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Hydraulics - Written Report

This document discusses head losses in pipe flows. It describes two types of head losses: major head loss caused by pipe friction, and minor head loss caused by changes in flow velocity or direction. It provides three common formulas to calculate major head loss: 1) Darcy-Weisbach, 2) Manning, and 3) Hazen-Williams. An example problem calculates the head loss for a 0.6m diameter pipe using each of these three formulas.

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Christian Consigna
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504 views

Hydraulics - Written Report

This document discusses head losses in pipe flows. It describes two types of head losses: major head loss caused by pipe friction, and minor head loss caused by changes in flow velocity or direction. It provides three common formulas to calculate major head loss: 1) Darcy-Weisbach, 2) Manning, and 3) Hazen-Williams. An example problem calculates the head loss for a 0.6m diameter pipe using each of these three formulas.

Uploaded by

Christian Consigna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pipe Flows

HEAD LOSSES

CHRISTIAN S. CONSIGNA
| BSCE 4A |
| HYDRAULICS |
Head Losses in Pipe Flow
Head losses in pipes may be classified into two; the major head loss, which is caused by
pipe friction along straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness,
and Minor head loss, which are cause by changes in velocity or directions of flow, and
are commonly expressed in terms of kinetic energy.

MAJOR HEAD LOSS, Hf


A. DARCY-WEISBACH FORMULA (PIPE-FRICTION EQUATION)

fL v 2
Hf =
D 2g

f =friction factor

L=Lengthof pipemeterfeet

D=Pipe diametermeterfeet

m ft
v =meanaverage velocity of flow
s s

For non-circular pipes, use D = 4R, where R is the hydraulic radius

For circular pipes, the head loss may be expressed as:

2
fL 8 Q
Hf = 2 4
D gD

2
0.0826 fLQ
Hf = 5
S . I .Unit
D

PAGE 1
Where Q is the discharge

B. Manning Formula
The Manning formula is one of the best-known open-channel formula and is
commonly used in pipes.

2 1
1
v= R 3 S 2 (S . I . Units)
n

2 1
1.486 3 2
v= R S
n

Where n=roughnesscoeffiecient

R=hydraulicradius

Hf
S=slope of the energy grade line=
L

Hf D
Substituting S= and R= by solving for Hf
L 4

6.35 n 2 L v 2
Hf = 4
3
D

For Circular Pipes:

PAGE 2
Q Q
v= =
A 2
D
4

2
D
4


2

2 Q2
6.35 n L
H f =

2 2
10.29 n LQ
Hf = 16
(S . I .Units)
3
D

C. Hazen Williams Formula


The Hazen Williams formula is widely used in waterworks industry. This formula
is applicable only to the flow of water in pipes larger than 50mm and velocities
less than 3 m/s. This formula was designed for flow in both pipes and open
channels but is more commonly used in pipes.

0.63 0.54
v=0.849C R S

2.63 0.54
Q=0.2785 C D S
1.85
10.67 L Q
H f = 1.85 4.87
C D

C=HazenCoeffiecent

PAGE 3
D=Diameter

Q=Discharge

L=Length

Example 1.

A 0.60m diameter pipeline 30m. long carries 0.4 m 3 of water. Compute the head loss
s
using the following formula:

1. Darcy Weisbach with f =0.014


2. Mannings Formula with n=0.012
3. Hazen Williams C=120

PAGE 4
Solution:

m3
Given: D=0.60m L=30m Q=0.4
s

1. Darcy Weisbach

2
0.0826 fLQ
Hf = 5
D

0.0826(0.014)(30)(0.4)
Hf = 5
0.60

H f =0.07m

2. Mannings Formula

2
1
V = R 3 S0.5
n

0.4
Q V=
V= ;
A 0.602
4

m
V =1.14
s

0.60
R=
4

R = 0.15

2
1
1.14= (0.15) 3 S 0.5
0.012

PAGE 5
S=0.0036

Hf
S=
L

H f =0.108m
3. Hazen Williams

0.63 0.54
V =0.8492 C R S

0.60




4
0.4
V=

m
V =1.41
s

R=0.15

0.63 0.54
1.41=0.8492 ( 120 ) ( 0.15 )( S )

0.54
S =0.04572

Hf
S=
L

H f =0.099m

PAGE 6

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