor to handle the complex and challenging
processes has resulted in the integration of number of
processor cores into one chip still the load on
processor is not less and the load on processor
increases. This load is reduced by supplementing the
main coprocessor which is designed to work on
specific types of functions like numeric computations,
Figure 4: Multiplication of 21*32 using Urdhav Triyakbhyam Sutra graphics, signal processing, etc. The speed of ALU
depends on the multipliers. In algorithm and structure
The multiplication of two 2-digit decimal numbers 21 levels and numerous multiplication techniques have
and 32 is shown in figure (4). The least significant been developed to improve the efficiency of multiplier
digit 1 of multiplicand is multiplied vertically by least which focus on reducing the partial product and their
significant digit 2 of the multiplier, so we get their additions and get a high efficiency of result. But in
product 2 and set it down as the least significant part this case principle behind the multiplication remains
of the answer. Then 2 and 2, 1 and 3 are multiplied same, so the use of Vedic mathematics for
crosswise, add the two, get 7 as the sum and set it multiplication strikes difference in actual process of
down as the middle part of the answer, and then 2 and calculation.
3 is multiplied vertically, get 6 as their product and
put it down as the last the left hand most part of the

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 International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
International Conference on Industrial Automation and Computing (ICIAC-12-13th April 2014)

ANCIENT VEDIC METHODS:

The Sanskrit word Veda means house of
knowledge and this gift that the Indian gave to the
world, thousand of year ago nearly in 1500 BC and
this knowledge now currently employed in our global
silicon chip technology of Engineering. The use of
Vedic mathematics lies in the fact that it reduces the
typical calculations was a time consuming method so
develop a conventional mathematics to very simple
ones. This is so because the Vedic formulae are
claimed to be based on the natural principles on which
the human mind works, so typical to typical
calculation can be performed by normal person and
hence Vedic mathematic provides techniques to solve
operation with large magnitude number easily. Vedic
Mathematics is a methodology of arithmetic rules that
allow more efficient speed implementation and hence
it is a very interesting field and presents some
effective algorithms which can be applied to various
branches of science and technology such as
computing, quadratic equation, factorization and
spherical geometry.

Urdhva Tiryakbhyam Sutra:

The given Vedic multiplier based on the Vedic
multiplication formulae (Sutra). Urdhva and
Tiryakbhyam words are derived from Sanskrit
literature. This Sutra has been traditionally used for
the multiplication of two numbers. Urdhav means
Figure 7: Alternative way of multiplication by
Vertically and Tiryakbhyam means crosswise. In Urdhva Tiryakbhyam Sutra.
proposed work; we will apply the same ideas to make
the proposed work compatible with the digital For the purpose of multiplication algorithm, let us
hardware. Urdhva Tiryakbhyam Sutra is a general consider the multiplication of two 4-bit binary
multiplication formula applicable to all cases of numbers
multiplication. It means Vertically and crosswise.
The digits on the two ends of the line are multiplied a3 a2 a1 a0 and b3 b2 b1 b0. As getting the result of
and the result is added with the previous carry and if this multiplication would be more than 4 bits of
there are more lines in one step, all the results are number we get and express it as r4 r3 r2 r1 r0. As
added to the previous carry. And hence the least in the last case, the digits on the both sides of the line
significant digit of the number thus obtained acts as are multiplied and added with the carry from the
one of the result digits and the rest act as the carry for previous step. This generates one of the bits of the
the next step. Initially carry will be taken will be taken result and carry. This carry will be added in the next
to as zero. The visualize line diagram for step and hence the process goes on. If the condition
multiplication of two 4-bit numbers is as shown in present is, more than one line are there in one step,
figure (6) then all the results are added to the previous carry and
in each step, least significant bit acts as the result bit
The application of Urdhva Tiryakbhyam Sutra and all the other bits act as carry. Let us take one
using line diagram for the multiplication is shown in simple example, if in some intermediate step, we will
Figure get 011, then 1 will act as result bit and 01 as the
(6). The digits on the two ends of the line are carry. Thus we will get the following expressions
multiplied and the result is added with the previous shown below:
carry shown in above process. When there are more
lines in one step, all the results are added to the r0 = a0b0; (1) c1r1= a1b0+a0b1; (2)
previous carry and the least significant digit of the c2r2= c1+a2b0+a1b1 + a0b2; (3)
number thus obtained acts as one of the result digits c3r3= c2+a3b0+a2b1 + a1b2 + a0b3; (4) c4r4=
and the rest act as the carry for the next step. Initially c3+a3b1+a2b2 + a1b3; (5)
the carry is taken to be as zero thus extends this Sutra c5r5= c4+a3b2+a2b3; (6) c6r6= c5+a3b3 (7)
to binary number system.

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 International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
International Conference on Industrial Automation and Computing (ICIAC-12-13th April 2014)

C6r6r5r4r3r2r1r0 being the final product get. Hence at the same time which is not discussed here.
this is the standard general mathematical formula
which is applicable to all cases of multiplication III. Quantitative Results
purpose. All the partial products are calculated in
parallel and the delay associated is mainly the time Following table shows the area and timing constraint
taken by the carry to propagate through the adders of proposed Vedic Multiplier at different bit levels.
which form the multiplication array. So for large
number this is not an efficient algorithm for the NBit Numbe Numbe Numbe Maximum
multiplication of as a lot of propagation delay will be Multipli r of r of r of Combinati
involved in such cases of mathematical calculation. er LUT occupie bounde onal path
To overcome this type of problem Nikhilam Sutra uses as d Slices d IOBs delay(ns)
come in exist will present an efficient method of logic
multiplying two large numbers. 4-bit 28 16 16 11.443ns
8-bit 64 37 80 6.03ns
VEDIC MULTIPLICATION ALGORITHM:
The Vedic Sutras:
Vedic mathematics is based on 16 Sutras (or IV. Synthesis and Simulation
aphorisms) dealing with various branches of
mathematics like arithmetic, algebra, geometry etc. 1.RTL schematic of proposed vedic multiplier:
These Sutras along with their brief meanings are
enlisted below alphabetically.
IV. Result
1) (Anurupye) Shunyamanyat If one is in
ratio, the other is zero.
2) Chalana-Kalanabyham Differences and
Similarities
3) Ekadhikina Purvena By one more than the
previous one.
4) Ekanyunena Purvena By one less than the
previous one.
5) Gunakasamuchyah The factors of the sum
is equal to the sum of the factors.
6) Gunitasamuchyah The product of the sum
is equal to the sum of the product.
7) Nikhilam Navatashcaramam Dashatah All
from 9 and the last from 10. Figure 2: RTL schematic of proposed Vedic multiplier
8) Paraavartya Yojayet Transpose and adjust.
9) Puranapuranabyham By the completion or
Non-completion
10) Sankalana-vyavakalanabhyam By addition
and by subtraction.
11) Shesanyankena Charamena The remainders
by the last digit.
12) Shunyam Saamyasamuccaye When the
sum is the Same that sum is zero.
13) Sopaantyadvayamantyam The ultimate and
twice the penultimate.
14) Urdhva-Tiryagbyham Vertically and
crosswise.
15) Vyashtisamanstih Part and Whole.
16) Yaavadunam Whatever the extent of its
deficiency.
These methods and ideas can be directly applied to
trigonometry, plain and spherical geometry, conics,
calculus (both differential and integral), and applied
various kind of mathematic calculation. As mentioned
earlier, all these Sutras were renovated from ancient
Vedic texts early in the last century by Sri Bharati
Krsna Tirtha. Many Sub-sutras were also discovered

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 International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
International Conference on Industrial Automation and Computing (ICIAC-12-13th April 2014)

for ALU using Vedic

MathematicsInternational Journal of
Scientific and Research Publication,Volume 2,
Issue 7 jully 2012.
[6] Mr. Abhishek Gupta, Mr. Amit Jain, Mr.
Anand Vardhan Bhalla, Mr.Utsav Malviya
International Journal Of Engineering
Reserch and Application (IJERA)issn:2248-
9622 Volume.2 Issue5. September-October
2012
[7] Pushpalata Verma, K.K.Mehta
Implementation of an Efficient Multiplier
based on vedic Mathematics Using EDA
Tool International Journal of Engineering
and Advanced Technology(IJEAT)
ISSN:2249-8958, Volume-1, Issue5-June
2012.
[8] M. Ramalath, K.Deena Dayalan, S.Deborah
Priya High Speed Energy Efficient ALU
Design using Vedic Multiplication
Techniques IEEE Jully 15-17,2009.
[9] Abhishek Gupta arithmetic Unit
We have proposed a new technique to deign Vedic Implementation Using Delay Optimized Vedic
multiplier using 4x4 bit and 8x8 bit Vedic multiplier Multiplier with BIST Capability International
designed in Journal of Engineering and Innovative
VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Technology (IJEIT) Volume 1, Issue 5, May
Description Language). It gives us method for 2012.
hierarchical multiplier design and clearly specify a [10] Shanthala S, S.Y. Kulkarni VLSI Design and
computational advantage offered by Vedic method. Implementation of Low Power MAC Unit
The computation path delay proposed 8x8 bit Vedic with Block Enabling Technique European
multiplier is found to be 6.03ns. Logical Synthesis Journal of scientific Research Volume.30
and Simulation was done in XilinxISE 13.1 Project No.4 (2009).
Navigator and Simulated in Xilinx package. The
performance of circuit is evaluated on the Xilinx
device family Spartan3E.
The RTL schematic of 8x8 bit vedic multiplier
comparises of 4x4 bit vedic multiplier as shown in
figure

REFERENCES
[1] Vedic Maths Sutras - Magic Formulae
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[3] Xiaoping Hung, Wen-Jung Liu, and Belle W.
Y. Wei. A High Performance CMOS
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[5] V.Vamshi Krishna, S. Naveen Kumar High
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