Protection Coordination

Serge Beauzile
Chair IEEE FWCS
Ch i Power
Chair P &EEnergy SSociety
i t
[email protected]

June, 10,
June 10 2014
8:30 -12:30

Florida Electric Cooperatives Association

Clearwater, Florida
 Seminar Objective
Distribution Circuit Protection
Fuse to Fuse Coordination
Recloser to Fuse Coordination
Breaker to Recloser Coordination

Transmission Line Protection

Distance Protection
Pilot Protection Schemes
Current Differential Protection

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 2

 Art & Science of System Protection
Not an exact science, coordination
schemes will vary based on:

Company Philosophy
Protection engineer preference
System requirements

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 C
Coordinating
di ti D Devices
i
Basic concept: All protective devices are able to
detect a fault do so at the same instant.

If eachh device
d i that
th t sensedd a fault
f lt operated
t d
simultaneously, large portions of the system
g
would be de-energized everyy time a fault needed
to be cleared. This is unacceptable.

A properly designed scheme will incorporate time

delays into the protection system, allowing
certain devices to operate before others.

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 C
Coordinating
di ti D Devices
i
Timing of device operation is verified using time-
time
current characteristics or TCCs device
response curves plotted on log-log graph paper.

Devices have inverse TCCs. They operate quickly for

g magnitude
large g overcurrents,, and more slowly
y
for lower-magnitude overcurrents.

Operating time is plotted on the vertical axis,

axis and
current magnitude is plotted on the horizontal
scale.

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 C
Coordinating
di ti D Devices
i
100
Four different TCCs
are shown
h on the
th
10 left. Device D is
the fastest to
operate, and device
Time in Seconds

1
A is the slowest.
.25
25 sec A

0.1 B
For a given current
C
value, the operating
ti
time can be
b found.
f d
D

0.01
10

100

1000

10,000

100,000

3 kA
Current in Amperes

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 Coordinating
g Devices

100 In this example,

Device A is clearly
l l
Uncertain
10 Coordination
faster than Device B
for low ((400-700 A))
fault currents.
Time in Seconds

Device B is clearly
0.1
faster for high
A
(>1000 A) fault
B currents,
t but
b t iin the
th
0.01
700-1000 A region,
10

100

1000

10,000

100,000

g is uncertain.
timing
1

Current in Amperes

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 Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

Minimum Melt
Average Melt + tolerance
10
Time in Seconds

1 Total Clear

Average Melt + tolerance

0.1 + arcing time

Curves are developed at 25C

With no preloading
0.01
10

100

1000

10,000

00,000
10

Current in Amperes
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 8
 Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

In this example, the red

TCCs represent the
10 downstream (protecting)
fuse, and the blue TCCs
represent the upstream
Time in Seconds

1 (protected) fuse.

The protected fuse

0.1 should not be damaged
by
y a fault in the
protecting fuses zone of
0.01 protection.
10

100

1000

10,,000

100,,000
1

Current in Amperes
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 9
 Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

Four factors need to be

considered:
10

1. Tolerances.
Time in Seconds

1 2. Ambient
temperature.
p

0.1
3. Preloading effects.

4. Predamage effects.
0.01
10

100

1000

0,000

0,000
1

10

100

Current in Amperes

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 10

 Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

Consideration of these
four factors can be
10 quite involved.

Practically, the 75%

Time in Seconds

1 Method can be used:

the maximum clearing g
time of the protecting
0.1 link shall be no more
than 75% of the
minimum melting time
0.01 of the protected link.
10

100

1000

10,000

100,000
1

Current in Amperes
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 11
 Coordinating Devices
Expulsion Fuse to Expulsion Fuse
100

Minimum melting time of

protected link at 5 kA is
10 0.3 seconds.

Total clearing time of the

Time in Seconds

1
protecting link at 5 kA is
0.22 seconds.

0.1
0.22 < 0.3 75% = 0.225,
so coordination is
assured for current
0.01
magnitudes 5 kA.
10

100

1000

0,000

0,000
10

100

Current in Amperes
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 12
 Utility
y Distribution Feeders
Multiple Feeder Segments

Segments are defined as sectionalizable pieces of a

feeder that can be automatically or manually
separated from the rest of the feeder.
feeder

Segments are delineated by reclosers, fuses,

sectionalizers or switches.
switches

Two primary concerns: number of customers per

segment andd time to isolate
l segment.

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 13

 Utility
y Distribution Feeders
Number of Customers per Segment

The number of customers per segment has a major

impact on reliability indices.

As the number of segments per feeder increases,

reliability
y can also be adversely
y impacted,
p and
construction cost will increase.

A optimum
An ti point
i t mustt b
be sought
ht tto d
determine
t i ththe
best segment size.

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 Utility Distribution Feeders
Present and Future Load Requirements

Even the best load forecasts are full of errors.

You must continuously monitor your fuse

coordination due changes in the load.

It is impossible to predict everything, so versatility is

the key.

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 Coordination Goal

1. Maximum Sensitivity.

2. Maximum Speed.

3. Maximum Security.

4. Maximum Selectivity.

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Basic Coordination Strategy
gy
1. Establish a coordination
pairs.

2. Determine maximum load

of each segment and the
pickup of all delayed
overcurrent devices.

3. Determine the pickup

current of all instantaneous
overcurrent devices, based
on short-circuit studies.

4
4. Determine
D t i remaining
i i
overcurrent device
characteristics starting
from the load and moving g to
the source.
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 Fuse Peak Load Capability

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 Fuse Blow Vs. Fuse Save
Fuse Blow
Eliminates Instantaneous trip of the breaker or recloser
(1st) by having the fuse blow for all permanent and
temporary faults.
Minimizes momentary interruptions and increases SAIDI.
SAIDI
Improves power quality but decreases reliability.

Fuse Save
Minimizes customer interruption time by attempting to
open the breaker or recloser faster than it takes to melt the
fuse.
fuse
This saves the fuse and allows a simple momentary
interruption.

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 Fuse Blow

FUSE is BLOWN

Lateral experiences
sustained interruption
30
 Fuse Blow
Used primarily to minimize momentary
interruptions (reduces MAIFI)
Increases interruption duration (SAIDI)
Very successful in high short circuit areas
More suitable for industrial type
customers having very sensitive loads

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 Fuse Save

Entire Feeder trips

Momentary occurs

FUSE is SAVED

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 Fuse Save
Minimize customer interruption time
Reduce SAIDI
Increase MAIFI
May not work in high short circuit areas
Work well in most areas
Not suitable for certain industrial
customers that cannot tolerate immediate
reclosing
Works best for residential and small
commercial customers

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 33

 Both ((Fuse Save & Fuse Blow))
Many utilities use both schemes for a variety of
reasons
Fuse Blow for high short circuit current areas
and Fuse Save where it will work.
Fuse Save on overhead and Fuse Blow on
underground taps.
Fuse Save on rural and Fuse Blow on urban
Fuse Save on stormy days and Fuse Blow on nice
days.
Fuse
F Save
S on some circuits
i it andd Fuse
F Blow
Bl on
others depending on customer desires

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 Fast Bus Trip

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 SEL-351S
SEL 351S
Protection and Breaker Control
Relay

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 Modern Microprocessor Relay
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

Extremely versatile, many applications

Most commonly used on distribution feeders
Communicates with EMS system (DNP 3.0 Protocol)
Key element of Substation Integration
Provides many traditional features
Provides new capabilities

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 SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

Protection Features:

P f
Performs att lleastt 18 different
diff t protection
t ti functions.
f ti

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 SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

Protection Features:

B U
Bus Undervoltage
d lt (27)
Phase Overvoltage (59P)
G
Ground
d Overvoltage
O lt (59G)
Sequence Overvoltage (59Q)
O
Overfrequency
f (81O)
Underfrequency (81U)

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 Modern Microprocessor Relay
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

Protection Features (continued):

Ph
Phase Di
Directional
ti l Overcurrent
O t (67P)
Ground Directional Overcurrent (67G)
S
Sequence Di
Directional
ti l Overcurrent
O t (67Q)
Instantaneous Phase Overcurrent (50P)
I t t
Instantaneous Ground
G d Overcurrent
O t (50G)
Instantaneous Sequence Overcurrent
(50Q)
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 SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

Protection Features (continued):

Ti
Time Ph
Phase Overcurrent
O t (51P)
Time Ground Overcurrent (51G)
Ti
Time S
Sequence Overcurrent
O t (51Q)
Directional Neutral Overcurrent (67N)
I t t
Instantaneous N t l Overcurrent
Neutral O t (50N)
Time Neutral Overcurrent (51N)

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 SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

Breaker Control Features:

S
Synchronism
h i Ch
Check
k (25)
Automatic Circuit Reclosing (79)

TRIP/CLOSE Pushbuttons
Enable/Disable Reclosing
Enable/Disable Supervisory Control

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 SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

Other Features:

E
Event
t Reporting
R ti and
dRRecording
di
Breaker Wear Monitor
St ti Battery
Station B tt M
Monitor
it
High-Accuracy Metering
F lt Locator
Fault L t

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 SEL-351S
Protection and Breaker Control Relay

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 Advantages of microprocessor relays
Extremely flexible
Have many different elements (UF, UV, Directionality, etc)
One relay can protect on zone of protection
Inexpensive and require much less maintenance
Alarm if they fails and dont need calibration
Provide fault information
Provide oscillography and SER data
Can provide analog data to SCADA

Disadvantages of microprocessor relays

Can be very complex to program due to given flexibility
Require
R i more training
t i i to t Relay
R l T Technicians
h i i
Require more training to Relay Engineers

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 45

 Relays
Basic relay settings:
Phase overcurrent elements must be set above maximum
possible loads
Ground overcurrent elements must be set above maximum
anticipated
p unbalanced loads
Must be coordinated with downstream protective devices
Under Frequency elements must be set according to the
predetermined set point

TAGGING
NORMAL mode 2 reclosing
g attempts
p
WORK mode HOT LINE TAG
COLD mode

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 Relay Curves
100

10

S
e
c Moderately Inverse
o 1
Inverse
n
d Very Inverse
s Extremely Inverse

0.1

0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiple of Pick Up

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 Very Inverse Curve Time Dial
0.29s
100

In this example
p

Multiple of Pickup = 3.
10

TD = 0.5
05 Time = 0.3s
0 3s
TD = 2 Time = 1.1s
SECONDS

1
TD=0.5
TD = 6 Time = 3.4s
TD=2
TD=6
TD 6
TD = 15 Time = 7.0s
TD=15

0.1

0.01
0.1 1 10 100
Multiples Of Pick Up

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 48

 Very Inverse Curve Time Dial
0.29s
100
In this example,

Pickup
Pi k = 600 A A.
Fault Current = 1800 A.
10

T = 0.5
TD Time = 0.29s
0. 9s
TD = 2 Time = 1.16s
SECONDS

TD=0.5 TD = 6 Time = 3.48s

1
TD=2 TD = 15 Time = 8.72s
TD=6
TD 6
TD=15
Pickup = 900 A.
0.1 Fault Current = 1800 A.

TD = 0.5 Time = 0.69s

TD = 2 Time = 2.78s
0.01
0.1 1 10 100
TD = 6 Time = 8.33s
Multiples Of Pick Up TD = 15 Time = 20.8s
20 8s

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 49

Pickup
p Current of Delayed
y Ground OC Devices

Source Side Load Side

Backup Primary

Single
g Phase to Ground Fault
IMU<IPU<I MIN Fault
IMU = Maximum Unbalance

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 50

 Pickup
p Current of Delayed
y Phase OC Devices

Source Side Load Side

IML<IPU<Imin Fault Phase to Phase Fault

IML = Maximum Load

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 Typical Pickup Setting

TB > TR + CTI CTI = Coordination Time Interval (Typically 0.2-0.5sec)

Recloser Ct ratio 600:1 Breaker Ct ratio 240:1

IPU = 1 A IPU = 3.75 A
IPU Primary= 600 A IPU Primary= 900 A

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 Trip Logic
TR = OC + PB9 + 51P1T + 51G1T * (LT6 + LT7) + (50P3 + 50G3) * LT7 + (50P2 + 50G2) * SH1

OC: OPEN COMMAND (SCADA TRIP)

PB9: FRONT PUSH BUTTON
51P1T: PHASE TIME OC ELEMENT
51G1T: GROUND TIME OC ELEMENT
LT6: TAGGING IS IN NORMAL MODE
LT7: TAGGING IS IN WORK MODE
50P2/50P3: PHASE INSTANTANEOUS OC ELEMENT
50G2/50G3: GROUND INSTANTANEOUS OC ELEMENT
SH1: RECLOSING SHOT #1 (FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT)

CTR = 600.0
INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY AFTER FIRST RECLOSE ATTEMPT
50P2P = 2.5 (1500 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G2P = 1.6
1 6 (960 AMPS PRIMARY)

INSTANTANEOUS ENABLED ONLY DURING WORK/HOT LINE TAG

50P3P = 1.35 (810 AMPS PRIMARY)
50G3P = 0
0.50
50 (300 AMPS PRIMARY) NORMAL UNBALANCE GROUND CURRENT ~20 TO 30 AMPS

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 SEL-351S
History Summary (HIS Command)

Sample output:

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 SEL-351S
Sequence of Events Recording (SER)

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 SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)
Sample output - Metering Data (MET):

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 SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)

Sample output - Metering Demand (MET D):

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 SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)

Sample output - Metering Energy (MET E):

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 62

 SEL-351S
Metering Data (MET Command)

Sample output - Metering Max/Min (MET M):

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 DifferentialRelays
ProtectionofaDeltaWyeTransformer
IaIIb IaIIb Ia
A a
IaIb Ia Ia Ia I
IbIc IbIc b
B 52 52 b
IbIc Ib Ib Ib I
IcIa IcIa c
C c
IcIa Ic Ic Ic

IaIb

OP
IaIb IaIb
R R

OP
IbIc IbIc IbIIc
R R

IcIa OP IcIa IcIa

R R

Power System Protection -64- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013
 DistanceRelays
y
ProtectionFeatures

Fourzonesof distanceprotection
Pilotschemes
Phase/Neutral/GroundTOCs
Phase/Neutral/GroundIOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs

Power System Protection -65- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013
 DistanceRelays
y
ProtectionFeatures continued

NegativesequenceTOC
NegativesequenceIOC
PhasedirectionalOCs
NeutraldirectionalOC
NegativesequencedirectionalOC
Phaseunder andovervoltage
Powerswingblocking
Outofsteptripping

Power System Protection -66- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013
 DistanceRelays
Control Features
ControlFeatures

BreakerFailure(phase/neutralamps)
B k F il ( h / t l )
Synchrocheck
Autoreclosing

Power System Protection -67- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013
 DistanceRelays
Metering Features
MeteringFeatures

FaultLocator
F lt L t
Oscillography
EventRecorder
DataLogger
Phasors/trueRMS/active,reactive
and apparent power, power factor
andapparentpower,powerfactor

Power System Protection -68- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013
 DistanceRelays
ZonesofProtection Zone 2
Zone2
X
3 Zone1
Line Impedance (Line A)
LineImpedance(LineA) 2 1
Zone2 A1 LineA A2
1 Z
Zone3
3 4 3
Bus1 Bus2
Zone1
2 NormalLoad
Normal Load
R
DistanceRelay
atBus1 Zone1 fastest(80%ofline)
toprotectLineA Zone2 slower(120%ofline)
4 Zone3(backwardsUseinPilot
Zone3 Protectionforcurrent
Reversallogic)
Power System Protection -69- Ralph Fehr, Ph.D., P.E. October 28, 2013
 Zone of Protection Zone 3
Zone 2 t Zone 2
t
Zone 1 t Zone 1

1 2 3 4

Zone 1 Zone 1

Zone 2 Zone 2

Zone 3
Zone 1: Under reaches the remote line end Typically 0.7 Z1L to 0.9 Z1L
With no intentional time delay.
Zone 2:
Z 2 Over
O reaches
h the
th remote
t line
li end
d Typically
T i ll 1.21 2 Z1L
with definite time delay.

Zone 3: Over reaches the longest adjacent line

with
i h definite
d fi i time
i d
delay
l greater than
h Z Zone2.
2
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Unconventional Zone 2 & Zone 3 Settings

Zone 2
t
Zone 1

Long Line Short Line

Be Mindful when Applying General Rules

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 71

Step Distance Relay Coordination Exercise

Setting the relay at breaker 3 protecting Circuit 2.

Set the Zones of Protection.

The maximum expected load is about 600A.

CTR = 1200:5 or 240:1 PTR = 600:1

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 72

Distance Relay Coordination Exercise

Circuit 2 & Circuit 5 Impedances Circuit 3 & Circuit 6 Impedances

Z1 = 35.11 83.97 primary Z1 = 17.56 83.72 primary

Z0 = 111.58 81.46 primary Z0 = 53.89 81.56 primary

Circuit 1& Circuit 4 Impedances

Z1 = 35.21 83.72 primary

Z0 = 187.80 81.56 primary
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 73
 Distance Relay Coordination Exercise

Zone 1 Reach = 0.8 * (35.11 83.97) primary Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 83.97) primary

Z
Zone 2R
Reach
h=1
1.2
2 * (35.11
35 11 83.97)
83 97) primary
i Z
Zone 2R
Reach
h = 42.13
42 13 83.97)
83 97) primary
i

Check Zone 2 reach does not overreach = Circuit 2 Impedance + (Zone 1 of Circuit 3) or (Zone 1of Circuit 6).

General rule = p
protected Circuit Impedance
p + Zone 1 of the Shortest Circuit p
past the p
protected circuit.

Check for Zone 2 Overreach = 35.11. + (0.8 * 17.56) = 49.16 primary

Zone 2 Reach = 42.13 < 49.16 no overreach

Zone 4 Reach = (35.11 83.97) + (17.56 83.72) ( primary) Zone 4 Reach = 52.55 83.35) primary
IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 74
 Primary / Secondary Impedance
Relay Input

75
 Relay Input

Zone 1 Reach = 28.09 x 240 = 11.24 secondary

600

Zone 2 Reach = 42.43 x 240 = 16.97 secondary

600

Zone 4 Reach = 28.09 x 240 = 21.02 secondary

600

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 Overcurrent Supervision Setting Criteria

Zone 1 Phase Fault detector:

1) Find the lowest fault seen by relay 3 Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.
for a remote end bus (4
(4, 10
10, 5
5, 11)
11).

Zone 2 Phase Fault detector:

1) Find the lowest fault seen by relay 3 Set above (maximum load) and 60% of min fault.
for a remote end bus ((6,, 12).
)

Zone 4 Fault detector same as Zone 2

Repeat same process for Ground Fault detector.

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 77

 Current Infeed
IL =0.5 A IR =1 A
ZL =2 ZR =1

IT =0.5 A
ZT =1
Actual Impedance from L to the Fault is 3

Apparent Impedance = EL
IL

Apparent Impedance = ( IL x ZL) + (IR x ZR) Apparent Impedance = 4

IL

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 78

 Thank You

IEEE/ FECA Protection Coordination June 2014 Serge Beauzile 79