Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the questions

78. If there are 20 chromatids in a cell in G 1 82. If the cell, whose nuclear material is
phase, how many centromeres are there? shown in the figure below continues toward
A. 10 B. 20 completion of mitosis, which of the following
C. 30 D. 40 events would occur next?
A. Synthesis of sister chromatids.
79. If there are 16 centromeres in a cell at B. Nuclear envelope breakdown
anaphase, how many chromosomes are there C. Formation of telophase nuclei
in each daughter cell following cytokinesis? D. Spindle fiber formation
A. 8 B. 16
C. 32 D. 48

80. Movement of the chromosomes during

anaphase would be most affected by a drug
that prevents
A. cell wall formation.
B. elongation of microtubules.
C. shortening of microtubules.
D. formation of a cleavage formation
83. Which of the following is true concerning
81. The lettered circle in the figure shows a cancer cells?
diploid nucleus with four chromosomes. There A. They are not subject to cell cycle controls.
are two pairs of homologous chromosomes, B. When they stop dividing, they do so at
one long and the other short. One haploid set random points in the cell cycle; they are not
is symbolized as black and the other haploid subject to cell cycle controls; and they do not
set is gray. The chromosomes in the unlettered exhibit density-dependent inhibition when
circle have not yet replicated. Using the figure growing in culture.
below, which lettered circle represent C. When they stop dividing, they do so at
telophase? random points in the cell cycle, and they are
A. A B.B C. C not subject to cell cycle controls.
D. D E.E D. They do not exhibit density-dependent
inhibition when growing in culture.

84. Why do neurons and some other

specialized cells divide infrequently?
A. They no longer carry receptors for signal
molecules.
B. They can no longer bind Cdk to cyclin.
C. They show a drop in MPF concentration.
D. They have been shunted into G0.

85. Which is the first checkpoint in the cell

cycle where a cell will be caused to exit the
cycle if this point is not passed?
A. G0 B. previous M
C. G1 D. S

86. Tumor-suppressor genes

1
A. often encode proteins that stimulate the cell 91. The karyotype of one species of primate
cycle. has 48 chromosomes. In a particular female,
B. are cancer-causing genes introduced into cell division goes awry and she produces one
cells by viruses. of her eggs with an extra chromosome (25).
C. are frequently over expressed in cancerous The most probable source of this error would
cells. be a mistake in which of the following?
D. can encode proteins that promote DNA A. Mitosis in her ovary
repair or cell-cell adhesion. B. Either anaphase I or II
C. Metaphase I of one meiotic event
87. The human X and Y chromosomes D. Telophase I of one meiotic event
A. include genes that determine an individual's
sex. 92. When we see chiasmata under a
B. are about the same size and have microscope, that lets us know which of the
approximately the same number of genes. following has occurred?
C. are both present in every somatic cell of A. Asexual reproduction
males and females alike. B. Prophase I
D. are called autosomes. C. Separation of homologs
D. Meiosis II
88. Which of these statements is false?
A. At sexual maturity, ovaries and testes 93. Independent assortment of chromosomes
produce diploid gametes by meiosis. is a result of
B. Single, haploid (n) sets of chromosomes in A. the random and independent way in which
ovum and sperm unite during fertilization, each pair of homologous chromosomes lines
forming a diploid (2n), single-celled zygote. up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I.
C. In humans, each of the 22 maternal B. the random nature of the fertilization of ova
autosomes has a homologous paternal by sperm.
chromosome. C. the random distribution of the sister
D. In humans, the 23rd pair, the sex chromatids to the two daughter cells during
chromosomes, determines whether the person anaphase II.
is female (XX) or male (XY). D. the relatively small degree of homology
shared by the X and Y chromosomes.
89. In a human karyotype, chromosomes are
arranged in 23 pairs. If we choose one of these 94. Which of the following occurs in meiosis
pairs, such as pair 14, which of the following but not in mitosis?
do the two chromosomes of the pair have in A. Chromosome replication
common? B. Synapsis of chromosomes
A. Length, centromere position, and staining C. Alignment of chromosomes at the equator
pattern only. C. Condensation of chromatin
B. They have nothing in common except they
are X-shaped. 95. What do we mean when we use the terms
C. Length, centromere position, staining monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross?
pattern, and traits coded for by their genes. A. A dihybrid cross involves organisms that
D. Length and position of the centromere only. are heterozygous for two characters and a
monohybrid cross involves only one.
90. Which of these is a way that the sexual life B. A monohybrid cross results in a 9:3:3:1
cycle increases genetic variation in a species? ratio whereas a dihybrid cross gives a 3:1
A. By decreasing mutation frequency ratio.
B. By allowing crossing over C. A monohybrid cross produces a single
C. By conserving chromosomal gene order. progeny, whereas a dihybrid cross produces
D. By increasing gene stability. two progeny.

2
D. A monohybrid cross involves a single
parent, whereas a dihybrid cross involves two 101. Males are more often affected by sex-
parents. linked traits than females because
A. X chromosomes in males generally have
96. The individual with genotype more mutations than X chromosomes in
AaBbCCDdEE can make many kinds of females.
gametes. Which of the following is the major B. female hormones such as estrogen often
reason? compensate for the effects of mutations on the
A. The tendency for dominant alleles to X chromosome.
segregate together C. males are hemizygous for the X
B. Different possible assortment of chromosome.
chromosomes into gametes D. mutations on the Y chromosome often
C. Crossing over during prophase I worsen the effects of X-linked mutations.
D. Recurrent mutations forming new alleles
102. Normally, only female cats have the
97. In certain plants, tall is dominant to short. tortoiseshell phenotype because
If a heterozygous plant is crossed with a A. only males can have Barr bodies.
homozygous tall plant, what is the probability B. multiple crossovers on the Y chromosome
that the offspring will be short? prevent orange pigment production.
A. 1/4 B. 0 C. the males die during embryonic
C. 1/2 D. 1/6 development.
D. a male inherits only one allele of the X-
98. Labrador retrievers are black, brown, or linked gene controlling hair color.
yellow. In a cross of a black female with a
brown male, results can be either all black 103. Which of the following statements is true
puppies, 1/2 black to 1/2 brown puppies, or of linkage?
3/4 black to 1/4 yellow puppies. These results A. Crossing over occurs during prophase II of
indicate which of the following? meiosis.
A. Epistasis is involved. B. The closer two genes are on a chromosome,
B. There is incomplete dominance. the lower the probability that a crossover will
C. Yellow is dominant to black. occur between them.
D. Brown is dominant to black. C. All of the traits that Mendel studiedseed
color, pod shape, flower color, and othersare
99. Cinnabar eyes are a sex-linked recessive due to genes linked on the same chromosome.
characteristic in fruit flies. If a female having D. Linked genes are found on different
cinnabar eyes is crossed with a wild-type chromosomes.
male, what percentage of the F1 males will
have cinnabar eyes? 104. An inversion in a human chromosome
A. 25% B. 100% often results in no demonstrable phenotypic
C. 50% D. 75% effect in the individual. What else may occur?
A. The individual is more likely to get cancer.
100. A woman is found to have 47 B. There may be deletions later in life.
chromosomes, including three X C. Some abnormal gametes may be formed.
chromosomes. Which of the following D. All inverted chromosomes are deleted.
describes her expected phenotype?
A. Excessive emotional instability 105. Which of the following produces a
B. Sterile female Mendelian pattern of inheritance?
C. Healthy female of slightly above-average A. A chloroplast gene mutation
height B. A trait acted upon by many genes
D. Masculine characteristics such as facial C. A mitochondrial gene mutation
hair D. Viral genomes that inhabit egg cytoplasm

3
 A. Histones are found in mammals, but not in
106. Cytosine makes up 42% of the other animals or in plants or fungi.
nucleotides in a sample of double-stranded B. The mass of histone in chromatin is
DNA from an organism. Approximately what approximately nine times the mass of DNA.
percentage of the nucleotides in this sample C. Histone H1 is not present in the
will be thymine? nucleosome bead; instead, it draws the
A. 8% B. 42% nucleosomes together.
C. 16% D. 31% D. Each nucleosome consists of two
molecules of histone H1.
107. In trying to determine whether DNA or
protein is the genetic material, Hershey and
Chase made use of which of the following
facts?
A. DNA contains purines, whereas protein
includes pyrimidines.
B. DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein
does not.
C. DNA contains sulfur, whereas protein does
not.
D. RNA includes ribose, whereas DNA
includes deoxyribose sugars.

108. What is meant by the description

"antiparallel" regarding the strands that make
up DNA?
A. The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs Version A
counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other
strand.
B. One strand is positively charged and the
other is negatively charged.
C. One strand contains only purines and the
other contains only pyrimidines.
D. Base pairings create unequal spacing
between the two DNA strands.

109. How does the enzyme telomerase meet

the challenge of replicating the ends of linear
chromosomes?
A. It causes linear ends of the newly replicated
DNA to circularize.
B. It adds a single 5' cap structure that resists
degradation by nucleases.
C. It catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres,
compensating for the shortening that occurs
during replication.
D. It adds numerous GC pairs, which resist
hydrolysis and maintain chromosome
integrity.

110. Which of the following statements is true

of histones?