Aggregate Functions Questions and Answers

1. Aggregate functions are functions that take a ___________ as input and return a
single value.

A. Collection of values

B. Single value

C. Aggregate value

D. Both a & b

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Collection of values

2. Select __________ from instructor where dept name= Comp. Sci.;

Which of the following should be used to find the mean of the salary ?

A. Mean(salary)

B. Avg(salary)

C. Sum(salary)

D. Count(salary)

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Avg(salary)
Avg() is used to find the mean of the values.
3. All aggregate functions except _____ ignore null values in their input collection.

A. Count(attribute)

B. Count(*)

C. Avg

D. Sum

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Count(*)
* is used to select all values including null.
4. A Boolean data type that can take values true, false, and________ .

A. 1

B. 0

C. Null

D. Unknown

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Unknown
Unknown values do not take null value but it is not known.

5. Select count (____ ID)

from teaches
where semester = Spring and year = 2010;
If we do want to eliminate duplicates, we use the keyword ______in the aggregate
expression.

A. Distinct

B. Count

C. Avg

D. Primary key

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Distinct
Distinct keyword is used to select only unique items from the relation.
6. The ____ connective tests for set membership, where the set is a collection of values
produced by a select clause. The ____ connective tests for the absence of set
membership.

A. Or, in

B. Not in, in

C. In, not in

D. In, or

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
In, not in
 In checks if the query has the value but not in checks if it does not have the
value.
7. We can test for the nonexistence of tuples in a subquery by using the _____
construct.

A. Not exist

B. Not exists

C. Exists

D. Exist

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Not exists
Exists is used to check for existence of tuples.
DBMS Data Types Questions and Answers
1. This set of Database Questions & Answers focuses on SQL Data Types and
Schemas
Dates must be specified in the format

A. mm/dd/yy

B. yyyy/mm/dd

C. dd/mm/yy

D. yy/dd/mm

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
yyyy/mm/dd
yyyy/mm/dd is the default format in sql
2. An ________ on an attribute of a relation is a data structure that allows the database
system to find those tuples in the relation that have a specified value for that attribute
efficiently, without scanning through all the tuples of the relation.

A. Index

B. Reference

C. Assertion

D. Timestamp

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Index
 Index is the reference to the tuples in a relation.
3. Which of the following is used to store movie and image files ?

A. Clob

B. Blob

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Blob
SQL therefore provides large-object data types for character data (clob) and
binary data (blob). The letters lob in these data types stand for Large OBject.
4. The user defined data type can be created using

A. Create datatype

B. Create data

C. Create definetype

D. Create type

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Create type
The create type clause can be used to define new types.Syntax : create type
Dollars as numeric(12,2) final; .
5. Values of one type can be converted to another domain using which of the following ?

A. Cast

B. Drop type

C. Alter type

D. Convert

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Cast
Example of cast :cast (department.budget to numeric(12,2)). SQL provides drop
type and alter type clauses to drop or modify types that have been created
earlier.
6. Which of the following closely resembles Create view ?

A. Create table . . .like

B. Create table . . . as

C. With data
 D. Create view as

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Create table . . . as
The create table . . . as statement closely resembles the create view statement
and both are defined by using queries.The main difference is that the contents of
the table are set when the table is created, whereas the contents of a view
always reflect the current query result.
7. In contemporary databases the top level of the hierarchy consists of ______, each of
which can contain _____.

A. Catalogs, schemas

B. Schemas, catalogs

C. Environment, schemas

D. Schemas, Environment

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Catalogs, schemas

8. Which of the following statements creates a new table temp instructor that has the
same schema as instructor.

A. create table temp_instructor;

B. Create table temp_instructor like instructor;

C. Create Table as temp_instructor;

D. Create table like temp_instructor;

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Create table temp_instructor like instructor;

Deadlocks Questions and Answers

1. A system is in a ______ state if there exists a set of transactions such that every
transaction in the set is waiting for another transaction in the set.

A. Idle
 B. Waiting

C. Deadlock

D. Ready

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Deadlock
When one data item is waiting for another data item in a transaction then system
is in deadlock.
2. The deadlock state can be changed back to stable state by using _____________
statement.

A. Commit

B. Rollback

C. Savepoint

D. Deadlock

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Rollback
Rollback is used to rollback to the point before lock is obtained.
3. What are the ways of dealing with deadlock ?

A. Deadlock prevention

B. Deadlock recovery

C. Deadlock detection

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
All of the mentioned
Deadlock prevention is also called as deadlock recovery.Prevention is commonly
used if the probability that the system would enter a deadlock state is relatively
high; otherwise, detection and recovery are more efficient.
4. When transaction Ti requests a data item currently held by Tj , Ti is allowed to wait
only if it has a timestamp smaller than that of Tj (that is, Ti is older than Tj ). Otherwise,
Ti is rolled back (dies). This is

A. Wait-die

B. Wait-wound
 C. Wound-wait

D. Wait

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Wait-die
The waitdie scheme is a non-preemptive technique.
5. When transaction Ti requests a data item currently held by Tj , Ti is allowed to wait
only if it has a timestamp larger than that of Tj (that is, Ti is younger than Tj ). Otherwise,
Tj is rolled back (Tj is wounded by Ti ). This is

A. Wait-die

B. Wait-wound

C. Wound-wait

D. Wait

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Wound-wait
The woundwait scheme is a preemptive technique. It is a counterpart to the
waitdie scheme.
6. The deadlock in a set of transaction can be determined by

A. Read-only graph

B. Wait graph

C. Wait-for graph

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Read-only graph
Each transaction involved in the cycle is said to be deadlocked.
7. A deadlock exists in the system if and only if the wait-for graph contains a
___________.

A. Cycle

B. Direction

C. Bi-direction

D. Rotation
 Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Cycle
Each transaction involved in the cycle is said to be deadlocked.
8. Selecting the victim to be rollbacked to the previous state is determined by the
minimum cost. The factors determining cost of rollback is

A. How long the transaction has computed, and how much longer the transaction
will compute before it completes its designated task.

B. How many data items the transaction has used.

C. How many more data items the transaction needs for it to complete.

D. How many transactions will be involved in the rollback.

E. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option E
Explanation:
All of the mentioned
We should roll back those transactions that will incur the minimum cost.
9. __________ rollback requires the system to maintain additional information about the
state of all the running transactions.

A. Total

B. Partial

C. Time

D. Commit

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Partial
In total rollback abort the transaction and then restart it.
10. Which of these is data type long literal?

A. 0x99fffL

B. ABCDEFG

C. 0x99fffa

D. 99671246

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
 0x99fffL
Data type long literals are appended by an upper or lowercase L. 0x99fffL is
hexadecimal long literal.
11. Which of these is returned by operators &, ?

A. Integer

B. Boolean

C. Character

D. Float

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Character

12. Literals in java must be preceded by which of these?

A. L

B. l

C. D

D. both a & b

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
both a & b
Data type long literals are appended by an upper or lowercase L.
13. Literal can be of which of these data types?

A. integer

B. float

C. boolean

D. all of the mentioned

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

all of the mentioned

14. Which of these can not be used for a variable name in Java?

A. identifier

B. keyword

C. both a < b

D. None of the mentioned

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
keyword
Keywords are specially reserved words which can not be used for naming a user
defined variable, example : class, int, for etc.
Joins Questions and Answers
1. The____condition allows a general predicate over the relations being joined.

A. On

B. Using

C. Set

D. Where

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
On
On gives the condition for the join expression.
2. Which of the join operations do not preserve non matched tuples.

A. Left outer join

B. Right outer join

C. Inner join

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Inner join
INNER JOIN: Returns all rows when there is at least one match in BOTH tables
3. What type of join is needed when you wish to include rows that do not have matching
values?

A. Equi-join

B. Natural join
 C. Outer join

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Outer join
An outer join does not require each record in the two joined tables to have a
matching record.
4. How many tables may be included with a join?

A. One

B. Two

C. Three

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
All of the mentioned
Join can combine multiple tables.
5. Which are the join types in join condition:

A. Cross join

B. Natural join

C. Join with USING clause

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
All of the mentioned
There are totally four join types in SQL.
6. How many join types in join condition:

A. 2

B. 3

C. 4

D. 5

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
 5
Types are inner join,left outer join,right outer join,full join,cross join.
7. Which join refers to join records from the right table that have no matching key in the
left table are include in the result set:

A. Left outer join

B. Right outer join

C. Full outer join

D. Half outer join

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Right outer join
RIGHT OUTER JOIN: Return all rows from the right table, and the matched rows
from the left table.
8. The operation which is not considered a basic operation of relational algebra is

A. Join

B. Selection

C. Union

D. Cross product

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Join

9. In SQL the statement select * from R, S is equivalent to

A. Select * from R natural join S

B. Select * from R cross join S

C. Select * from R union join S

D. Select * from R inner join S

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Select * from R cross join S

OLAP Questions and Answers
1. OLAP stands for

A. Online analytical processing

B. Online analysis processing

C. Online transaction processing

D. Online aggregate processing

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Online analytical processing
OLAP is the manipulation of information to support decision making
2. Data that can be modeled as dimension attributes and measure attributes are called
_______ data.

A. Multidimensional

B. Singledimensional

C. Measured

D. Dimensional

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Multidimensional
Given a relation used for data analysis, we can identify some of its attributes as
measure attributes, since they measure some value, and can be aggregated
upon.Dimension attribute define the dimensions on which measure attributes,
and summaries of measure attributes, are viewed.
3. The generalization of cross-tab which is represented visually is ____________ which
is also called as data cube.

A. Two dimensional cube

B. Multidimensional cube

C. N-dimensional cube

D. Cuboid

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Two dimensional cube
Each cell in the cube is identified for the values for the three dimensional
attributes.
4. The process of viewing the cross-tab (Single dimensional) with a fixed value of one
attribute is

A. Slicing

B. Dicing

C. Pivoting

D. Both a and b

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Both a and b
For eg., The item name and colour is viewed for a fixed size.
5. The operation of moving from finer-granularity data to a coarser granularity (by means
of aggregation) is called a ________.

A. Rollup

B. Drill down

C. Dicing

D. Pivoting

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Rollup
The opposite operationthat of moving fromcoarser-granularity data to finer-
granularity datais called a drill down.
6. In SQL the cross-tabs are created using

A. Slice

B. Dice

C. Pivot

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Slice
pivot (sum(quantity) for color in (dark,pastel,white)) .
7. What do data warehouses support?

A. OLAP

B. OLTP
 C. OLAP and OLTP

D. Operational databases

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

OLAP

RAID Questions and Answers

1. Which level of RAID refers to disk mirroring with block striping?

A. RAID level 1

B. RAID level 2

C. RAID level 0

D. RAID level 3

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
RAID level 1
RAID level 1 refers to disk mirroring with block striping.
2. Optical disk technology uses

A. Helical scanning

B. DAT

C. a laser beam

D. RAID

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks.
3. With multiple disks, we can improve the transfer rate as well by ___________ data
across multiple disks.

A. Striping

B. Dividing

C. Mirroring
 D. Dividing

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Striping
Data striping consists of splitting the bits of each byte across multiple disks; such
striping is called bitlevel striping.
4. Which one of the following is a Stripping technique ?

A. Byte level stripping

B. Raid level stripping

C. Disk level stripping

D. Block level stripping

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Block level stripping
Block-level striping stripes blocks across multiple disks. It treats the array of disks
as a single large disk, and it gives blocks logical numbers.
5. The RAID level which mirroring is done along with stripping is

A. RAID 1+0

B. RAID 0

C. RAID 2

D. Both a and b

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Both a and b
Mirroring without striping can also be used with arrays of disks, to give the
appearance of a single large, reliable disk.
6. Where performance and reliability are both important, RAID level ____ is used.

A. 0

B. 1

C. 2

D. 0+1

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
 0+1
Mirroring without striping can also be used with arrays of disks, to give the
appearance of a single large, reliable disk.
7. ______________ partitiones data and parity among all N+1 disks, instead of storing
data in N-disks and parity in one disk.

A. Block interleaved parity

B. Block interleaved distributed parity

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Block interleaved distributed parity
In level 5, all disks can participate in satisfying read requests, unlike RAID level 4,
where the parity disk cannot participate, so level 5 increases the total number of
requests that can be met in a given amount of time.
8. Hardware RAID implementations permit _________; that is, faulty disks can be
removed and replaced by new ones without turning power off.

A. Scrapping

B. Swapping

C. Hot swapping

D. None of the mentioned

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Hot swapping reduces the mean time to repair, since replacement of a disk does not
have to wait until a time when the system can be shut down.

9. ___________ is popular for applications such as storage of log files in a database

system, since it offers the best write performance.

A. RAID level 1

B. RAID level 2

C. RAID level 0

D. RAID level 3

Answer: Option A

Explanation:
 RAID level 1 refers to disk mirroring with block striping.

10. ______________ which increases the number of I/O operations needed to write a
single logical block, pays a significant time penalty in terms of write performance.

A. RAID level 1

B. RAID level 2

C. RAID level 5

D. RAID level 3

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

In level 5, all disks can participate in satisfying read requests, unlike RAID level 4, where
the parity disk cannot participate, so level 5 increases the total number of requests that
can be met in a given amount of time.

Relational Algebra Questions and Answers

1. Relational Algebra is a __________ query language that takes two relation as input
and produces another relation as output of the query.

A. Relational

B. Structural

C. Procedural

D. Fundamental

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Procedural
This language has fundamental and other operations which are used on relations
.
2. Which of the following is a fundamental operation in relational algebra ?

A. Set intersection

B. Natural join

C. Assignment

D. None of the mentioned

 Answer: Option D
Explanation:
None of the mentioned
The fundamental operations are select, project, union, set difference, Cartesian
product, and rename.
3. Which of the following is used to denote the selection operation in relational algebra ?

A. Pi (Greek)

B. Sigma (Greek)

C. Lambda (Greek)

D. Omega (Greek)

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Sigma (Greek)
The select operation selects tuples that satisfy a given predicate.
4. For select operation the ________ appear in the subscript and the ___________
argument appears in the paranthesis after the sigma.

A. Predicates, relation

B. Relation, Predicates

C. Operation, Predicates

D. Relation, Operation

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Predicates, relation

5. The ___________ operation, denoted by -, allows us to find tuples that are in one
relation but are not in another.

A. Union

B. Set-difference

C. Difference

D. Intersection

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 Set-difference
The expression r - s produces a relation containing those tuples in r but not in s.
6. Which is a unary operation:

A. Selection operation

B. Primitive operation

C. Projection operation

D. Generalized selection

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Generalized selection
Generalization Selection takes only one argument for operation.
7. Which is a join condition contains an equality operator:

A. Equijoins

B. Cartesian

C. Natural

D. Left

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Equijoins

8. In precedence of set operators the expression is evaluated from

A. Left to left

B. Left to right

C. Right to left

D. From user specification

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Left to right
The expression is evaluated from left to right according to the precedence.
9. Which of the following is not outer join ?

A. Left outer join

 B. Right outer join

C. Full outer join

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
All of the mentioned
The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword combines the result of both LEFT and RIGHT
joins.
10. The assignment operator is denoted by

A. ->

B. =

C. ==

Storage Structure Questions and Answers

1. The storage structure which do not survive system crashes are ______

A. Volatile storage

B. Non-volatile storage

C. Stable storage

D. Dynamic storage

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Volatile storage
Volatile storage, is a computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored
information, in other words it needs power to reach the computer memory.
2. Storage devices like tertiary storage , magnetic disk comes under

A. Volatile storage

B. Non-volatile storage

C. Stable storage

D. Dynamic storage

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Non-volatile storage
Information residing in nonvolatile storage survives system crashes.
3. For a transaction to be durable, its changes need to be written to ________ storage.

A. Volatile storage

B. Non-volatile storage

C. Stable storage

D. Dynamic storage

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Stable storage
Similarly, for a transaction to be atomic, log records need to be written to stable
storage before any changes are made to the database on disk.
4. The unit of storage that can store one are more records in a hash file organization are

A. Buckets

B. Disk pages

C. Blocks

D. Nodes

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Buckets
Buckets are used to store one or more records in a hash file organization.
5. A ______ file system is software that enables multiple computers to share file storage
while maintaining consistent space allocation and file content.

A. Storage

B. Tertiary

C. Secondary

D. Cluster

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Cluster
With a cluster file system, the failure of a computer in the cluster does not make
the file system unavailable.
6. A file produced by a spreadsheet

A. is generally stored on disk in an ASCII text format

B. can be used as is by the DBMS

 C. both a and b

D. none of the above

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
is generally stored on disk in an ASCII text format
ASCII text format uses the standard text file for the changing the value.
7. SDL means _____________

A. Storage Discrete Language

B. Storage Definition Language

C. Storage Definition Localisation

D. Storage Discrete Localisation

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Storage Definition Language
It specifies internal schema and also mapping between two schemas.
8. Which of the following is the process of selecting the data storage and data access
characteristics of the database?

A. Logical database design

B. Physical database design

C. Testing and performance tuning

D. Evaluation and selecting

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Physical database design
Physical database design is the process of selecting the data storage and data
access characteristics of the database.
9. Which of the following is the oldest database model?

A. Relational

B. Hierarchical

C. Physical

D. Network

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
 Network
Network model has data stored in a hierarchical network flow .
10. The process of saving information onto secondary storage devices is referred to as

A. Backing up

B. Restoring

C. Writing

D. Reading

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Writing
The information is written into the secondary storage device .
Triggers Questions and Answers
1. A __________ is a special kind of a store procedure that executes in response to
certain action on the table like insertion, deletion or updation of data.

A. Procedures

B. Triggers

C. Functions

D. None of the mentioned

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Triggers
Triggers are automatically generated when a particular operation takes place.
2. Trigger are supported in

A. Delete

B. Update

C. Views

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Views
The triggers run after an insert, update or delete on a table. They are not
supported for views.
3. The CREATE TRIGGER statement is used to create the trigger. THE _____ clause
specifies the table name on which the trigger is to be attached. The ______ specifies
that this is an AFTER INSERT trigger.

A. for insert, on

B. On, for insert

C. For, insert

D. Both a and c

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
On, for insert
The triggers run after an insert, update or delete on a table. They are not
supported for views.
4. What are the after triggers ?

A. Triggers generated after a particular operation

B. These triggers run after an insert, update or delete on a table

C. These triggers run after an insert, views, update or delete on a table

D. Both b and c

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
These triggers run after an insert, update or delete on a table
AFTER TRIGGERS can be classified further into three types as: AFTER INSERT
Trigger, AFTER UPDATE Trigger. ,AFTER DELETE Trigger.
5. The variables in the triggers are declared using

A. -

B. @

C. /

D. /@

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

@ declare @empid int; where empid is the variable.

6. The default extension for an Oracle SQL*Plus file is:

 A. .txt

B. .pls

C. .ora

D. .sql

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

.sql

7. Which of the following is NOT an Oracle-supported trigger?

A. BEFORE

B. DURING

C. AFTER

D. INSTEAD OF

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

DURING

8. What are the different in triggers ?

A. Define, Create

B. Drop, Comment

C. Insert, Update, Delete

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Insert, Update, Delete
Triggers are not possible for create,drop.
9. Triggers ________ enabled or disabled

A. Can be

B. Cannot be
 C. Ought to be

D. Always

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Can be
Triggers can be manipulated.
10. Which prefixes are available to Oracle triggers?

A. : new only

B. : old only

C. Both :new and : old

D. Neither :new nor : old

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Both :new and : old

Constraints Questions and Answers

1. To include integrity constraint in a existing relation use :

A. Create table

B. Modify table

C. Alter table

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Alter table
SYNTAX alter table table-name add constraint , where constraint can be any
constraint on the relation.
2. Which of the following is not a integrity constraint ?

A. Not null

B. Positive

C. Unique

D. Check predicate
 Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Positive
Positive is a value and not a constraint.
3. Foreign key is the one in which the ________ of one relation is referenced in another
relation.

A. Foreign key

B. Primary key

C. References

D. Check constraint

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Primary key
The foreign-key declaration specifies that for each course tuple, the department
name specified in the tuple must exist in the department relation.
4. Domain constraints, functional dependency and referential integrity are special forms
of _________.

A. Foreign key

B. Primary key

C. Assertion

D. Referential constraint

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Assertion
An assertion is a predicate expressing a condition we wish the database to
always satisfy.
5. Which of the following is the right syntax for assertion?

A. Create assertion 'assertion-name' check 'predicate';

B. Create assertion check 'predicate' 'assertion-name';

C. Create assertions 'predicates';

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option A

Explanation:
 Create assertion 'assertion-name' check 'predicate';

6. Data integrity constraints are used to:

A. Control who is allowed access to the data

B. Ensure that duplicate records are not entered into the table

C. Improve the quality of data entered for a specific property (i.e., table column)

D. Prevent users from changing the values stored in the table

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Improve the quality of data entered for a specific property (i.e., table column)

7. Which of the following can be addressed by enforcing a referential integrity

constraint?

A. All phone numbers must include the area code

B. Certain fields are required (such as the email address, or phone number)
before the record is accepted

C. Information on the customer must be known before anything can be sold to

that custome

D. When entering an order quantity, the user must input a number and not some
text (i.e., 12 rather than a dozen)

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Information on the customer must be known before anything can be sold to that custome
The information can be referred and obtained .
8. _____________, express the number of entities to which another entity can be
associated via a relationship set.

A. Mapping Cardinality

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Mapping Cardinality
Mapping cardinality is also called as cardinality ratio.
9. An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B, and an entity in B is
associated with at most one entity in A.This is called as

A. One-to-many
 B. One-to-one

C. Many-to-many

D. Many-to-one

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
One-to-one
Here one entity in one set is related to one one entity in other set.
10. An entity in A is associated with at most one entity in B. An entity in B, however, can
be associated with any number (zero or more) of entities in A.

A. One-to-many

B. One-to-one

C. Many-to-many

D. Many-to-one

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Many-to-one
Here more than one entity in one set is related to one one entity in other set.
11. Data integrity constraints are used to

A. Control who is allowed access to the data

B. Ensure that duplicate records are not entered into the table

C. Improve the quality of data entered for a specific property

D. Prevent users from changing the values stored in the table

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Improve the quality of data entered for a specific property
The data entered will be in a particular cell (i.e., table column) .
12. Establishing limits on allowable property values, and specifying a set of acceptable,
predefined options that can be assigned to a property are examples of:

A. Attributes

B. Data integrity constraints

C. Method constraints

D. Referential integrity constraints

 Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Data integrity constraints
Only particular value satsfying the constraints are entered in column .
13. Which of the following can be addressed by enforcing a referential integrity
constraint?

A. All phone numbers must include the area code

B. Certain fields are required (such as the email address, or phone number)
before the record is accepted

C. Information on the customer must be known before anything can be sold to

that customer

D. Then entering an order quantity, the user must input a number and not some
text (i.e., 12 rather than a dozen)

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Information on the customer must be known before anything can be sold to that customer

14. ______ is a special type of integrity constraint that relates two relations & maintains
consistency across the relations.

A. Entity Integrity Constraints

B. Referential Integrity Constraints

C. Domain Integrity Constraints

D. Domain Constraints

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Referential Integrity Constraints

15. Which one of the following uniquely identifies the elements in the relation?

A.

Secondary Key

B. Primary key
 C. Foreign key

D. Composite key

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Primary key
Primary key checks for not null and uniqueness constraint
16. Drop Table cannot be used to drop a table referenced by a _________ constraint.

A. Local Key

B. Primary Key

C. Composite Key

D. Foreign Key

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Foreign Key
Foreign key is used when primary key of one relation is used in another relation .
17. ____________ is preferred method for enforcing data integrity

A. Constraints

B. Stored Procedure

C. Triggers

D. Cursors

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Constraints
Constraints are specified to restrict entries in the relation.
DBMS Keys Questions and Answers
1. Which one of the following is a set of one or more attributes taken collectively to
uniquely identify a record?

A. Candidate key

B. Sub key

C. Super key

D. Foreign key
 Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Super key
Super key is the superset of all the keys in a relation.
2. Consider attributes ID , CITY and NAME . Which one of this can be considered as a
super key ?

A. NAME

B. ID

C. CITY

D. CITY , ID

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
ID
Here the id is the only attribute which can be taken as a key. Other attributes are
not uniquely identified .
3. The subset of super key is a candidate key under what condition ?

A. No proper subset is a super key

B. All subsets are super keys

C. Subset is a super key

D. Each subset is a super key

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
No proper subset is a super key
The subset of a set cannot be the same set.Candidate key is a set from a super
key which cannot be the whole of the super set
4. A _____ is a property of the entire relation, rather than of the individual tuples in which
each tuple is unique.

A. Rows

B. Key

C. Attribute

D. Fields

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Key
 Key is the constraint which specifies uniqueness.
5. Which one of the following attribute can be taken as a primary key ?

A. Name

B. Street

C. Id

D. Department

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Id
The attributes name , street and department can repeat for some tuples.But the
id attribute has to be unique .So it forms a primary key.
6. Which one of the following cannot be taken as a primary key ?

A. Id

B. Register number

C. Dept_id

D. Street

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Street
Street is the only attribute which can occur more than once.
7. A attribute in a relation is a foreign key if the _______ key from one relation is used as
an attribute in that relation .

A. Candidate

B. Primary

C. Super

D. Sub

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Primary
The primary key has to be referred in the other relation to form a foreign key in
that relation .
8. The relation with the attribute which is the primary key is referenced in another
relation. The relation which has the attribute as primary key is called

A. Referential relation
 B. Referencing relation

C. Referenced relation

D. Referred relation

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Referencing relation

9. The ______ is the one in which the primary key of one relation is used as a normal
attribute in another relation .

A. Referential relation

B. Referencing relation

C. Referenced relation

D. Referred relation

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Referenced relation

10. A _________ integrity constraint requires that the values appearing in specified
attributes of any tuple in the referencing relation also appear in specified attributes of at
least one tuple in the referenced relation.

A. Referential

B. Referencing

C. Specific

D. Primary

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Referential
A relation, say r1, may include among its attributes the primary key of another
relation, say r2. This attribute is called a foreign key from r1, referencing r2. The
relation r1 is also called the referencing relation of the foreign key dependency,
and r2 is called the referenced relation of the foreign key.
11. The situation where the lock waits only for a specified amount of time for another
lock to be released is

A. Lock timeout

B. Wait-wound

C. Timeout

D. Wait

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Lock timeout
The timeout scheme is particularly easy to implement, and works well if
transactions are short and if longwaits are likely to be due to deadlocks.
Indexes Questions and Answers
1. What is the purpose of index in sql server

A. To enhance the query performance

B. To provide an index to a record

C. To perform fast searches

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
All of the mentioned
A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval
operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes.
2. How many types of indexes are there in sql server?

A. 1

B. 2

C. 3

D. 4

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
2
They are clustered index and non clustered index.
3. How non clustered index point to the data?

A. It never points to anything

 B. It points to a data row

C. It is used for pointing data rows containing key values

D. None of the mentioned

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
It is used for pointing data rows containing key values
Nonclustered indexes have a structure separate from the data rows. A
nonclustered index contains the nonclustered index key values and each key
value entry has a pointer to the data row that contains the key value.
4. Which one is true about clustered index?

A. Clustered index is not associated with table

B. Clustered index is built by default on unique key columns

C. Clustered index is not built on unique key columns

D. None of the mentioned

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Clustered index is built by default on unique key columns
Nonclustered indexes have a structure separate from the data rows. A
nonclustered index contains the nonclustered index key values and each key
value entry has a pointer to the data row that contains the key value.
5. What is true about indexes?

A. Indexes enhance the performance even if the table is updated frequently

B. It makes harder for sql server engines to work to work on index which have
large keys

C. It doesnt make harder for sql server engines to work to work on index which
have large keys

D. None of the mentioned

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
It makes harder for sql server engines to work to work on index which have large keys
Indexes tend to improve the performance.
6. Does index take space in the disk ?

A. It stores memory as and when required

B. Yes, Indexes are stored on disk

 C. Indexes are never stored on disk

D. Indexes take no space

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Yes, Indexes are stored on disk
Indexes take memory slots which are located on the disk.
7. What are composite indexes ?

A. Are those which are composed by database for its internal use

B. A composite index is a combination of index on 2 or more columns

C. Composite index can never be created

D. None of the mentioned

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A composite index is a combination of index on 2 or more columns
A composite index is an index on two or more columns of a table.
8. If an index is _________________ the metadata and statistics continue to exists

A. Disabling

B. Dropping

C. Altering

D. Both a and b

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Disabling
A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval
operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes.
9. In _______________ index instead of storing all the columns for a record together,
each column is stored separately with all other rows in an index.

A. Clustered

B. Column store

C. Non clustered

D. Row store

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
 Column store
A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval
operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes.
10. A _________________ index is the one which satisfies all the columns requested in
the query without performing further lookup into the clustered index.

A. Clustered

B. Non Clustered

C. Covering

D. B-Tree

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Covering
A covered query is a query where all the columns in the querys result set are
pulled from non-clustered indexes.
Normal Forms Questions and Answers
1. In the __________ normal form, a composite attribute is converted to individual
attributes.

A. First

B. Second

C. Third

D. Fourth

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
First
The first normal form is used to eliminate the duplicate information.
2. A table on the many side of a one to many or many to many relationship must:

A. Be in Second Normal Form (2NF)

B. Be in Third Normal Form (3NF)

C. Have a single attribute key

D. Have a composite key

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Have a composite key
 The relation in second normal form is also in first normal form and no partial
dependencies on any column in primary key.
3. Tables in second normal form (2NF):

A. Eliminate all hidden dependencies

B. Eliminate the possibility of a insertion anomalies

C. Have a composite key

D. Have all non key fields depend on the whole primary key

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Eliminate all hidden dependencies
The relation in second normal form is also in first normal form and no partial
dependencies on any column in primary key.
4. Which-one ofthe following statements about normal forms is FALSE?

A. BCNF is stricter than 3 NF

B. Lossless, dependency -preserving decomposition into 3 NF is always possible

C. Loss less, dependency preserving decomposition into BCNF is always

possible

D. Any relation with two attributes is BCNF View Answer

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Loss less, dependency preserving decomposition into BCNF is always possible
We say that the decomposition is a lossless decomposition if there is no loss of
information by replacing r (R) with two relation schemas r1(R1) andr2(R2).
5. Functional Dependencies are the types of constraints that are based on______

A. Key

B. Key revisited

C. Superset key

D. None of these

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Key
Key is the basic element needed for the constraints.
6. Which is a bottom-up approach to database design that design by examining the
relationship between attributes:
 A. Functional dependency

B. Database modeling

C. Normalization

D. Decomposition

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Normalization
Normalisation is the process of removing redundancy and unwanted data.

7. Which forms simplifies and ensures that there is minimal data aggregates and
repetitive groups:

A. 1NF

B. 2NF

C. 3NF

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
3NF
The first normal form is used to eliminate the duplicate information.
8. Which forms has a relation that possesses data about an individual entity:

A. 2NF

B. 3NF

C. 4NF

D. 5NF

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
4NF
A Table is in 4NF if and only if, for every one of its non-trivial multivalued
dependencies X \twoheadrightarrow Y, X is a superkeythat is, X is either a
candidate key or a superset thereof.
9. Which forms are based on the concept of functional dependency:

A. 1NF

B. 2NF
 C. 3NF

D. 4NF

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
3NF
The table is in 3NF if every non-prime attribute of R is non-transitively dependent
(i.e. directly dependent) on every superkey of R.
10. Empdt1(empcode, name, street, city, state,pincode). For any pincode, there is only
one city and state. Also, for given street, city and state, there is just one pincode. In
normalization terms, empdt1 is a relation in

A. 1 NF only

B. 2 NF and hence also in 1 NF

C. 3NF and hence also in 2NF and 1NF

D. BCNF and hence also in 3NF, 2NF and 1NF View Answer

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
2 NF and hence also in 1 NF
The relation in second normal form is also in first normal form and no partial
dependencies on any column in primary key.
Physical Storage Media Questions and Answers
1. Which of the following is a physical storage media ?

A. Tape Storage

B. Optical Storage

C. Flash memory

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

All of the mentioned The storage media are classified by the speed with which data can
be accessed, by the cost per unit of data to buy the medium, and by the mediums
reliability.

2. The _________ is the fastest and most costly form of storage, which is relatively
small; its use is managed by the computer system hardware.
 A. Cache

B. Disk

C. Main memory

D. Flash memory

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Cache
Cache storage is easy to access because it is closer to the processor.
3. Which of the following stores several gigabytes of data but usually lost when power
failure?

A. Flash memory

B. Disk

C. Main memory

D. Secondary memory

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Main memory
The contents of main memory are usually lost if a power failure or system crash
occurs.
4. The flash memory storage used are

A. NOR Flash

B. OR Flash

C. AND Flash

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
NOR Flash
NAND flash has a much higher storage capacity for a given cost, and is widely
used for data storage in devices such as cameras, music players, and cell
phones.
5. __________ is increasingly being used in server systems to improve performance by
caching frequently used data, since it provides faster access than disk, with larger
storage capacity than main memory.

A. Flash memory
 B. Disk

C. Main memory

D. Secondary memory

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Flash memory
Flash memory is of two types NAND and NOR.
6. Which is the cheapest memory device in terms of costs/bit ?

A. Semiconductor memory

B. Magnetic disks

C. Compact disks

D. Magnetic tapes

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Compact disks
Compact disk is used for easy storage at lower cost .
7. The primary medium for the long-term online storage of data is the __________
where the entire database is stored on magnetic disk.

A. Semiconductor memory

B. Magnetic disks

C. Compact disks

D. Magnetic tapes

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Magnetic disks
The system must move the data from disk to main memory so that they can be
accessed .
8. Optical disk _______ systems contain a few drives and numerous disks that can be
loaded into one of the drives automatically (by a robot arm) on demand.

A. Tape Storage

B. Jukebox

C. Flash memory

D. All of the mentioned

 Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Jukebox
The most popular form of optical disks are CD and DVD.
9. There are record-once versions of compact disk and digital video disk, which can be
written only once; such disks are also called __________ disks.

A. Write-once, read-many (WORM)

B. CD-R

C. DVD-W

D. CD-ROM

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Write-once, read-many (WORM)
There are also multiple-write versions of compact disk (called CD-RW) and
digital video disk (DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM), which can be written
multiple times.
10. Tape storage is referred to as __________ storage.

A. Direct-access

B. Random-access

C. Sequential-access

D. All of the mentioned

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Sequential-access
Tape storage is used primarily for backup and archival data.
RDBMS Questions and Answers
1. A relational database consists of a collection of

A. Tables

B. Fields

C. Records

D. Keys

Answer: Option A
 Explanation:

Fields are the column of the relation or tables.Records are each row in relation.Keys are
the constraints in a relation .

2. A ________ in a table represents a relationship among a set of values.

A. Column

B. Key

C. Row

D. Entry

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Column has only one set of values.Keys are constraints and row is one whole set of
attributes.Entry is just a piece of data.

3. The term _______ is used to refer to a row.

A. Attribute

B. Tuple

C. Field

D. Instance

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Tuple
Tuple is one entry of the relation with several attributes which are fields.
4. The term attribute refers to a ___________ of a table.

A. Record

B. Column

C. Tuple

D. Key

Answer: Option B
 Explanation:

Attribute is a specific domain in the relation which has entries of all tuples.

5. For each attribute of a relation, there is a set of permitted values, called the ________
of that attribute.

A. Domain

B. Relation

C. Set

D. Schema

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

The values of the attribute should be present in the domain.Domain is a set of values
permitted .

6. Database __________ , which is the logical design of the database, and the database
_______,which is a snapshot of the data in the database at a given instant in time.

A. Instance, Schema

B. Relation, Schema

C. Relation, Domain

D. Schema, Instance

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Schema, Instance
Instance is a instance of time and schema is a representation.
7. A domain is atomic if elements of the domain are considered to be ____________
units.

A. Different

B. Indivisbile

C. Constant

D. Divisible

Answer: Option B
 Explanation:

Indivisbile

8. The tuples of the relations can be of ________ order.

A. Any

B. Same

C. Sorted

D. Constant

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Any
The values only count .The order of the tuples does not matter.
9. Using which language can a user request information from a database ?

A. Query

B. Relational

C. Structural

D. Compiler

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Query
Query language is a method through which the database entries can be
accessed.
10. Student(ID, name, dept name, tot_cred) In this query which attribute form the
primary key?

A. Name

B. Dept

C. Tot_cred

D. ID

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

ID The attributes name ,dept and tot_cred can have same values unlike ID .
11. Which one of the following is a procedural language ?

A. Domain relational calculus

B. Tuple relational calculus

C. Relational algebra

D. Query language

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Relational algebra
Domain and Tuple relational calculus are non-procedural language.Query
language is a method through which the database entries can be accessed.
12. The_____ operation allows the combining of two relations by merging pairs of tuples,
one from each relation, into a single tuple.

A. Select

B. Join

C. Union

D. Intersection

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Join
Join finds the common tuple in the relations and combines it.
13. The result which operation contains all pairs of tuples from the two relations,
regardless of whether their attribute values match.

A. Join

B. Cartesian product

C. Intersection

D. Set difference

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Cartesian product
Cartesian product is the multiplication of all the values in the attributes.
14. The _______operation performs a set union of two similarly structured tables

A. Union

B. Join
 C. Product

D. Intersect

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Union
Union just combines all the values of relations of same attributes.
5. The most commonly used operation in relational algebra for projecting a set of tuple
from a relation is

A. Join

B. Projection

C. Select

D. Union

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Select
Select is used to view the tuples of the relation with or without some constraints.
16. The _______ operator takes the results of two queries and returns only rows that
appear in both result sets.

A. Union

B. Intersect

C. Difference

D. Projection

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Intersect
The union operator gives the result which is the union of two queries and
difference is the one where query which is not a part of second query .
17. A ________ is a pictorial depiction of the schema of a database that shows the
relations in the database, their attributes, and primary keys and foreign keys.

A. Schema diagram

B. Relational algebra

C. Database diagram

D. Schema flow
 Answer: Option A

Explanation:

Schema diagram

18. The _________ provides a set of operations that take one or more relations as input
and return a relation as an output

A. Schematic representation

B. Relational algebra

C. Scheme diagram

D. Relation flow

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Relational algebra

SQL Basics Questions and Answers

1. Which one of the following is used to define the structure of the relation ,deleting
relations and relating schemas ?

A. DML(Data Manipulation Langauge)

B. DDL(Data Definition Langauge)

C. Query

D. Relational Schema

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
DDL(Data Definition Langauge)
Data Definition language is the language which performs all the operation in
defining structure of relation.
2. Which one of the following provides the ability to query information from the database
and to insert tuples into, delete tuples from, and modify tuples in the database ?

A. DML(Data Manipulation Langauge)

B. DDL(Data Definition Langauge)

C. Query
 D. Relational Schema

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
DML(Data Manipulation Langauge)
DML performs change in the values of the relation .
3. Create table employee (name varchar ,id integer) What type of statement is this ?

A. DML

B. DDL

C. View

D. Integrity constraint

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
DDL
Data Definition language is the language which performs all the operation in
defining structure of relation.
4. Select * from employee What type of statement is this?

A. DML

B. DDL

C. View

D. Integrity constraint

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
DML
Select operation just shows the required fields of the relation. So it forms a DML
5. The basic data type char(n) is a _____ length character string and varchar(n) is _____
length character.

A. Fixed, equal

B. Equal, variable

C. Fixed, variable

D. Variable, equal

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
Fixed, variable
 Varchar changes its length accordingly whereas char has a specific length which
has to be filled by either letters or spaces .
6. An attribute A of datatype varchar(20) has the value Avi . The attribute B of datatype
char(20) has value Reed .Here attribute A has ____ spaces and attribute B has ____
spaces .

A. 3, 20

B. 20, 4

C. 20 , 20

D. 3, 4

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
3, 20
Varchar changes its length accordingly whereas char has a specific length which
has to be filled by either letters or spaces.
7. To remove a relation from an SQL database, we use the ______ command.

A. Delete

B. Purge

C. Remove

D. Drop table

Answer: Option D
Explanation:
Drop table
Drop table deletes the whole structure of the relation .purge removes the table
which cannot be obtained again.
8. Delete from r; r relation This command performs which of the following action ?

A. Remove relation

B. Clear relation entries

C. Delete fields

D. Delete rows

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Clear relation entries
Delete command removes the entries in the table.
9. Insert into instructor values (10211, Smith, Biology, 66000); What type of statement
is this ?
 A. Query

B. DML

C. Relational

D. DDL

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
DML
The values are manipulated .So it is a DML .
10. Updates that violate __________ are disallowed .

A. Integrity constraints

B. Transaction control

C. Authorization

D. DDL constraints

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Integrity constraints
Integrity constraint has to be maintained in the entries of the relation .
11. SQL applies predicates in the _______ clause after groups have been formed, so
aggregate functions may be used.

A. Group by

B. With

C. Where

D. Having

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
With
The with clause provides away of defining a temporary relation whose definition
is available only to the query in which the with clause occurs..
12. Aggregate functions can be used in the select list or the_______clause of a select
statement or subquery. They cannot be used in a ______ clause.

A. Where, having

B. Having, where

C. Group by, having

 D. Group by, where

Answer: Option B
Explanation:
Having, where
To include aggregate functions having clause must be included after where.
13. he ________ keyword is used to access attributes of preceding tables or subqueries
in the from clause.

A. In

B. Lateral

C. Having

D. With

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Lateral

14. Which of the following creates temporary relation for the query on which it is
defined ?

A. With

B. From

C. Where

D. Select

Answer: Option A

Explanation:

The with clause provides away of defining a temporary relation whose definition is
available only to the query in which the with clause occurs..

15. Subqueries cannot:

A. Use group by or group functions

B. Retrieve data from a table different from the one in the outer query

C. Join tables
 D. Appear in select, update, delete, insert statements.

Answer: Option C

Explanation:

Join tables

16. Which of the following is not a aggregate function ?

A. Avg

B. Sum

C. With

D. Min

Answer: Option C
Explanation:
With
With is used to create temporary relation and its not a aggregate function.
17. The EXISTS keyword will be true if:

A. Any row in the subquery meets the condition only.

B. All rows in the subquery fail the condition only.

C. Both of these two conditions are met.

D. Neither of these two conditions is met. View Answer

Answer: Option A
Explanation:
Any row in the subquery meets the condition only.
EXISTS keyword checks for existance of condition.
18. How can you find rows that do not match some specified condition?

A. EXISTS

B. Double use of NOT EXISTS

C. NOT EXISTS

D. None of the mentioned is correct.

Answer: Option B

Explanation:
 Double use of NOT EXISTS