Short-circuit power

APPENDIX 2 EXAMPLE CALCULATION FOR THREE-PHASE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

The complexity of the short-circuit current calculation

lies essentially in determination of the equivalent
impedance of the network upstream of the point in
triangle of impedances question.
Z
X ach component of a network (supply network, transformer, alternator,

R
E motors, cables, busbars,) is represented by an impedance (Z)
made up of a resistive component (R) and an inductive component
(X) called the reactance. X, R and Z are expressed in ohm.
The relationship between these various parameters is as follows :

Example : 2 2
Z = R +X
network layout
The method consists of :

Tr1 Tr2 splitting the network down into sections,

calculating values of R and X for each section,
calculating for the network :
the equivalent value of R or X,
A the value of equivalent impedance,
the short-circuit current.

equivalent layout

Zr Z = Zr + Zt1 // Zt 2 Zsc = Z // Za
Z = Zr + Zt1 Zt 2 Zsc = Z Za
Zt 1 Zt 2 Zt1 + Zt 2 Z + Za

Za Za

The three-phase short-circuit current is :

U
Isc =
3 Zsc
Isc = short-circuit current (in kA)
U = voltage between phases at the point in question before the fault appeared.
(in kV)
Zsc = short-circuit impedance (in ohm)
@@@@@@@@e? @@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?
@@@@@@@@e? @@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e? @@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@
@@h? @@
@@h? @@
@@h? @@
@@h? @@
@@h? @@
@@h? @@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
Example : Zsc = 0.27 ohm 10
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@ U = 10 kV Isc = = 21.38 kA @@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@

date @@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
3 0.27 @@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@
@@

12/91
@@ @@
@@g ?@@
@@g ?@@
@@g ?@@
@@g ?@@
@@g ?@@
@@g ?@@
@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@
?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@?e@@@@@@@@e?@@@@@@@@ ?@@@@@@@@

12 -
- B
revis
ed A reminder of the calculation of R, X and Z as a function of type of network
12/95 component is given on the following page.

page 14
Short-circuit power

APPENDIX 2 (contd) Three-phase short-circuit

2
U 2 2
Ssc = U Isc 3 = U=V3ZscIsc with Zsc = R +X
Reminder for calculation Zsc
of three-phase short- Upstream network U R
circuit currents Z= = 0.1 to 0.2 in MV
Ssc X

Overhead lines X = 0.4 /km MV/HV

X = 0.3 /km LV/MV
L = 1.8.10-6 cm Copper
R=rx = 2.8.10-6 cm Aluminium
S
= 3.3.10-6 cm Almelec

Synchronous generators 2
U R
Z= Xsc - = 0.05 to 0.1
Sr X
Xsc subtransitory transitory steady-state
turbo 10 to 20 % 15 to 25 % 150 to 230 %
projecting poles 15 to 25 % 25 to 35 % 70 to 120 %

Transformers (order of magnitude : for real values, refer to those given

by the manufacturer)
Examples : OO 20 kV/410 V ; S = 630 kVA ; Usc = 4 %
OO 63 kV/11 kV ; S = 10 kVA ; Usc = 9 %
2 S (kVA) 100 to 3150 5000 to 25000
U
Z= Usc Usc (%) 4 to 7.5 8 to 12
Sr
OO MV/LV MV/HV

Cables X = 0.10 to 0.15 /km three-phase

X = 0.10 to 0.20 /km single-pole

Busbars X = 0.15 /km

Synchronous motors and compensators

Xsc subtransitory transitory steady-state
high speed motors 15 % 25 % 80 %
low speed motors 35 % 50 % 100 %
compensators 25 % 40 % 160 %

Asynchronous motors 2
U 20 to 25
date only subtransitory Z= Isc 3In
12/91 Pr 100
12 -
- B Fault arcs Isc
revis
ed Id =
1.3 to 2
12/95

page 15
Short-circuit power

APPENDIX 2 (contd) EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

Data
63 kV supply
source short-circuit power : 2000 MVA.
Network configuration
The network contains two transformers in parallel and an alternator.
Equipment specifications
transformers : voltage 63 kV/10kV
apparent power : 1 from 15 MVA ; 1 from 20 MVA
short-circuit voltage : Usc = 10 %
Alternator : voltage : 10 kV
apparent power : 15 MVA
Xsc transitory : 20 %
Xsc subtransitory : 15 %

Question
Determine :
the value of short-circuit current at the busbars
the breaking and closing capacity of circuit breakers D1 to D7.

Single-line layout
63 kV

transformer transformer
15 MVA 20 MVA
Usc = 10 % Usc = 10 %

D1 D2
10 kV

D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

alternator
15 MVA
Xsc subtransitory = 15 %
Xsc transitory = 20 %

date
12/91
12 -
- B
ed
revis
12/95

page 16
Short-circuit power

APPENDIX 2 (contd) Determination of the various flux

he three sources that can supply the short-circuit are : the two

T transformers and the alternator.

We assume that there cannot be power return from D4, D5, D6, D7.
On occurance of a short-circuit upstream of a circuit breaker (D1, D2, D3),
the latter is subjected to a short-circuit current supplied by the two other
sources.
For circuit breakers D4, D5, D6 and D7, the short-circuit current is that
simultaneously emitted by the three sources.
circuit breaker sources supplying the short-circuit
D1 20 MVA transformer + alternator
D2 15 MVA transformer + alternator
D3 15 MVA transformers + 20 MVA
15 MVA transformers + 20 MVA
D4 - D5 - D6 - D7 +
alternator

Equivalent layout
Each component is made up of a reactance and an inductance.
These values must be calculated for each element.
The network can be represented in the following manner.

Zr = network impedance

Z15 = 15 MVA Z20 = 20 MVA

transformer impedance transformer impedance

busbars

Za = alternator impedance (dependent on

whether transitory or subtransitory stage)

date
12/91
Experience shows that the resistance is generally weak compared with the
- reactance, thus we can say that the reactance is equal to the impedance
12
- B (X = Z).
ed
revis
12/95

page 17
Short-circuit power

APPENDIX 2 (contd) In order to determine the short-circuit power, it is necessary to calculate the
various resistance and inductance values, and to separately calculate their
arithmetical sum. Rt = R ; Xt = X
Knowing Rt and Xt, Zt can be calculated using the equation :
2 2
Z= R + X
R being negligible compared with X, we can say that Z = X

component calculation Z = X (ohm)

network 2 2
U 10
Ssc = 2000 MVA Zr = = 0.05
U service = 10 kV
Ssc 2000

15 MVA transformer 2 2
U 10 10
(Usc = 10 %) Z15 = Usc = 0.6667 0.67
U service = 10 kV Sr 15 100

20 MVA transformer 2 2
U 10 10
(Usc = 10 %) Z20 = Usc = 0.5
U service = 10 kV Sr 20 100
2
15 MVA alternator Za = U /Sr Xsc
U duty = 10 kV 2
10 20
Transitory stage (Xsc = 20 %) Zat = Zat = 1.33
15 100
2
10 15
Subtransitory stage (Xsc = 15 %) Zas = Zas = 1
15 100
busbars Z15 Z20 0.67 0.5
Transfomers placed in parallel
Z15 //Z20 = Z15 + Z20
=
0.67 + 0.5 Zet = 0.29
Placed in series with network of
Transformers impedance Zr + Zer = 0.05 + 0.29 Zer = 0.34

group in parallel Zer Zat 0.34 1.33

transitory stage Zer //Zat = Zer + Zat
=
0.34 + 1.33 0.27
Zer Zas 0.34 1
subtransitory stage Zer // Zas = =
Zer + Zas 0.34 + 1 0.25

date
12/91
12 -
- B
ed
revis
12/95

page 18
Short-circuit power

APPENDIX 2 (contd)
Circuit breaker Equivalent circuit Breaking capacity (in kA rms) Closing capacity
U 10 1
Z (in ohm) Isc = = 2.5 Isc (in kA peak)
3 Zsc 3 Zsc
D4 to D7
Zr
Transitory stage
Z 15 Z 20 Z = 0.27 21.40

Za Subtransitory stage 21.40 x 2.5 =

Z = 0.25 53.5
Zt = [Zr + (Z15 // Z 20)] // Za

D3 alternator

Zr

Z 15 Z 20 Z = 0.34 17 17 x 2.5 =
42.5
Zt = Zr + (Z15 // Z 20)

D1 15 MVA transformer

Zr Transitory stage
Z = 0.39 14.9
Z 20
Subtransitory stage 14.9 x 2.5 =
Za Z = 0.35 37.25
Zt = (Zr + Z 20) // Za

D2 20 MVA transformer
Transitory stage
Zr Z = 0.47 12.4
Z 15 Subtransitory stage 12.4 x 2.5 =
Z = 0.42 31
Za

Zt = (Zr + Z 15)] // Za

date
12/91
12 -
- B
ed
revis
12/95

page 19