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Planer (Metalworking) : From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Planer is a type of metalworking machine tool that uses linear motion between a workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to machine flat surfaces or cut slots. It operates by moving the workpiece table back and forth beneath the cutting head. Planers can be configured for either linear or helical toolpaths and range in size from tables of 30"x72" up to 20'x62' and weights from 20,000 lbs to over 1 million lbs. While planers were developed in the early 19th century, they have become somewhat obsolete as other machines like mills and grinders have replaced them, though some smaller shops still use them for repairing large dies.

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177 views4 pages

Planer (Metalworking) : From Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Planer is a type of metalworking machine tool that uses linear motion between a workpiece and a single-point cutting tool to machine flat surfaces or cut slots. It operates by moving the workpiece table back and forth beneath the cutting head. Planers can be configured for either linear or helical toolpaths and range in size from tables of 30"x72" up to 20'x62' and weights from 20,000 lbs to over 1 million lbs. While planers were developed in the early 19th century, they have become somewhat obsolete as other machines like mills and grinders have replaced them, though some smaller shops still use them for repairing large dies.

Uploaded by

Harsimran Bal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Planer (metalworking)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A typical planer

A planer is a type of metalworking machine tool that uses linear relative motion between the workpiece and
a single-point cutting tool to machine a linear toolpath. Its cut is analogous to that of a lathe, except that it is
(archetypally) linear instead of helical. (Adding axes of motion can yield helical toolpaths; see "Helical planing"
below.) A planer is analogous to a shaper, but larger, and with the entire workpiece moving on a table beneath
the cutter, instead of the cutter riding a ram that moves above a stationary workpiece. The table is moved back
and forth on the bed beneath the cutting head either by mechanical means, such as a rack and pinion drive or
a leadscrew, or by a hydraulic cylinder.

Contents
 [hide]

1 Applications

o 1.1 Linear planing

o 1.2 Helical

planing

o 1.3 Prevalence of

current use

2 Configurations and sizes

3 History

4 References
5 Bibliography

6 External links

[edit]Applications

[edit]Linear planing
The most common applications of planers and shapers are linear-toolpath ones, such as:

 Generating accurate flat surfaces. (While not as precise as grinding, a planer can remove a
tremendous amount of material in one pass with high accuracy.)

 Cutting slots (such as keyways).

 It is even possible to obviate wire EDM work in some cases. Starting from a drilled or cored hole, a
planer with a boring-bar type tool can cut internal features that don't lend themselves to milling or boring
(such as irregularly shaped holes with tight corners).
[edit]Helical planing
Although the archetypal toolpath of a planer is linear, helical toolpaths can be accomplished via features that
correlate the tool's linear advancement to simultaneous workpiece rotation (for example, an indexing head with
linkage to the main motion of the planer). To use today's terminology, one can give the machine other axes in
addition to the main axis. The helical planing idea shares close analogy with both helical milling and single-
point screw cutting. Although this capability existed from almost the very beginning of planers (circa 1820),
[1]
 the machining of helical features (other than screw threads themselves) remained a hand-filing affair in most
machine shops until the 1860s, and such hand-filing did not become rare until another several decades had
passed.

[edit]Prevalence of current use


Planers and shapers are now obsolescent, because other machine tools (such as milling machines, broaching
machines, and grinding machines) have eclipsed them as the tools of choice for doing such work. However,
they have not yet disappeared from the metalworking world. Planers are used by smaller tool and die shops
within larger production facilities to maintain and repair large stamping dies and plastic injection molds.
Additional uses include any other task where an abnormally large (usually in the range of 4'×8' or more) block
of metal must be squared when a (quite massive) horizontal grinder or floor mill is unavailable, too expensive,
or otherwise impractical in a given situation. As usual in the selection of machine tools, an old machine that is
in hand, still works, and is long since paid-for has substantial cost advantage over a newer machine that would
need to be purchased. This principle easily explains why "old-fashioned" techniques often have a long period of
gradual obsolescence in industrial contexts, rather than a sharp drop-off of prevalence such as is seen in
mass-consumer technology fashions.
[edit]Configurations and sizes

There are two types of planers for metal: double-housing and open-side. The double-housing variety has
vertical supports on both sides of its long bed; the open-side variety has a vertical support on only one side,
allowing the workpiece to extend beyond the bed. Metal planers can vary in size from a table size of 30"×72" to
20'×62', and in weight from around 20,000 lbs to over 1,000,000 lbs.

[edit]History

Early planing ideas are known to have been underway in France in the 1750s. [2] In the late 1810s, a variety of
pioneers in various British shops (including James Fox, George Rennie,Matthew Murray, Joseph Clement,
and Richard Roberts) developed the planer into what we today would call a machine tool. The exact details
have been contentious and will probably never be known, because the development work being done in
various shops was undocumented for various reasons (partially because of proprietary secrecy, and also
simply because no one was taking down records for posterity). Roe (1916) provides a short chapter that tells
the story as thoroughly as he was able to discover it. [3]

Spectroscopy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Animation of the dispersion of light as it travels through atriangular prism


Spectroscopy was originally the study of the interaction between radiation and matter as a function
of wavelength (λ). Historically, spectroscopy referred to the use of visible light dispersed according to its
wavelength, e.g. by a prism. Later the concept was expanded greatly to comprise any measurement of a
quantity as a function of either wavelength or frequency. Thus, it also can refer to a response to an alternating
field or varying frequency (ν). A further extension of the scope of the definition added energy (E) as a variable,
once the very close relationship E = hν for photons was realized (h is the Planck constant). A plot of the
response as a function of wavelength—or more commonly frequency—is referred to as a spectrum; see
also spectral linewidth.

Spectrometry is the spectroscopic technique used to assess the concentration or amount of a given chemical
(atomic, molecular, or ionic) species. In this case, the instrument that performs such measurements is
a spectrometer,spectrophotometer, or spectrograph.

Spectroscopy/spectrometry is often used in physical and analytical chemistry for the identification of


substances through the spectrum emitted from or absorbed by them.

Spectroscopy/spectrometry is also heavily used in astronomy and remote sensing. Most large telescopes have


spectrometers, which are used either to measure the chemical composition and physical properties of
astronomical objects or to measure their velocities from the Doppler shift of their spectral lines.

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