— CHAPTER 7 : BASIC STRUCTURAL SUBSYSTEMS = —— ome 2of3 ZAMIL STEEL oe ao— en RS ae LSet ZAMIL STEEL Section72 —: Bracing rn DETAL }: PORTAL FRAME DETAL) + CABLE ORROD BRACING WITH STRUT TUBE FONECHAPTER 7 : BASIC STRUCTURAL SUBSYSTEMS ————s The Endwall Frame of a pre-engineered building may be designed as a main Rigid Frame (RE), i.e., similar to an interior frame, or asa Post-and- Beam (P&B) frame. Post-and-Beam Endwall The Post-and-Beam endwall system of framing. consists of columns (posts), with pinned ends, supporting endwall rafters. Girts are flush-framed, between posts to provide lateral stability and a neat, appearance Post-and-Beam endwalls are assumed to be laterally stiff due to the flush-framed girts and the diaphragm effect of the wall sheeting. The diaphragm action is proven to be sufficient enough to resist the transverse wind force acting on the small tributary area of the sidewall. Where a blockwall is required in place of the wall sheeting, angle clips are provided at certain locations along the posts to tie them to the blockwall in order to ensure the frame’s stability. Endwall posts ate designed to carry both vertical loads and horizontal wind loads. Rigid Frame Endwall A Rigid Frame endwall is typically used when a building is designed for a future expansion along the length of the building, when a crane system (runway beam) extends to the end of the building or when large unobstructed openings are required in the endwall. This type of frame is usually designed to withstand a full bay load and is normally identical to an interior main rigid frame. 4of15 ZAMIL STEEL. ——— When a main rigid frame is used, a distance of 385 ‘mm is maintained between the centerline of the main frame column and the outside flange of endwall posts (i.e. the endwall steel line). This is to provide sufficient lap for purlins and girts in case of a future expansion, Endwall posts provided in this type of framing system are designed to carry horizontal wind forces only. Standard endwall post spacing is 6 m, but this may be changed to accommodate special needs such as very wide doors. SS Mihi: \ i NG, . NN— Sen 2S ee ee NSE SS) ZAMIL STEEL sg, 73: Endwall DoF is FORDETAILS “1 TO“IS SEE PAGES3 TO 15OF THSSECTIONCHAPTER 7 : BASIC STRUCTU! — a = Section73—: Endwalls 30f15 | ZAMIL STEEL : SS a a i BR, EY “Ege, eo state ' Bakes ee x wr . & Sey so 5 Me 58 eee Raat oad Ase) | Em | swine, | (ISOMETRIC : “BUILT-UP" CORNERPOST— en RS ae LSet ZAMIL STEEL " Section73—: nana Ye ANCHOR BOLTS INTERIOR POST or enowa ia (ISOMETRIC :“BULT-UP’ INTERIOR POST INTERIOR POST AT BASE OF P&B ORRF.ENDWALLCIaiaa nan lorsun MS == ; . ZAmic STEEL Section73 —: Endwalls 5of15 MEMO post #0 | 0 Guururseenon ‘bows eON Re & = a a“ _9o ISOMETRIC :'DOUBLE-C’ INTERIOR POST (ISOMETRIC :“SINGLE-C' INTERIOR POST INTERIOR POST AT GIRTOF P8BORRF.ENDWALL— en RS ae LSet ZAMIL STEEL Section73 Bers aad ot gine" at Se ae at th P ENOWALLGIRT a 8g g SIDEWALL ORT sveerngcur wane ISOMETRIC): “SINGLE-C” CORNER POST ISOMETRIC): ‘DOUBLE-C’ CORNER POSTSe en eee Section7.3 ce oof is Gorn rae a es | 7 200 eg w | BomcRr US ome a ces a re Ly som | comme “SIDEWALL GIRT 4 | | | By ocr swe Ag score : ie SHEETWOANGLE awl a7 . romun Z al comemcewy sorrena.ecym, DETALA es ORES ME are , - ee é ‘ eter (CETAL—6) : CENTER POST ATRIDGE OF RIGID FRAME ENDWALL.— = perme CHAPTER 7 : BASIC STRUCTURAL SUB‘ mst) ZAMIL STEEL ‘Section73 5 B0F15 yea o & : Se aac mvoue wy SLOTTED Hote (vP) ELEVATION) INTERIOR SPANNER Fi Eenatem vow BRM INTERIOR SeRINER 2 SHEAR Post | r® na | | i eae | aes i eee £ Ea i tt ELEVATION)aaa ati Qofi5 | ZAMIL STEEL SS cr mai FRAME (SOVETRE ) © (GEVATON) PURLIN CONNECTION AT RIGID FRAME RAFTER OF RIGID FRAME ENDWALL PAB RIDGE SPANNER F [SHEETING ANGLE =, coal arin we. oor une a ym | | a | ial ‘EH : i no eee has tom conan ost SEES" GEVATON ra nocesnonen Bem woe ssa noce me » monet Fete [SHEETINGANGLE ? 3 3 ; . “nema fa RN STEELE ' [ENDWALL CENTER POST ees Cam) [ass enscaenvesr (FLAN) [ence secnow Simmer ee (GEALSaD)SNGLEC CENTERPOST ATROGEOFP RBENDWAL—a en RS ae LSet ZAMIL STEEL 73: us Roce seawe H ROOF uN af t ‘E : pomesseeron CETAIL-H ase sown A WElorsm 10 path Panncesoneien somes A 4 a ‘pal | arene | cee * saa eens =a ceca Sn emmoroonwe eee SET Gee oe at agormuceenrosr Suicnaee =a) za Fettke (PAB RIDGE SPANNER. a Sacer ca 3 i Hy 3 Sermon * omar “a | womu sine are “gee “TFscrsewarcsmionnon |” sreeceworane nursery 2 BOA arreRoweeasuicur (SECTIONK) (GETAL—=10) BULTUP CeNTERPOST ATROGEOFP ABENDWALau Se ‘Mofis ZAMIL STEEL SS ramacnsruner - © oe (ree =— a = ‘ al | a 7 = eee Whalers oe tthe oo + J 8 4 SSS a as L ME 5 even, ever. une ' [EXTENDED END PLATES serrizisgore een (DETAL - 11) :“SINGLE-C’ INTERIOR POST ATINTERIOR OF P &BENDWALL N ae FUN nee 6 _ oe Ti * paogemuyrree eee cee La Seed es yeoman CETALN cesncenoesnan CEYATON SEE ae oe Bette 5 eat ce a ce sees ‘€ aL RoR rose pee read DETAIL —11) :‘DOUBLE-—C’ INTERIOR POST AT INTERIOR OF P &BENDWALL— Sen 2S ee ee NSE SS) Zokes=— Section73 —: Endwals 120f15 ‘pas wrenion sounner \P. seer /ROOF LINE co ane asim maar Py man Weviexssmm tone Seth Pa INTERIOR SPANNER. Z ‘mucrorsecrow ‘aurursceren cola ee caren DETAL —11) : “BUILT-UP” INTERIOR POST AT INTERIOR OF P &BENDWALL ewe strur ROOF UNE (Brotecsecrou ; a | } EAVE STRUTCUP. | Seeeanet b a 2 area me u aero SSwatecsecro La (ELEVATION eel ase eamne)— Bus SS Section 73 130f15 ZAMIL STEEL | aareer ——o # ene sma pooeune fl i | e D> pt , Gr) ma] iy Q qe | " is og i | i a | I a aauancemgto if eee Bgmscomen / Pe! Pe or BEVATON) | oe eon (DETAL — 12) :DOUBLE-C’ CORNER POST ATEAVEOFP &BENDWALL . sean # “Pp exon QUAL CORNER u me eo | LEAVE STRUT- [ROOF LINE # env 2 Sino jt | Be =i D> 4.—-—-+ \ . | i - i 2 i. i & ‘ i 8 \ i it ie ygsreur fee ote 2 a a! i a oo “= | PULFUPSECTION) |IBULT.UP SECTION) rg ELEVATION ENONALL RATER CaN BE ABUL BUILT-UP’ CORNER POST ATEAVE OF P &BENDWALL— pepremereeg CHAPTER 7 : BASIC STRI ZAMIL STEEL " Section73—: cup te Bt maeeuag™ | oe 2 1 (SOVEIRC) pe San ewsseninamomcar aah eee AEVATON : PURLIN CONNECTION AT ‘DOUBLE-C’ RAFTER OF P &BENDWALLaaa Pun 2X25 itp steeteocs as enon : ‘o aL secon ty as Bag rs ea ELEVATION th (| "aa gi (SOVETRC) 5 ‘he WoT OF THE PaB ENOWALL RAFTER (ULEUP SECTON Shown Tes TS EGUALTO.OR ABOVE 130. WE (CETAL —13) :PURLINCONNECTION AT ‘BUILT-UP’ RAFTER OF P &BENDWALL Pun Sete & oe “ pag ona (BI sEcTo 9 aa Res sa Ea aa e enor oF rie PaB eNOWALL RAFTER BLEU eecTONy (DETAL—13) : PURLIN CONNECTION AT'BUILT-UP” RAFTER OF P &BENDWALL— aA str RCL ual =| SAR Zeta Lege CAVES SS) SUEY) ZAMIL STEEL" Section74 A jack beam is a horizontal structural member. It normally spans between two alternate frames in order to support the roof rafter of the intermediate frame at a column location when that column has to be removed to provide clear space at the finished floor level. Within exterior walls, jack beams are required when a bay longer than 10 m is desired along the length ofa building. This is sometimes necessary when a long bay is specified due to frequent movement of large equipment or trailers that load and unload materials inside a factory or a warehouse. The use of jack beams allows bay lengths of up to 20 m. In the interior, jack beams are encountered at the top of interior columns of Multi-Span buildings when one or more of the interior columns must to be removed to provide clear space at the finished floor level. : JackBeams 10f5 Zamil Steel jack beams can be straight or tapered built-up sections and are designed to support verti- cal and horizontal loads when used in exterior sidewall applications, and vertical loads only when used in interior Multi-Span applications.at ot 2of5 ZAMIL STEEL ———— ese RlciberAME cave STRUT Renee | | |. te | (ELEVATION) : JACK BEAM ATSIDEWALL—a en RS ae LSet ZAMIL STEEL Soction74. 7 STIFFENER INeAR SO FIR SOE) PURUN AVE STRUT eave STRUT CUP HicH sTReNaTH BOLTS cousser use Hl (Ziennvem 1 E : snwaeate i Ito ANE RAFTER noKeent OR IMTERIOR RID (nm tan xn TKat ot 40f5 | ZAMIL STEEL = IsIO FRAME PURUN aires reson ACK BEAM ! Rei ne Eston ncerion Rigi ane Sto FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL ay aay 2eavs— en RS ae LSet ZAMILSTEEL "Seton nae SEs imete" ROOF LINE ruanoe srar STIFFENER Cem ensdemTa (SOVETRIG : WOK BEAM ATMDOLE OF RAFTER HIGH STRENGTH BOUTS icin rrawe Rater InewaaND Fa soE) Fuance stay SSTFFENERS (sem me TH) INTERIOR JACK BEAM JACK BEAM AT INTERMEDIATE SPAN OF RAFTERCGE RAM cLa mes occliaLs = Section 7.5 Expansion Joints Materials expand when heated and contract when cooled. The amount of expansion or contraction, depends on the type of the material and its molecular structure. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is a measure of the incremental increase in the length ofa member per unit length resulting from a single unit increase (°C or °F) in temperature. ‘When a member is restrained from free movement during expansion or contraction, stresses develop in the member. These thermally induced stresses may be compressive or tensile depending on whether the restrained member is undergoing expansion or contraction. If these additional stresses, are not considered in the design of that member, failure may occur. Thus, expansion joints are provided at certain intervals along a member to absorb accumulated incremental movements resulting from temperature changes during the life of the structure In steel construction proven guidelines exist for calculating the required distance between expansion joints and for determining the type of fastener slots that must be provided to insure that the structure can expand and contract freely. A safe but very expensive practice for releasing longitudinal thermal stress requires the provision of double rigid frames at expansion joint locations. We believe that this is unnecessary unless there is a requirement for a fire wall at the longitudinal expansion joint location. Zamil Steel's standard practice for releasing exces- sive longitudinal thermal stresses is to use only one rigid frame at the location where an expansion joint is required and to provide slotted purlin holes at the location of the expansion joint that can absorb ther- ‘mal movements at that point. 1ofs ZAMIL STEEL. —— The following table shows the temperature variations during the year in different locations of Saudi Arabia. a ‘Temperature Variation °K ) Jeddah 20.0 Jizan 20.0 Alvwajh 25.0 Yanbu 25.0 Dammam 30.0 Madina 30.0 Najran 30.0 Khamis Mushait 35.0 Riyadh 35.0 Taif 40.0 Tabouk 40.0 Hail 40.0 39