An introduction to Slackware packages

Stuart Winter
Sunday 27th Februrary
FOSDEM 2005

[email protected] www.slackware.com
 Introduction: Slackware Linux

• First released in 1993

• Slackware aims to be the most “UNIX-like”

Linux distribution

• Simplicity and stability are of paramount

importance

• Patrick Volkerding is the project leader & sole

maintainer
 Presentation agenda
• Introduce the basic structure of a Slackware
package

• Package management tools

• Package naming, version numbering, build numbers

• Package guidelines & policies

• Package Build scripts

• Checklist to help produce Slackware compliant

packages
Introduction: Slackware packages

Slackware Linux consists of a variety of software

packages that make up the distribution.

Slackware 10.1:

- 552 main packages ( slackware/ )

- 128 extra packages ( extra/ )

Overview of a Slackware package

●
gzipped tar archives (.tgz files) containing the
directory structure and files
●
Contains post install scripts
●
Contains package description
●
Typically monolithic (all-in-one) packages
Package management tools
 Introducing the Slackware
package management tools
Command line tools

• installpkg: install packages

• removepkg: remove installed packages

• upgradepkg: upgrade installed packages

with new .tgz packages

• explodepkg: extract .tgz packages into the

current directory
 Introducing the Slackware
package management tools
Curses based tools
Package anatomy
 Package anatomy
Package naming scheme

packagename-version-architecture-buildnumber.tgz

Package names are either the name of a single

program or a collection/bundle of utilities.

autoconf-2.59-noarch-1.tgz: a single application

tcpip-0.17-i486-29.tgz: a bundle of utilities

 Package anatomy
Package version numbers

Single programs: version number is that of the

released software.
autoconf-2.59-noarch-1.tgz

'Bundle' packages: version number usually relates

to the most major piece of software
contained within the package.
tcpip-0.17-i486-29.tgz
 Package anatomy
Package architectures

The current official values are:

noarch - architecture independent files such as configfiles
i386 - for the i386 or newer
The normal value
i486 - for the i486 or newer
i586 - for the i586 or newer Re-packaged binaries
s390 - packages for the IBM s/390 mainframe

Slack/390
 Package anatomy
Build numbers

• Supplements the major version number

• Changed only when the package maintainer makes

a change Version
Package
number Architecture
name
Example:

First build: foo-1.56-i486-1.tgz Build

number
Second build: foo-1.56-i486-2.tgz
 Package anatomy
Exploding a package
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2005-01-26 03:23:42 ./
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2005-01-26 03:23:42 etc/
-r--r----- root/root 608 2005-01-26 03:23:41 etc/sudoers.new
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2005-01-26 03:23:42 usr/
drwxr-xr-x root/bin 0 2005-01-26 03:23:42 usr/bin/
-rws--x--x root/bin 93056 2005-01-26 03:23:41 usr/bin/sudo
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2005-01-26 03:23:42 usr/doc/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2005-01-26 03:23:41 usr/man/
drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2005-01-26 03:23:41 usr/man/man5/
-r--r--r-- root/root 18214 2005-01-26 03:23:41 usr/man/man5/sudoers.5.g
drwxr-xr-x root/bin 0 2005-01-26 03:23:41 usr/sbin/
-rwxr-xr-x root/bin 61352 2005-01-26 03:23:41 usr/sbin/visudo
-rw-r--r-- root/root 561 2005-01-26 03:23:42 install/doinst.sh
-rw-r--r-- root/root 869 2005-01-26 03:23:42 install/slack-desc
 Package anatomy
Exploding a package: package description

sudo: sudo (give limited root privileges to certain users)

sudo:
sudo: 'sudo' is a command that allows users to execute some
sudo: commands as root. The /etc/sudoers file
sudo: (edited with 'visudo') specifies which users have access
sudo: to sudo and which commands they can run. 'sudo'
sudo: logs all its activities to /var/log/ so the system
sudo: administrator can keep an eye on things.
sudo:
sudo:
sudo:
 Package anatomy
Exploding a package: post installation scripts

Two types of post installation script:

install/doinst.sh:
- non-interactive

/var/log/setup/setup.<package name>:
- curses based interactive script

/var/log/setup/setup.onlyonce.<package name>:
- run once only from the OS installer
- last used in 1993/1994 era –now deprecated
 Package anatomy
Package policies & general guidelines
• Major binary directories are chown root:bin
• gzipped info/man pages and Kernel modules
• Hard links converted to soft links
• Soft links converted to shell script code within install/doinst.sh
• Stripping of static archives, shared objects & binaries
• Deletion of perllocal.pod files
• HTML man pages removed from /usr/doc if there is /usr/man
counterpart
• /usr/{doc,info,man} – not FHS (Filesystem Hierarchy) compliant
 Package anatomy
Package dependencies

• Full installation of Slackware is the recommended option

• Official Slackware package tools do not handle dependencies

• Dependencies can be noted in the slack-desc or in config files

• a/aaa_elflibs package satisfies core dependencies

• 3rd party packages can help with dependency resolution but will
remain unsupported. Packages may require additional
metadata.
Building packages
 Building packages
Build scripts: basic process
prepare build location/directory

prepare packaging location

extract source archives

configure source
compile software

install components into the packaging location

apply the policies to the package contents

create a binary package (.tgz)

 Building packages
Introducing makepkg
• Produces .tgz packages from the contents of the $PWD

• Converts soft links to shell script code

• Checks for zero length files Convert soft links to

script code
Normal syntax:

# makepkg -l y -c n /tmp/foo-3.0-i486-1.tgz

Do not reset perms

& ownerships
 Building packages
Two types of build script
SlackBuild
'Clean' package building scripts:

- Compiles software
- Installs package contents into a special build location
- Creates a binary .tgz package

.build
'Dirty' package building scripts

- Compiles software
- Installs onto the root filesystem!
 Building packages
Build notes

• Packages are always built on 'disposable' development

machines

• Slackware packages are always built as root

• All packages are built on a full installation of Slackware

Most build scripts are available in the source directories of each

package.
 Building packages
SlackBuild scripts

• Reproducible package builds

• Simple 'bash' shell scripts – no external calls to macros/functions

• Understandable at a glance and (usually) well commented

• Installs package into a pseudo root directory

• Sets Slackware packaging policy

The preferred method.

 Building packages
SlackBuild scripts: example
Can override
VERSION=2.4 at shell
ARCH=${ARCH:=i486}
BUILD=${BUILD:=1}
setup build locations & extract source
./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install DESTDIR=/tmp/package-foo Perms, ownerships
install docs into package stripping, gzipping
set Slackware packaging policies
makepkg -l y -c n /tmp/foo-$VERSION-$ARCH-$BUILD.tgz

To compile the software and build the package: Run from

# ./foo.SlackBuild source dir
 Building packages
.build scripts
• Very basic shell scripts

• Do not set Slackware packaging policies

• Installs onto the root file system

• Does not produce packages!

• Used when the software's build system has no

provision for installing into pseudo root location
Replaced with
• Gradually being phased out of Slackware
SlackBuilds
 Building packages
.build scripts: example

setup build location & extract source

./configure --prefix=/usr
make
make install
install docs onto the filesystem

To compile the software and install onto the filesystem:

# ./foo.build
 Building packages
.build scripts: the process of package building
Log files & dirs on filesystem
Run .build script
Differences =
Log files & dirs on filesystem package
contents
diff both logs

Copy the differences to a pseudo root directory

Set Slackware policies within the pseudo root directory

Make a .tgz with makepkg

 Building packages
Creating packages from .build scripts: slacktrack

• Originally written to be ARMedslack's primary build tool

• Slackware specific – only produces .tgz
• Can apply all Slackware packaging policies
• Can build replica packages from Slackware's .build scripts
• Can be found in 'extra/slacktrack' in recent Slackware releases
• Uses installwatch to track the installation
Tracks filesystem
• An alternate version is available: altertrack changes
 Building packages
Creating packages from .build scripts: slacktrack

Set Slackware
policies

Example usage: Build script

# slacktrack -Qp foo-2.5-i486-1.tgz ./bar.build

Package
name
 Building packages
Package building checklist
Non FHS
• Directory locations compliance

• install/slack-desc package description file 13 lines max,

70 chars wide
• install/doinst.sh post installation script
Relative paths;
• Binaries, shared & static libraries stripped ash compatible

• Permissions & ownerships / = chmod 755,

root:bin bin dirs & files
• Man pages: gzipped with no broken soft links

• Compare your package with the official .tgz (if applicable)

 Summary

• Simple 'bash' build scripts

• Two types of build script: SlackBuild and

.build

• Build scripts available in source tree

• Read the 'OVERVIEW' file included with

slacktrack to learn more
www.slackware.com