Hydraulics 1: Fundamentals of Fluid Flow
Prepared by: Engr. Billy I. Rejuso
- Principles relating to fluids at rest can be obtained by purely rational methods. Some natural principles which are the
basis of calculations. It is also deal with fluids in motion which is based on the following principle:
a) The Principle of Conservation of Mass
b) The Energy Principle
C) The Principle of Momentum
Terms Used in Fundamentals of Fluid Flow:
1. Stream Lines- imaginary curves drawn through a fluid to indicate the direction of motion in various sections of the flow
of the fluid system.
2. Stream Tubes- represents elementary portions of a flowing fluid bounded by a group of streamline which confine the
flow.
3. Laminar Flow- flow is said to be laminar when paths of the individual particles do not cross or intersect. With this type
of flow in conduits having parallel sides the path lines are parallel.
4. Turbulent Flow- flow is said to be turbulent when its path lines are irregular curves which continually cross each other
and form a complicated network which in the aggregate represents the forward motion of the entire system.
5. Steady Flow- if the discharge Q passing a given cross-section of stream is constant with time, the flow is steady at that
cross section. If Q at the cross section varies with time the flow is unsteady.
6. Uniform Flow- if, with steady flow in any length, or reach, of a stream, the average velocity at every cross section is
the same, the flow is said to be uniform at that reach.
7. Continuous Flow- this occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same.
Q= A1 V 1= A2 V 2= A3 V 3
8. Discharge of Flow Rate- the amount of fluid passing a section of a stream in unit time is called the discharge. If V is the
mean velocity and A is the cross sectional area, the discharge Q is defined by Q = AV, which is known as the volume
flow rate. Discharge is also expressed as mass flow rate and weight flow rate.
Sample Problems:
1. Compute the discharge of water through 50-mm pipe if the mean velocity is 3m/sec.
2. The discharge of a certain gas through a 500-mm pipe is 3.6m 3/sec. Compute the mean velocity in m/sec.
3. Water flow through a 75-mm pipe at a velocity of 4m/sec. Determine the following:
a) Volume flow rate in m3/sec
b) Mass flow rate in kg/sec
c) Weight flow rate in N/sec
Hydraulics 2: Bernoulli Energy Equation
Prepared by: Engr. Billy I. Rejuso
Three forms of energy which must be considered in connection with flow of fluids are:
v2
1. Kinetic Energy- is the ability of a mass to do work by virtue of its velocity. Express in w
2 g . When applied to a
moving mass it is called the velocity head.
2. Elevation Energy- is manifested in a fluid by virtue of its position or elevation with respect to a horizontal datum plane.
Also known as elevation head, z.
3. Pressure Energy- a mass of fluid acquires pressure energy when it is in contact with other masses having some form
of energy. Pressure energy is therefore an energy transmitted to the fluid by another mass that possesses some
energy.
P
Pressure Head =
Total Energy of Flow: (E)
v2 P
E= + +z
2g
Where:
V= Mean Velocity of flow (m/sec)
P= Fluid Pressure (Pa)
z= Position of fluid above or below the datum plane (m)
g= Gravitational acceleration (9.81m/s2)
= Unit Weight of Fluid (N/m3)
Power and Efficiency
- Power is the rate of doing work per unit of time.
P=QE
Output
Efficiency= X 100
Input
Where:
Q= Rate of discharge, m3/sec
E= Total Energy, m
Note:
1 Watt= 1N-m/sec= 1 Joule/sec
1 hp= 746 Watts= 550 ft-lb/sec
Bernoullis Energy Theorem
1. Energy Equation Neglecting Head Loss
- Neglecting head loss, the total amount of energy per unit weight is constant at any point in the path of flow.
V 21 P1 V2 P
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2
2g 2g
2. Energy Equation Considering Head Loss
V 21 P1 V 22 P2
+ + z1 = + + z2 + HL 12
2g 2g
Hydraulic Grade Line- it is the line to which liquid rises in successive piezometer tubes. The line is always at a distance above
the datum plane.
Energy Grade Line- it is the graphical presentation of the total energy of flow.
NOTE: EGL is ALWAYS parallel to the HGL for uniform pipe cross-section.
Sample Problems:
1. With 15L/sec of water flowing from point 1 to 2 the pressure at 1 is 100kPa and at 2 is 70kPa. Compute for the head
loss between 1 and 2.
2. In the figure shown, a 50-mm pipeline leads downhill from a reservoir and discharges into air. If head loss between A &
B is 44.2m, compute for the discharge.
Hydraulics 3: Energy Equation with Pump and Turbine
Prepared by: Engr. Billy I. Rejuso
1. Energy Equation with Pump
- Pump is used basically to increase the head. The input power (P Input) of the pump is electrical energy and its
output power (POutput) is the flow energy.
V 21 P1 V 22 P 2
+ + z1 + HA HL12= + + z 2
2g 2g
Output Powerof Pump=QHA
2. Energy Equation with Turbine
- Turbines or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn converted electrical energy for
turbines.
V 21 P1 V 22 P2
+ + z1 HEHL12= + + z 2
2g 2g
Input Powerof Turbine=QHE
Sample Problems:
1. A pipeline with a pump leads to a nozzle as shown. Find the flow rate when pump develops a 24.4mm head. Assume
head lost in the 152mm pipe to be five times its velocity head while the head lost in the 102mm pipe to be twelve
times its velocity head. Compute the flow rate and determine the output power of the pump in hp.
2. The pump shown draws water from reservoir A at elevation 10m and lifts it to reservoir B at elevation 60m. The loss of
head from A to 1 is two times the velocity head in the 200-mm diameter pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is ten
times the velocity head in the 150-mm diameter pipe. Determine the rated horsepower of the pump and the pressure
heads at 1 and 2 when the discharge is 0.03m3/sec.
3. The 600-mm diameter pipe shown in the figure conducts water from reservoir A to a pressure turbine, which discharges
through another 600-mm diameter pipe into tailrace B. The loss of head from A to 1 is 5 times the velocity head in the
pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is 0.2 times the velocity head in the pipe. If the discharge is 700L/sec, what
power is being given up by the water to the turbine and what are the pressure heads at 1 and 2?
4. Water is pumped from a supply reservoir to a ductile iron water transmission line (C HW=130), as shown in the
figure. The high point of the transmission line is at point A, 1 km downstream of the supply reservoir and the
low point of the transmission line is at point B, 1 km downstream of A. If the flow rate through the pipeline is
1 m3/s, the diameter of the pipe is 750 mm, and the pressure at A is to be 350 kPa, determine the head that
must be added by the pump. Determine also the power supplied by the pump in hp and the water pressure
at B in kPa.
Head losses in pipes may be classified into two; the major head loss, which is caused by the pipe friction along
straight sections of pipe of uniform diameter and uniform roughness, and minor head loss, which are caused by
changes in velocity or directions of flow, and are commonly expressed in terms of kinetic energy.
Major Head Loss
1. Darcy-Weisbach Formula
General Formula:
fL v 2
hf =
D 2g
NOTE: For non-circular pipes use D=4R, where R is the hydraulic radius. R=A/P
For Circular Pipes:
2
0.0826 fLQ
hf = 5
D
2. Mannings Formula
10.29 n2 LQ2
hf = 16
D3
6.35 n2 L v 2
hf = 4
D3
3. Hazen-Williams Formula
10.67 LQ 1.85
hf =
C 1.85 D 4.87
