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Chapter 1
Number System
Real Number System
1. Natural Numbers:
The numbers of the form = {1, 2,3, 4,5,} are called Natural Numbers.
2. Whole Numbers:
The numbers of the form W = {0,1, 2,3, 4,5,} are called Whole Numbers.
3. Integers:
The numbers of the form = { , 3, 2, 1, 0,1, 2,3,} = {0, 1, 2, 3,} are called
Integers.
Relatively Prime Integers: Relatively prime integers are those which do not have common
factor except 1.
For example, ( 9,16 ) = 1 .
4. Rational Numbers:
Rational Numbers are defined as
p
= : p, q q 0 .
q
1 3 5 7
For example , , , , all are rational numbers.
2 4 8 8
5. Irrational Numbers:
Irrational Numbers are defined as
{
= 2, 3, 5, 6, }
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Decimal Representation of Rational and Irrational Numbers:
The numbers whose decimal representations are terminating or recurring are the rational
numbers, for example 0.5, 0.33333, 1.2548787878, 56.2547954895489548,
98.65478, 6.5478 etc.
The numbers whose decimal representations are both non-terminating and non-recurring
are called irrational numbers, for example 1.41438745624, 6.51478412, 3.1415
etc.
Examples:
25
i) 0.25 = is a rational number.
100
1
ii) 0.333... is a recurring decimal, it is a rational number.
3
iii) 2.3 ( = 2.333...) is a rational number.
1
iv) 0.142857142857... is a rational number.
7
v) 0.01001000100001... is a non-terminating, non-periodic decimal, so it is an irrational.
6. Real Numbers:
The union of rational and irrational numbers is called Real Numbers. It is denoted by , it can
written as = .
p
= 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, , : p, q q 0, 2, 3, 5, , , e
q
Note: It may be noted that W =
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Properties of Real Numbers
1. Addition Laws:
i) Closure Law under addition
a , b , a +b ( Stands for for all)
ii) Associative Law under addition
a , b, c , a + (b + c ) = ( a + b) + c
iii) Commutative Law under addition
a, b , a+b =b+a
iv) Identity element under addition
a , There exists an element 0 such that a + 0 = a = 0 + a . This element 0 is
called the additive identity of real numbers.
v) Inverse element under addition
For each a , There exists an element a such that a + ( a ) = 0 = ( a ) + a . This
element a is called the additive inverse of a .
2. Multiplication Laws:
i) Closure Law under multiplication
a , b , a b ( Stands for for all)
ii) Associative Law under multiplication
a , b, c , a (b c ) = ( a b) c
iii) Commutative Law under multiplication
a , b , a b = ba
iv) Identity element under multiplication
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a , There exists an element 1 such that a 1 = a = 1 a . This element 1 is called
the multiplicative identity of real numbers.
v) Inverse element under multiplication
1 1 1
For each a , there exists an element a 1 or such that a = 1 = a . This
a a a
1
element is called the multiplicative inverse of a .
a
3. Multiplication Addition Law:
a, b, c ( Stands for for all)
i) a ( b + c ) = a b + a c (Left Distributive Law)
ii) ( b + c ) a = b a + c a (Right Distributive Law)
Properties of Equality
Equality of numbers denoted by = possesses the following properties:
i) Reflexive Property
a , a=a
ii) Symmetric Property
a, b , a=bb=a
iii) Transitive Property
a, b, c , a = bb = c a = c
iv) Additive Property
a, b, c , a =b a+c =b+c
v) Multiplicative Property
a, b, c , a = b ac = bc ca = cb
vi) Cancellation Property w.r.t addition
a, b, c , a+bb+c a =b
vi) Cancellation Property w.r.t multiplication
a, b, c , ac bc a = b, c 0
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Order Properties of Real Numbers
1. Trichotomy Property:
a, b , either a = b or a > b or a < b
2. Transitive Property:
a, b, c
i) a > b b > c a > c ii) a < b b < c a < c
3. Additive Property:
a, b, c
a) i) a > b a + c > b + c b) i) a > b c > d a + c > b + d
ii) a < b a + c < b + c ii) a < b c < d a + c < b + d
3. Multiplicative Property:
a) a, b, c and c > 0
i) a > b ac > bc ii) a < b ac < bc
b) a, b, c and c < 0
i) a > b ac < bc ii) a < b ac > bc
c) a, b, c, d and a, b, c, d are all positive,
i) a > b c > d ac > bd ii) a < b c < d ac < bd
Indeterminate Form:
0
The form is called the indeterminate form. This indeterminate form is read as zero
0
over zero form.
Principle of Product of Fraction:
a c ac
For any a, b, c, d , b 0, d 0 , =
b d bd
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Principle of Equality of Fraction:
a c
For any a, b, c, d , b 0, d 0 ,
= ad = bc
b d
(The symbol stands for iff i.e., if and only if)
Principle of Quotient of Fraction:
a
ad
For any a, b, c, d , b, c, d 0, , b =
c bc
d
Golden Rule of Fraction:
a ka
For any a, b, k , b 0, k 0 , =
b kb
Complex Numbers
Imaginary Numbers:
{ }
The numbers of the form I = i, i 2, i 3, i 2, i 5,... is called Imaginary Numbers. It is
usually denoted by I .
Complex Number:
An expression of the form x + iy or ( x, y ) , where x and y are real numbers and i = 1 is
called a complex number. It is usually denoted by z . i.e. z = x + iy where x is called real part and y is
called the imaginary part of the complex number z .
Powers of i :
Powers of I are defined as i 0 = 1
i1 = i
i 2 = 1
i 3 = i 2 i = ( 1) i = i
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i 4 = ( i 2 ) = ( 1) = 1
2 2
i5 = i 4 i
i 6 = i 4 i 2 = (1)( 1) = 1 and so on.
Equality of Complex Numbers:
a + ib = c + id a = c , b = d
Algebra of Complex Numbers
1. Addition For two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 their sum is defined as
z1 + z2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + i ( y1 + y2 )
2. Subtraction For two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 their subtraction is
defined as
z1 z2 = z1 + ( z2 ) = ( x1 x2 ) + i ( y1 y2 )
3. Multiplication For two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 their multiplication is
defined as
z1 z2 = ( x1 + iy1 ) ( x2 + iy2 ) = ( x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i ( x1 y2 + y1 x2 )
4. Division For two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 where x2 + iy2 0 , their
division is defined as
z1 x1 + iy1 ( x1 + iy1 )( x2 iy2 )
= =
z2 x2 + iy2 ( x2 + iy2 )( x2 iy2 )
x1 x2 + y1 y2 + i ( x2 y1 x1 y2 )
=
x22 + y22
x1 x2 + y1 y2 x y x y xx +y y x y x y
= + i 2 21 12 2 = 1 22 12 2 , 2 21 12 2
x2 + y2
2 2
x2 + y2 x2 + y2 x2 + y2
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5. Additive and Multiplicative Identities of Complex Number
The additive identity of a complex numbers is ( 0,0 ) , because
( x, y ) + ( 0, 0 ) = ( x + 0, y + 0 ) = ( x, y )
Similarly, the multiplicative identity of a complex numbers is (1, 0 ) , because
( x, y ) (1, 0 ) = ( x 1 y 0 ) + i ( x 0 + y 1) = ( x, y )
6. Additive and Multiplicative Inverses of Complex Number
The additive inverse of a complex numbers is ( x, y ) , because
( x, y ) + ( x, y ) = ( x x, y y ) = ( 0, 0 )
x y
Similarly, the multiplicative inverse of a complex numbers is 2 , 2 2
, because
x +y x +y
2
x y
( x, y ) , 2 2
= (1, 0 )
x +y x +y
2
2
Properties of Complex Numbers
1. Addition Laws:
i) Closure Law under addition
z1 , z2 , z1 + z2 ( Stands for for all)
ii) Associative Law under addition
z1 , z2 , z3 , z1 + ( z2 + z3 ) = ( z1 + z2 ) + z3
iii) Commutative Law under addition
z1 , z2 , z1 + z2 = z2 + z1
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iv) Identity element under addition
z , There exists an element ( 0, 0 ) = 0 + i 0 such that z + ( 0, 0 ) = z = ( 0, 0 ) + z .
This element ( 0, 0 ) is called the additive identity of complex numbers.
v) Inverse element under addition
For each z , There exists an element z such that z + ( z ) = ( 0,0 ) = ( z ) + z .
This element z is called the additive inverse of z .
2. Multiplication Laws:
i) Closure Law under multiplication
z1 , z2 , z1 z2 ( Stands for for all)
ii) Associative Law under multiplication
z1 , z2 , z3 , z1 ( z2 z3 ) = ( z1 z2 ) z3
iii) Commutative Law under multiplication
z1 , z2 , z1 z2 = z2 z1
iv) Identity element under multiplication
z , There exists an element (1, 0 ) such that z (1, 0 ) = z = (1, 0 ) z . This element
(1, 0 ) is called the multiplicative identity of complex numbers.
v) Inverse element under multiplication
1 1 1
For each z , z ( 0, 0 ) there exists an element such that z = (1, 0 ) = z .
z z z
1
This element is called the multiplicative inverse of z .
z
3. Multiplication Addition Law:
z1 , z2 , z3 ( Stands for for all)
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i) z1 ( z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3 (Left Distributive Law)
ii) ( z2 + z3 ) z1 = z2 z1 + z3 z1 (Right Distributive Law)
Conjugate of a Complex Numbers:
If z = ( x, y ) = x + iy is a complex number, then its conjugate is denoted by z = ( x, y ) = x iy .
For example, z = 3 + 2i then z = 3 2i .
Properties of Conjugate:
1. z = z
2. z1 + z2 = z1 + z2
3. z1 z2 = z1 z2
4. z1 z2 = z1 z2
z z
5. 1 = 1 , z2 0
z2 z2
6. z = z if and only if z is purely real.
7. z = z if and only if z is purely imaginary.
8. z + z = 2 Re ( z ) and z z = 2i Im ( z )
Absolute or Modulus Value of a Complex Numbers:
The absolute value or modulus value of a complex number z = ( x, y ) = x + iy is defined as
z = x2 + y 2
For example, z = 3 + 2i is z = ( 3) + ( 2 ) = 13 .
2 2
Properties of Modulus:
1. z = z
z = zz
2
2.
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3. z = z
4. z1 z2 = z1 z2
z1 z
5. = 1
z2 z2
6. z1 + z2 z1 + z2 This is known as Triangular Inequality Property.
7. z1 z2 z1 z2
Polar Form of a Complex Number
Let O be the origin and OX and OY be the x-axis and y-axis
respectively. z = x + iy = ( x, y ) be a complex number represented by
the point P ( x, y ) . Draw PM OX . Then, OM = x and PM = y .
Join OP . Let OP = r and XOP = . Then
z = x + iy = r ( cos + i sin )
This form of z is called polar or trigonometric form.
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
x = r cos ------- (1)
y = r sin -------- (2)
Squaring and Adding (1) and (2), we get
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 or r = x 2 + y 2 = z
Thus, r is known and is equal to the modulus of the complex number z .
Substituting the value of r in equation (1) and equation (2), we get
x y
cos = and sin = -------------- (3)
x +y
2 2
x + y2
2
y y
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get tan = = tan 1
x x
Any value of satisfying (3) is known as amplitude or argument of z and written as = arg ( z ) .
The unique value of such that < for which x = r cos , y = r sin , is known as the
principal value of the argument.
The general value of the argument is ( 2n + ) , where n is an integer and is the principal
value of arg ( z ) .While reducing a complex number to polar form, we always take the principal
value.
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y
If x > 0, y > 0 (i.e. z is in the first quadrant), then arg ( z ) = = tan 1
x
y
If x < 0, y > 0 (i.e. z is in the second quadrant), then arg ( z ) = = tan 1
x
y
If x < 0, y < 0 (i.e. z is in the third quadrant), then arg ( z ) = = + tan 1
x
y
If x > 0, y < 0 (i.e. z is in the fourth quadrant), then arg ( z ) = = tan 1
x
If x = 0, y > 0 , then arg ( z ) = =
2
If x = 0, y < 0 , then arg ( z ) = =
2
If x = 0, y = 0 , then Indeterminate Form
Particular Cases of Polar Form:
1 = 1 + i 0 = cos 0 + i sin 0
1 = 1 + i 0 = cos + i sin
i = 0 + i = cos + i sin
2 2
i = 0 + i ( 1) = cos + i sin
2 2
1 i = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
3 3
1 i = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
De Moivres Theorem:
For any integer n , ( cos + i sin ) = cos n + i sin n
n
( x + iy ) = r n [ cos n + i sin n ] , r = x2 + y 2
n
Note: For any integer n, where and
y
= arg ( z ) = tan 1 .
x
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