Introduction

What is different in wireless network?

Bandwidth
Error rate
Media
Signal strength (fading)
MAC
Mobility
Security
Session: 1 0.1
 Wireless networks
Two types
Voice network
Cellular systems (GSM, CDMA etc.)
Data network
WiFi, HiperLAN
Networks are moving towards an integrated network
GPRS
Voice over WiFi
Session: 1 0.2
 Physical Layer (PHY)
Binary (digital) data transmitted over airwave
Requires antenna
characterized by transmission range, power,
modulation scheme, frequency range

Session: 1 0.3
 MAC Layer
How wireless stations share the air medium and
avoid contention to transmit data successfully
listen before you speak or speak at
predetermined interval
Unique problems
Hidden node
Exposed node

Session: 1 0.4
 Network Layer
Responsible for facilitating multihop communication
Need to run some routing protocol
Traditional routing protocols may not work efficiently
Mobility at IP layer

Session: 1 0.5
 Transport Layer
Reliable Transport such as TCP may not work well
in wireless medium
TCP inherently assumes that packet loss is due to
congestion
Needs modification for wireless network

Session: 1 0.6
 802.16

120Mbps

Source: Matt Welsh, Harvard University

Session: 1 0.7
 WiFi Network
Basic Service Set

Access Point

Wireline network

g
Access Point

Session: 1 0.8
 WiFi Network
802.11b and 802.11g Use 2.4 GHz ISM band
802.11b : 11 Mbps
802.11g : 54 Mbps
802.11a : uses 5 GHz band: 54Mbps

Session: 1 0.9
 Bluetooth
Short range (10m),moderate data rate (720kbps) for creating an adhoc network
between personal devices
One master and upto
7 slaves in a piconet
Master controls the transmission
schedules of all the devices
TDMA scheduling
Frequency hopping used to
avoid interference with other
piconets PICONET
79 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM
band, with 1 MHz spacing
Frequency hopping at 1600 hops/s

Session: 1 0.10
 Signal Propagation
Transmission range:
receiver receives signal with an
error rate low enough to be
able to communicate
Detection range: transmitted
power is high enough to
detect the transmitter, but sender
high error rate forbids
communication transmission
Interference range: sender
interferes with other detection
transmissions by adding to interference
the noise
Session: 1 0.11
 Signal Propagation
Radio waves exhibit three fundamental propagation
behavior
Ground wave (< 2 MHz) : waves with low frequency follow
earths surface
can propagate long distances
Used for submarine communication or AM radio
Sky wave (2-30 MHz) : waves reflect at the ionosphere and
bounce back and forth between ionosphere and earth ,
travelling around the world
Used by international broadcast and amateur radio
Session: 1 0.12
 Signal propagation

receiver
transmitter
earth

Ground wave propagation (< 2 MHz)

Session: 1 0.13
 ionosphere

Signal propagation

receiver
transmitter
earth

sky wave propagation (2 - 30MHz)

Session: 1 0.14
 Signal Propagation
Line of Sight (> 30 MHz) : emitted waves follow a
straight line of sight
allows straight communication with
satellites or microwave links on the ground
used by mobile phone system, satellite
systems

Session: 1 0.15
 Signal propagation
receiver
transmitter

earth

Line of Sight (LOS) propagation (> 30 MHz)

Session: 1 0.16
 Multiplexing
A fundamental mechanism in communication
system and networks
Enables multiple users to share a medium
For wireless communication, multiplexing can be
carried out in four dimensions: space, time,
frequency and code

Session: 1 0.17
 Space division multiplexing
Channels are assigned on the basis of space (but
operate on same frequency)
The assignment makes sure that the transmission
do not interfere with each (with a guard band in
between)

Session: 1 0.18
 Space division multiplexing

Source: Schiller
Session: 1 0.19
 Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency domain is subdivided into several non-
overlapping frequency bands
Each channel is assigned its own frequency band
(with guard spaces in between)

Session: 1 0.20
 Frequency Division Multiplexing

Source : Schiller

Session: 1 0.21
 Time Division Multiplexing
A channel is given the whole bandwidth for a certain
amount of time
All senders use the same frequency, but at different
point of time

Session: 1 0.22
 Time Division Multiplexing

Source : Schiller
Session: 1 0.23
 Frequency and time division multiplexing
A channel use a certain frequency for a certain
amount of time and then uses a different frequency
at some other time
Used in GSM systems

Session: 1 0.24
 Frequency and time division multiplexing

Source : Schiller
Session: 1 0.25
 Code division multiplexing
separation of channels achieved by assigning each channel
its own code
guard spaces are realized by having distance in code
space (e.g. orthogonal codes)
transmitter can transmit in the same frequency band at the
same time, but have to use different code
Provides good protection against interference and tapping
but the receivers have relatively high complexity
has to know the code and must separate the channel with
user data from the noise composed of other transmission
has to be synchronized with the transmitter
Session: 1 0.26
 Code division multiplexing

Source: Schiller
Session: 1 0.27
 Modulation
Process of combining input signal and a carrier
frequency at the transmitter
Digital to analog modulation
necessary if the medium only carries analog signal
Analog to analog modulation
needed to have effective transmission (otherwise the
antenna needed to transmit original signal could be
large)
permits frequency division multiplexing
Session: 1 0.28
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
ASK is the most simple digital modulation scheme
Two binary values, 0 and 1, are represented by two
different amplitude
In wireless, a constant amplitude cannot be
guaranteed, so ASK is typically not used

Session: 1 0.29
 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

1 0 1

Session: 1 0.30
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
The simplest form of FSK is binary FSK
assigns one frequency f1 to binary 1 and another
frequency f2 binary 0
Simple way to implement is to switch between two
oscillators one with f1 and the other with f2
The receiver can demodulate by having two
bandpass filter

Session: 1 0.31
 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

1 0 1

Session: 1 0.32
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Uses shifts in the phase of a signal to represent
data
Shifting the phase by 1800 each time data changes:
called binary PSK
The receiver must synchronize in frequency and
phase with the transmitter

Session: 1 0.33
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

1 0 1

Session: 1 0.34
 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (Q-PSK)
Higher bit rate can be achieved
for the same bandwidth by
coding two bits into one phase
shift. 10 11

450 for data 11

1350 for data 10
2250 for data 00
00
3150 for data 01 01

Session: 1 0.35
 Spread Spectrum
Spreading the bandwidth needed to transmit data
Spread signal has the same energy as the original
signal, but is spread over a larger frequency range
provides resistance to narrowband interference

Session: 1 0.36
 Spread Spectrum
dP/df dP/df
dP/df
spreading with interference
user signal

f f f

sender

dP/df dP/df

despread
apply bandpass filter

user signal
f f
broadband interference
receiver narrowband interference
Session: 1 0.37
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Takes a user bit sequence and performs an XOR with,
what is known as, chipping sequence
Each user bit duration tb
chipping sequence has smaller pulses tc
If chipping sequence is generated properly it may appear
as random noise
sometimes called pseudo-noise (PN)
tb/tc is known as the spreading factor
determines the bandwidth of the resultant signal
Used by 802.11b
Session: 1 0.38
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
user data
tb

0 1
XOR
tc
chipping sequence

0 11 01 0 0 1 0 1 0 1

spread signal

Session: 1 0 11 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0.39
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Total available bandwidth is split into many
channels of smaller bandwidth and guard spaces
Transmitter and receiver stay on one of these
channels for a certain time and then hop to another
channel
Implements FDM and TDM
Pattern of channel usage : hopping sequence
Time spent on a particular channel: dwell time
Session: 1 0.40
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
Slow hopping
Transmitter uses one frequency for several bit period
systems are cheaper, but are prone to narrow band interference
Fast hopping
Transmitter changes frequency several times in one bit period
Transmitter and receivers have to stay synchronized within smaller
tolerances
Better immuned to narrow band interference as they stick to one frequency
for a very short period
Receiver must know the hopping sequence and stay synchronized
with the transmitter
Used by bluetooth
Session: 1 0.41
 Frequency hopping spread spectrum
tb

user data

0 1 0 1 1 t
f3
td
f2
slow hopping 3bits/hop
f1

td t
f3
fast hopping 3hops/bit
f2

f1

t
Session: 1
td = dwel time 0.42