RunningHead:HOWTHELACKOFACCESSTOHEALTHCAREAFFECTSSOCIETIES1
HowDoestheLackofAccesstoHealthCare
AffectLeastDevelopingCountriesandTheirSocieties?
DessiryV.Eugenio
GlobalConnections
Instructor:GregoryFalls
December2016
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 2
Abstract
Povertyisanimmenseandcontinualproblemthroughouttheworld.Impoverished
peoplearethemostpronetobecomingillduetopreventableortransmittablediseasesespecially
indevelopingcountries.Multiplefactorsaffectwhyaccesstohealthcareinleastdeveloping
countriesissuchanobstacle.Frequently,toovercomethesefactorsmanyfamiliessacrificetheir
economicsecurityandwithouteconomicsecurityitsdifficultforpopulationstothriveina
community.Itisprominentthatactionsaretakentoincreaseaccesstohealthtothosewho
cannoteasilyreceiveit.Ifhealthcarewasmoreaccessibletogrowingpopulations,poverty
levelswilllowerandthenegativesocial,economical,andpoliticaleffectsfromitwillslowly
diminish.Overall,thispaperservestoeducatereadersofthecorrelationbetweenthelackof
accesstohealthcareindevelopingcountriesandtheeffectsithasontheirsocieties.Ifmore
peopleareeducatedonthetopic,thananunderstandingwillbedeveloped.Itscrucialto
understandthatonceadevelopingcountryfindssolutionstobroadentheaccesstohealthcare
withrespectstoaffordabilityanddistribution,andthenindividualswillbeabletocontributeto
theirfamiliesandcommunities.Thus,thesepopulationscanworktowithdrawfromthelabelof
beingadevelopingcountry.
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 3
TableofContents
Abstract 2
TableofContents 3
Introduction 4
Limitations 5
Methodology 6
LiteratureReview 6
Discussion 8
HighlyPricedMedicines 8
LimitedHumanResources 9
GeographicBarriers 10
CulturalBeliefs/LackofEducation 10
LackofNationalCommitment 11
Conclusion 11
References 13
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 4
Introduction
Mostillnessessuchasinfectiousdiseasespresentsomeextentofpossibletreatmentorare
avoidablealltogether.Theinabilitytoaccesssuchminimaltreatmentresultsinimmenselossof
lifefrompreventablediseases.Inadditiontodeath,thoseactuallyfortunateenoughtoreceive
limitedtreatmentsstillgainthefinancialburdensofpayingforhighlypricedmedicinesand
overcominggeographicbarrierstoreachmedicalcarewhilealsobeingabletocontributetotheir
familiesandcommunities.Highlypricedmedicaltreatmentsandfewphysicians,combined
withgeographicalbarriersinlessdevelopedcountriesoftenresultinpressureonfamiliesto
provideresourcesandcarefortheirmemberscausingnegativesocialandeconomiceffects.
Overonethirdoftheworldpopulationdoesnothaveaccesstoessentialmedicinesvital
tohealth,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Thestatisticsforcontinentssuch
asAfricaandAsiahoweverclimbtoaboutonehalfoftheirinhabitantshavinglittleortono
accesstohealthcare.AsianandAfricancountriesarerenownfortheirhighpovertylevelsand
thisdisparitycanbeseenintheirlackofaccesstohealthcare.InAfricaforexample,lessthan8
percentoftheirpopulationiscoveredbymedicalinsurance.Thepoorareunabletohavereliable
accesstomedicaltreatmentsbecausepublicsectorsfailtoprovideittothem.
Geographicbarriersplayahugeroleinlimitingaccesstohealthcareformostcitizensin
AfricaandIndia.Healthworkerssuchasphysicians,nurses,pharmacists,andpharmacy
techniciansareininadequatesupplyinsuchlessdevelopedcountries,thuscorrelatingwiththe
geographicbarriersthatmanypeoplemustovercomeinordertoreachthem.Ruralareasin
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 5
countriessuchasIndiaandSouthAmericaarecomposedofmountainousterrain,whichmustbe
crossedinordertoreachcertainfacilities.Moneyandtimearenecessarytoaccommodatethese
circumstances.Impoverishedpeopledonothavethefinancestopayforhealthcarenorthetime
totakeoutoftheirlowpayingjobsinordertoreceivetreatments.Thecycleofcorrelation
betweenmoney,time,andaccesstohealthcareiscontinual.
Factorssuchashighlypricedtreatments,geographicbarriers,andlimitedhuman
resourcesmakeitinevitableforthesepoorsocietiestobeadverselyinfluencedsociallyand
economically.Unfortunately,otherexistingcomponentssuchasvariousculturalbeliefsandlack
ofeducationcontributetowhyaccesstohealthcareinleastdevelopingcountriesistroublesome.
Asahumanright,itisimportanttounderstandthenecessityforuniversalaccesstobasicmedical
treatment.
Limitations
LimitedResources
TheauthorheavilydependedontheInternetandschooldatabasesforresearchthus,limitingthe
amountofresearchcoveredonthetopic.Theauthoraspiredtoaccesstruedocumentariesor
autobiographiespertainingtolivesofrealpeoplelivinginaleastdevelopedcountry,whommay
havestruggledtoaccessbasichealthcareandhowitmayhaveaffectedthem.
ProfessionalExperience
Variouslimitationsarepresentedintheprojectduetotheexperienceoftheauthor.Theauthoris
notaffiliatedwithaprofessioninthemedicalfieldtherefore,shedoesnothaveprevious
experiencewiththehealthcaresystemsofanycountryorregionnorhassheinteractedwithreal
lifeindividualsgoingthroughthestrugglesofaccessingnecessarymedicaltreatments.
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 6
PersonalBias
Theauthorhaspreviouslyinteractedwithindividualspersistingindevelopedcountrieswho
struggleaccesstohealthcareandhasseentheeffectsonthoseindividuals.Therefore,sheis
inclinedtoviewtheeffectstobemoreunfavorableinleastdevelopingcountrieswithcontrastto
developingcountries,whomwhicharebetteroffwithregardstopolitical,economical,
educational,andhealthcaresystems.
Methodology
Theapproachtakentoconstructtheessayrequiredbothquantitativeandqualitativedata.
Bothtechniqueswerenecessarytoshowhorrificnumbersandreallifesituationfacedby
populationsbynotreceivingaccesstohealthcare.
Itsfairlyeasytoacquirequantitativedatawithregardstofindingappropriatestatisticsof
variouscountriesresidinginmainlyAfricaandpartsofAsiawithrespectstopoverty,facilities,
etc.Databasesandsearchenginesallowedtheauthortofinddefinitenumberssupportedbyvast
studieswithindifferentregions.Moreinformationprovidedbyonlineresourceswere
quantitativedataratherthanqualitative.Thus,quantitativedataisusefulintermsofproviding
validationpointstotheresearch.
Toacquirequalitativedata,theauthorresearchedvideosthroughonlinewebsitessuchas
TedTalksandYouTube.Thismadeitpossibletofindmoreopinionsandstoriesonthetopicat
hand.Duetolimitationsofatimeframe,theauthorwasunabletofindprofessionallyfilmed
documentariesfollowingthelivesofindividualslivingthroughthecircumstancesofpovertyand
beingunabletoaccesshealthcare.
LiteratureReview
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 7
Theresourcesusedinthispaperistoprovidedetailedsupportforthetopicsofthe
research:highlypricedmedicines,limitedhumanresources,geographicbarriers,cultural
beliefs/lackofeducationandlackofnationalcommitment.Thesetopicswereusedtofocuson
howthelackofaccesstohealthcareinLDCsaffecttheirsocietieswithrespectstotheirsocial
lives,economics/finances,andpolitics.
Accordingtothebook,PrescriptionforHealthyDevelopment:IncreasingAccessto
Medicines,internationalcommunitiesshouldtakeintoaccountthegoalsoftheUNMillennium
Projectwhenincreasingaccesstomedicines,especiallyindevelopingcountries.Dimensionsof
thebookcoverdiseasesandhowtheyredistinctivelycorrelatedwithpoverty.Additionally,the
UNMillenniumProjectpartneredwithTaskForce5WorkingGrouponAccesstoEssential
Medicineinhopestoincreasetheavailability,affordability,anduseofmedicine.
TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)providedstatisticsthosethreemillionchildrenin
Africanundertheageoffivedieeachyearduetopreventablediseases.ThisWHOarticle
providesadequatesupportinthesensethatthelackofeducationwiththerespectstoillness
preventioninAfricancountriesareincorrect.Reliablehealthcareisthemostcosteffectiveand
achievabletacticinsustainingimprovementsinhealthcareglobally.Viablepointsweremade
regardinghowthisisthetimetoencouragesuchgoalsduetoactivelygrowinginterest
internationalissuesandapeakoftechnologyadvancementsinhealthcareandmedicine.
DatabasessuchasProQuestprovidedinformationpertainingtodevelopedcountriesand
theirhealthcaresystems.Thisprovidedthecontrastthatevenbetteroffcitizensindeveloped
countriesstillstruggletoaccesslifepreservingmedicaltreatments.Theneedforimprovements
inaccessinghealthcareinallcountriesisnecessaryandnotonlylimitedtolesserdeveloped
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 8
countries.TheGaledatabaseprovidedanarticleabouthowdrugpricesarekeptsohigh,limiting
theaccesstomedicationandhealthcarefromthepoorespeciallyinleastdevelopingcountries.
MajorcommondiseasessuchasHIVandAIDscaneasilybepreventedbutkillabout17,000
peopledaily.95%oftheworld'spopulationof40millionpeoplecarryingHIV/AIDsisin
LDCs.Thisarticlealsoencouragestheproductionoflowgenericversionsofmedicationsto
helpinefforttopreventthesediseasesintheleastway.
Discussion
LDCsareafactionofthewordsmostimpoverishedcountriesthattheUnitedNations
hasdescribedtobeleastdevelopedwhomacquirealowgrossnationalincome,fragilehuman
assets,andanintensedegreeofeconomicvulnerability(Kstle,n.d.).AccordingtotheWorld
HealthOrganization(WHO),accessisdefinedashavingmedicationavailableandaffordableat
privateandpublichealthlocationswithinonehourswalkfromthehomeofthepopulation.
Generally,impoverishedpeoplearecertainlyincapableofreceivinghealthcareduetotheir
circumstances.Povertyisthemainsourceforillhealthandactsastheroadblocktoaccessing
medicationswhennecessary.Consecutively,illhealthisthecauseofpoverty(Poverty,2014).
Manyfactorsofpovertynegativelyaffectindividualsthus,overallcontributingtothedownfall
ofcommunities.
HighlyPricedMedicines
Theleadingcauseastowhyitssodifficulttoaccesstreatmentsisduetohighlypriced
medicines.Theoverwhelminghardshipofpovertymeansthatthemostbasicmedicationsand
simplesttreatmentsarenotaffordable.Unfortunately,everydayimpoverishedpeopleinLDCs
perilthelittleeconomicsecuritythattheyhaveinordertobuynecessarymedicines.Tradeoffs
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 9
ofhousing,food,andeveneducationforachildarefrequentlybargainedforvitalmedications.
Itsunderstandablethatsomemedicationsareinevitablymoreexpensivethanothers,butthe
majorityofthetime,mostessentialmedicationsareunfairlypriced(Leach,Paluzzi,&Munderi,
2005).Thelowestpricespeoplepayforthemostgenericmedicinesvaryfrom2.5timesto6.5
timesasinternationalreferencespricesorIRPs(Gurtoo,Williams,2015).Opportunitycostsof
thetimeofthepatient,transportationcosts,andexpensesalongthewayareallindirectcosts
addingtofinancialburdensofthoseseekingaccesstomedicaltreatments(Petersetal.,n.d.).
LimitedHumanResources
Today,thereareabout7.2millionhealthcareworkersintheworldtoday.Accordingto
aWHOreport,bytheyear2035thenumberswilldroptremendously,causingsevere
implicationsforthehealthofbillionsofpeople(WHO,n.d.).Ashealthcareworkersbeginto
retireorleavetheindustryforbetterpayingjobs,notenoughyoungerpeoplearebeingtrained
andenteringamedicalprofessionatthesamerate.HighgrowingpopulationsinLDCscontinue
torisewithdemandsofpreventablediseases.ManycountrieswithinpartsofAsiaandAfricaare
wellbelowthethresholdof23skilledhealthprofessionalsper10,000people.Forexample,
AfricancountriessuchasKenya,Chad,Rwanda,Uganda,Ethiopia,Angola,Guinea,Niger,and
adonemoreallonlyhave1physicianper10,000people(Naicker,PlangeRhule,Tutt,
Eastwood,n.d.).InsubSaharanAfrica,thereisonlyabout168medicalschoolsinthe47
countrieswithinthisregion11ofthe47countriesdontevenhavemedicalschoolwithinthem
and24ofthe47countriesonlyhaveonemedicalschool(WHO,n.d.)Becauseofthese
shortages,manyfamiliestakethetimetotravelmilesjusttoseekaid,frequentlythesehealth
careworkersareonlytrainedbasicmedicalaidandprofessionalphysiciansarefoundinfurther
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 10
locations.Thetimetakenoutofoneindividualsdaycanresultinaffectingnumerousmembers
oftheirfamily.Forexample,insomecasesafathermaygetillandneedtogettreatment,he
thenusesonetoafewdaysoffworktogoandreceiveaid.Onedaycanimmenselyimpacta
familyslife;absencesfromworkingaretimenotputintoearningmoneyneededtoputfoodon
thetable.Whenapopulationgetsillorsicktheyareunabletoattendtheirjobsintheir
communitiesthusnegativelyaffectingtheireconomy.Consequently,otherfamilymemberssuch
asthechildrenmayhavetostoptheireducationjusttogetajobthemselvestohelpsupportfor
thefamily.
GeographicBarriers
Additionally,geographicbarriersamplifytheinabilityformanytoseekatrainedhealth
careprovider.Decentroadfortransportationarerareindevelopingcountriesespeciallyintheir
ruralareas.Goodroadsarenecessaryforindividualstoreachahealthcarefacilityortoget
distributionsofnecessarydrugs(Petersetal.,n.d.).Unfortunately,forpeoplewhoexperience
25%oftheglobaldiseaseburden,only1.3%oftheworldshealthcareworkerscareforthem
andthisisduetothelackofhumanresourcesandthedifficultiesofreachingaidbecauseof
geographicbarriers(Naicker,PlangeRhule,Tutt,Eastwood,n.d.).Dismally,rarelocationsin
developingcountriesaredifficulttoreachduetomountainousterraininIndiaandSouth
AmericancountriesanddesertplateausandgrasslandsinAfrica.Familiesrepeatedlyhaveto
makethedecisionofsacrificingtimeandfinancesinordertoreachahealthcareworker,which
affectstheminthefuturesociallyandeconomically.
CulturalBeliefs/LackofEducation
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 11
ThelackofeducationinLDCsregardingtobasicmedicalcareandtheirbodiessupports
thereasonsastowhypreventablediseasesarebecominginevitabletotheirpopulations.Many
alsohavetheirownstrong,culturalbeliefswhenitcomestotreatmentsandhealingthattheyare
notactuallytakingtheappropriatemeasurestorecuperate.Forexample,peopleindeveloping
countriessuchasHaitihavetheverystrongbeliefinGodspowerandhisabilitytoheal.
Haitiansturntohomeremediesforhelpalthoughwhenitsclearthatmedicalattentionbya
professionalisneeded,theywillacquireit.Unfortunately,insomecaseshomeremediesarenot
usedappropriatelyandmayaddtomoredamagetotheirbodieswhileseekingprofessionalhelp
madeendupmorecostly(Haitian,2014).Thebeliefthatnaturalillnessisadiseaseofthe
Lordisalsocontinuallyseenwithinvariousculturesandreligions.Thesegroupsoftenbelieve
thattheyareillasapunishmentandrefusetoreceivetreatment,asitwillmaketheirfaitworstin
theeyesoftheLord.AdditionallywithregardstopreventablediseasessuchasHIV/AID,
AfricancountriesarefalselyeducatedthatinordertoeliminateHIV/AIDS,sexualintercourse
withavirginorchildisnecessary(ADictionary,2009).Lackofeducationuponmedicineis
prominentinthenegativeeffectsofnotreceivingthenecessaryhealthcarevitaltosurvivalinthe
societiesofLDCs.
LackofNationalCommitment
Itseasytoblamethegovernmentofdevelopingcountriesforfailingtoprovidetheir
populationswiththeessentialmedicationsneededforsurvival.Pressurestomakehealthcarea
priorityfromthenationalleveltothelocallevelisanextensivebarriertoincreasingaccess.The
lackofaccesstohealthcareaffectsLDCsandtheirsocietiesnegativelywithregardstopolitics.
Populationsaregettingweakerandmoreillduetothelackofpoliticalwillbypolicymakerswith
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 12
respectstoaccessingmedicines.Additionally,theinternationalcommunityhasfallenshortof
providingsomesortoffinancingtodevelopingcountries(Theproblem,n.d.).Thelackof
accesstohealthcareduetopoliticalcircumstancestransferstothepopulations,whominturn,
duetoillness,cannotcontributetotheircommunitiesadequately.
Conclusion
Astheworldismoreexposedtotechnologicaladvancements,theneedformedical
professionalscanstarttodecrease.WithdevelopingcountriesespeciallyinAfrica,theyare
morepronetonotreceivinghealthcareinthefutureduetothefactthattheirpopulationis
impoverishedandwillbeunabletobenefitfromfuturetechnologicaladvancementinmedicine.
Solutionsmustbecreatedtocombatunaffordabletreatmentsandthecreationofmorecloser
facilitiesandhealthcareworkersismoreaccessible.Improperlyeducatedpopulationsmustbe
advisedaboutprecautionstotakeinordertopreventdiseasestheyaremorepronetohaving.
Ifdevelopingcountriescanprovidemoreaccesstohealthcaretotheirgrowing
populations,diseasescanbecontrolledalongwithfatalities.Individualswillbecomehealthierto
beaviablecitizenwhoisabletocontributetotheirfamiliesandcommunityeconomically.
Furthermore,increasingcontributionstothecommunitywillslowdownthegrowingrateof
povertyindevelopingcountriesleadingtoamorestableandhealthysociety.
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 13
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