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Answers

101REALTIMEDRUPALINTERVIEWQUESTIONSAND
ANSWERS

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DrupalInterviewQuestionsandAnswers
:
1)WhatIsDrupal?

Drupal(pronouncedDruPull)isanopensourcecontentmanagementsystem

offeringatoolsetthatrivalsthoseofmostcommercialalternatives.With

integratedsocialmediaandecommercefunctionality,itprovidesuniquevalueas

partofyoursocialmediastrategy.

2)HowtocreateafolderandamodulefileinDrupal?

Giventhatourchoiceofshortnameisonthisdate,startthemodulebycreatinga

folderinyourDrupalinstallationatthepath:sites/all/modules/onthisdate.You

mayneedtocreatethesites/all/modulesdirectoryfirst.CreateaPHPfileand
saveitasonthisdate.moduleinthedirectorysites/all/modules/onthisdate.Asof

Drupal6.x,sites/all/modulesisthepreferredplacefornoncoremodules(and
sites/all/themesfornoncorethemes),sincethisplacesallsitespecificfilesinthe

sitesdirectory.Thisallowsyoutomoreeasilyupdatethecorefilesandmodules
withouterasingyourcustomizations.Alternatively,ifyouhaveamultisiteDrupal

installationandthismoduleisforonlyonespecificsite,youcanputitin
sites/yoursitefolder/modules.

Themoduleisnotoperationalyet:ithasntbeenactivated.Wellactivatethe
modulelaterinthetutorial.

3)Howtonameyourmodule?

Thefirststepincreatingamoduleistochooseashortnameforit.Thisshort
namewillbeusedinallfileandfunctionnamesinyourmodule,soitmuststart

withaletterandbyDrupalconventionitmustcontainonlylowercaselettersand
underscores.Forthisexample,wellchooseonthisdateastheshortname.

Importantnote:Itisnotjustaconventionthattheshortnameisusedforboththe
modulesfilenameandasafunctionprefix.WhenyouimplementDrupalhooks
(seelaterportionsoftutorial),Drupalwillonlyrecognizeyourhook

implementationfunctionsiftheyhavethesamefunctionnameprefixasthename
ofthemodulefile.

Itsalsoimportanttomakesureyourmoduledoesnothavethesameshortname
asanythemeyouwillbeusingonthesite.

DRUPALInterviewQuestionsandAnswers

4)ExplainthemenusysteminDrupal?
Definethenavigationmenus,androutepagerequeststocodebasedonURLs.

TheDrupalmenusystemdrivesboththenavigationsystemfromauser
perspectiveandthecallbacksystemthatDrupalusestorespondtoURLspassed

fromthebrowser.Forthisreason,agoodunderstandingofthemenusystemis
fundamentaltothecreationofcomplexmodules.Drupalsmenusystemfollowsa
simplehierarchydefinedbypaths.Implementationsofhook_menu()define

menuitemsandassignthemtopaths(whichshouldbeunique).Themenusystem
aggregatestheseitemsanddeterminesthemenuhierarchyfromthepaths.For
example,ifthepathsdefinedwerea,a/b,e,a/b/c/d,f/g,anda/b/h,themenu
systemwouldformthestructure:
a

a/b
a/b/c/d
a/b/h
e

f/g
5)HowtointeractwithDrupalsearchsystem?
Therearethreewaystointeractwiththesearchsystem:
Specificallyforsearchingnodes,youcanimplementnodeapi(updateindex)and

nodeapi(searchresult).However,notethatthesearchsystemalreadyindexesall
visibleoutputofanode,i.e.everythingdisplayednormallybyhook_view()and
hook_nodeapi(view).Thisisusuallysufficient.Youshouldonlyusethis
mechanismifyouwantadditional,nonvisibledatatobeindexed.
Implementhook_search().Thiswillcreateasearchtabforyourmoduleonthe

/searchpagewithasimplekeywordsearchform.Youmayoptionallyimplement
hook_search_item()tocustomizethedisplayofyourresults.
Implementhook_update_index().ThisallowsyourmoduletouseDrupals
HTMLindexingmechanismforsearchingfulltextefficiently.

Ifyourmoduleneedstoprovideamorecomplicatedsearchform,thenyouneed
toimplementityourselfwithouthook_search().Inthatcase,youshoulddefineit
asalocaltask(tab)underthe/searchpage(e.g./search/mymodule)sothatusers
caneasilyfindit.

6)HowtoCustomizeaDrupalSyndicateFeedIcon?

ForarecentprojectIneededtocustomizethefeediconintheDrupalthemeIwas
creating.ThiswasntasstraightforwardasIthoughtitwouldbe.Beingthedrupal
newbiethatIamIwentlookingforitinthecoretemplatesandsuggestionspage
onlytocomeemptyhanded.

PreviouslyIfoundthesolutiontothemingasearchformbyusingthesearch
blockform.tpl.phptemplatefileandthoughttherewouldbeoneforthefeedicon
too.Ifoundthesolutiontothisinthefunctionreferenceintheformofatheme
hook.

theme_feed_icon($url,$title)
Thisfunctionisinternallycalledbydrupaltogeneratethefeediconinthe
Syndicateblock.OurJobistooverridethisfunction.
7)HowtobackupaDrupalsite?
BackingupyourDrupalsiteisnowveryeasy,youjustneedtodownloadand
installamodulecalledBackup&Migrate.Toinstallthemoduleclickonthe
AdministerModuleschecktheBackupandMigratemoduleandenableitandsave

thesettings.
ThennavigatetotheAdministerContentManagementBackupandMigratethen
dothefollowingsettings.
Excludethefollowingtablesaltogether:selectthetablewhichyoudontwantto

takebackup.
Givethebackupfilename.
Therearealsooptionstocompressthefilebeforedownload,oradda
datestamp.
AndthenclickBackupDatabase.

AlternatelyyoucantakebackupsusingPhpMyAdmin.

8)HowtomoveaDrupalSitefromOnehost/servertoanotheron
yourNEWhost?
Uploadyourfolderwiththecompletedrupalinstallationtoyourhome
directory.

Oncedone,gotophpadminonthenewhost,createanewmysqldatabase,
examplename_drpl1andcreateanewmysqluser.Createapasswordforthis
newmysqluser,clickassignallprivilegestothisuserandassigntheusertothe
newdatabase.

Younowshouldhaveanewmysqldatabaseonthenewhostwithamysqluser,eg.
name_drpl1asdatabasenameandname_usernameasdatabaseusername.
Import(upload)thedatabase(whichyouexportedfromtheoldhostearlier)
withphpadmintothenewdatabase.Thismighttakeaminute.

Ifneedededitthefile[drupalhome]/sites/default/settings.phpandeditatthe
sectionwhereyouenterthedatabase,location,usernameandpassword.YouCAN
enterthepasswordeitherencryptedornotencryptedthere.

Chmodyourfilesfoldersoitiswriteableusingyourftpclient(filezilla),
chmodto777
Doublecheckyour.htaccessand[drupalhome]/sites/default/settings.phpand
makechangesincasetheyareneeded.

Changenameservesonyourdomainhostandletthempointtoyournewhosts
nameservers.

Enterthenewnameserversinyourcontrolpanelwhereyourdomainnamesare
hosted,overwritingtheoldones.

Aftersometime(sometimesadayortwo)yourdomainshouldpointtothenew
hostanddrupalshouldbeupandrunningonthenewhost.

9)HowtomoveaDrupalSitefromOnehost/servertoanother?

MigratingDrupalOnyourOLDhost:
Backupyourwholehomedirectoryfromyourftpaccessusinganftpclientlike

filezilla.Makeafolderonyourlocalharddiskanddownloadthecomplete
directorytothatlocalfolder.

Backupyourmysqldatabaseonyouroldhostusingphpadmin,selectyour

mysqldatabase,usuallysomethinglikename_drpl1.Selectallfields,click
exportandsavethedatabasetoyourlocalharddisk.Leavedefaultoptions

enabled.Youwillreceiveafilesimilartoname_drpl1.sql.
Thisisyourmysqldatabase

10)HowtoinstallDrupalonalocalWAMPserver?

PreparingyourcomputerwithalocalinstallationofDrupalwithWampServeris
comparativelyatroublefreeprocesstofollow.SinceWampServerwillinstallan

Apacheserver,SQL,PHPandphpMySQLonyourcomputer,withthosetoolsyou
caninstallandrunDrupallocallyevenwithoutaninternetconnection.
11)HowtoremovebreadcrumbsfrommyDrupalpages?

Breadcrumbsorbreadcrumbtrailisanavigationaidusedindrupalinterfaces.
Normallyitappearsinbetweenthetopbannerareaandthepagetitle.Itgives

usersawaytokeeptrackoftheirlocationwithinprograms.Breadcrumbsare

reallyusefulinacomparativelybiggerwebsitewithplentyofsectionsand
subsections.Butwhenitcomestosmallerwebsites,itmayfounduseless.Inthose

casesyoumayeitherhideitusingCSS(eg..breadcrumb{display:none})orin
thepage.tpl.phpfileremovethelinethatsays

12)HowtoaddcustomPHPcodesinmyDrupalpagesorblocks?

Bydefault,drupalwillnotallowinsertingPHPcodedirectlyinsideapostorina
block.Todothis,youneedtoactivateadrupalmodulecalledPHPfiltervia,

AdministerSitebuildingModules.Eventhoughthismoduleshipswithdrupal,it
remainsdisabledbydefault.

13)HowcanIcreateacustomregioninmyDrupaltemplate?

Addinganewregioninyourdrupaltemplateisnotahardthing,butitsnotas
easyasaddinganewblock.Itsbasicallyatwostepprocess:

definethecustomregioninyourthemes.infofile
insertsomePHPinyourthemespage.tpl.phpfilewhereveryouwouldlikethe

newregiontoappear

14)WhatdoesViewsdoandhowdoyouuseit?
ViewsisapracticalnecessityforsitesbuiltonDrupal6,anditsimperativethat

yourdeveloperunderstandshowtotakeadvantageofit.EarlMileshaswrittena
greatsummaryontheViewsprojectpage.

15)HowcanIaddanewBlockInDrupal?
Addinganewblockisasimpleprocessindrupal6.

GotoAdministerBlocksandclickontheAddBlocklink(tab).
FillintheformwiththenecessaryPHP/HTMLcodeintheblockbody.And

clicktheSaveBlockbutton.

16)HowcanIcustomizemy404Pagenotfoundpage?

Createanewpagewithsomeextrainformation,sothatyourvisitorsdontever
plungeontothedefaultboring404pagenotfounderrorpage.

Oncethispageiscreated:

RememberitsnodeID,
GotoAdminister>Siteconfiguration>Errorreporting

SetDefault404(notfound)pagetothenodeIDyoujustcreated
Saveyoursettings

YoucanalsousetheSearch404moduleasanalternative.

17)HowtohandleupgradesinDrupal?
ItsafactoflifethatyoullhavetoupgradeyourDrupalinstallationand

contributedmodulesfairlyfrequently.Yourcandidateshouldmention:
backingupthesite,

puttingitintomaintenancemode

downloadingthenewversionofthemodule
uncompressingit

runningupdate.php

testingthesite
takingthesiteoutofmaintenancemode

Ideally,yourcandidatewouldalsomentioncreatingadevelopmentenvironment
tominimizedowntime.Thereisalsoabigdifferencebetweenupgradingamodule

(processdescribedabove)andaDrupalminorversionupgrade,whichrequires

morecarefulpatching.Drupalmajorversionupgrades,whichhappenevery
coupleyears,areanothercanofwormsentirely.
18)HowdoIshowdifferentDrupalthemesondifferentpages?
Yeahitspossible!Youcanapplydifferentthemestodifferentpagesinyour

drupalsitesimplywiththehelpofacoolmodulecalledSections.

19)HowdoIaddimagestoDrupal?
Imagemoduleallowsuserswithproperpermissionstouploadimagesinto

Drupal.Thumbnailsandadditionalsizesarecreatedautomatically.
Imagescouldbepostedindividuallytothefrontpage,includedinstoriesor

groupedingalleries.

20)HowcanItranslateDrupaltomylocallanguage?
Theinterfacetext(liketheLoginbuttonandtheAddnewcommenttext)isin

Englishbydefault,butcanbetranslated.Formanylanguages,thereare
completedorpartlycompletedtranslationsavailable.(Seethelocalemoduleon

howtousethem.)

Alllanguagesneedmoretranslationcontributions.Somehaveonlyincomplete
versionsofthetextincore,sothatpartsoftheinterfacewillshowupinEnglish.

Othersmaybecompletebutneedcorrectionsandimprovementsofthelanguage.

Andnolanguagehasacompletesetoftranslationsforallcontributedmodules.

21)HowdoIremovethetitleNavigationfromthenavigationblock?

Topreventthenavigationblocktitleoranyotherblocktitlefromappearinginthe
pages,justdothefollowing.

NavigatetoAdministerSitebuildingBlocksandclicktheconfigurelinknextto

theNavigationblock.
Intheblockconfigurationpage,enterintheBlocktitlefiled.Thiswilloverride

thedefaulttitlefortheblockandremovethetitle.

22)HowdoIgetmysitetohaveSEOfriendlyURLs?

ThePathautomoduleautomaticallygeneratesURL/pathaliasesforvariouskinds

ofcontent(nodes,taxonomyterms,users)withoutrequiringtheusertomanually
specifythepathalias.ThisallowsyoutohaveURLaliaseslike/category/my
nodetitleinsteadof/node/123.Thealiasesarebaseduponapatternsystem

thatusestokenswhichtheadministratorcanchange.

23)HowcanIenablecleanURLsinDrupal?
DrupalsdefaultURLstructureislikehttp://www.sitename.com/?q=node/10

ThisURLformatcanbehardtoread,andcansometimespreventsearchengines
fromindexingallyourpagesproperly.Inthiscaseyoucaneliminatethis?q=

andcleantheURLsthroughthefollowingsteps.

NavigatetoAdministerSiteconfigurationCleanURLs.Bydefault,itwillbe
disabled.Selectenabledandclickthesaveconfigurationbutton.Youaredone.

YoucanmakeyourURLsevenmorecleanerwiththehelpofpathmodule.
HomeAdministerSitebuildingModules:enablethePathModule.

24)HowcanIchangethefaviconinmyDrupalSite?

Createyourownfavicon.icofileusinganygraphictoolsorwiththehelpofany
onlinefavicongeneratortoolslikednamicdrive.

Navigatetoadminsitebuildingthemesandclicktheconfigurelinknexttoyour
currenttheme.Thiswillbringupthethemeconfigurationpage.

HereyouwillseeasectiontitledShortcuticonssettings.Youcaneitherupload

yourfaviconfileorspecifythepathtoyourcustomizediconfile.
Thechangesmaynotappearimmediatelyinyourbrowser,youneedtoclearyour

browserscacheandreloadthepage.Ifyouhavebookmarkedyoursite,youmay

needtodeletethebookmarkandthenrecreateitagainsothatthenewfaviconwill
appearinthebookmarksmenu.

25)ExplainfaviconinDrupal?
Afavicon(shortforfavoritesicon),alsoknownasawebsiteiconorbookmark

iconisa1616pixelsquareiconthatappearsneartheaddressbarandinthe

bookmarksfolderinavisitorsbrowser.Bydefault,adrupalsiteshowsthatwater
dropkindadrupallogoasfavicon.
26)HowcanIresetmyDrupaladminpassword?
LogintocPanel>Databasesbox>phpMyAdmin

SelecttheDruapldatabasefolderfromtheleftnavigationbar.Thepagewill

refreshandandtheDrupaldatabasestableswillbedisplayedonit.
ClickontheSQLtab.

InthetextfieldwritethefollowingSQLquery:
updateuserssetpass=md5(NEWPASS)whereuid=1whereNEWPASSis

yournewDrupaladministrativepassword.

ClicktheGObuttontosubmitthequery.Ifthequeryisexecutedcorrectlyandno
errorsaredisplayedthenyoushouldbeabletologinwiththenewpassword.

27)HowtoinstallanewmoduleinDrupal?
Afterfindinganddownloadingamodule,thenextstepwouldbetocopyitthe
modulesfolder.Mostpeoplecopythefiletothedefaultmodulesfolderhere

http://sitename.com/drupal/modulesthisiswhereallthemodulesthatshipwith

Drupalarestoredsoitseemssomewhatlogicaltodothis.Butthisfolderis

actuallymeanttostoreonlyDrupalsdefaultmodules.Insteadyoushouldgoto

http://sitename.com/drupal/sites/allfolder,thereyouwillseeareadme.txtfile.

Thisfilewillclearlytellyouthetrick.Youjustneedtocreateanewfoldernamed
moduleshere.Nowcopythemodulesfolderhere.Thatsall,youhavesuccessfully

installedthemodule.

NextstepwouldbetoenablethemodulethroughtheAdmininterface.Todothis

navigatetoAdministerSiteBuildingModules.Hereyouwillseealistoffall

installedmodules,andournewlyinstalledmodulewillalsobelistedhere.You
justhavetochecktheenablecheckboxagainstthenewmoduleandthenclickthe

SaveConfigurationbutton.Thatsall.

28)HowcanIinstallanewthemeinDrupal?

ThisisanothercommonquestionamongDrupalnewbiesalltime.Aftertryingout

allavailablethemesunderDrupalsthemedirectory,wemaynaturallywanttotry
newthemes.Installinganewthemeisverysimpleandstraightforward.Follow

thestepsbelow.

Downloadanewthemepackage.NotethatthemesfordifferentDrupalversions

arenotcompatible,version5.xthemesdonotworkwithDrupal6.xandreverse.

ReadanyREADMEorINSTALLfilesinthepackagetofindoutifthereareany
specialstepsneededforthistheme.

Uploadthecontentsofthethemepackagetoanewdirectoryinthethemes

directoryinyourDrupalsite.InDrupal5.x&6.x,youplaceyourthemesin

/sites/all/themes/yourThemeName

Clickadministerthemesandenablethenewtheme(Drupalwillautodetectits
presence).

Edityouruserpreferencesandselectthenewtheme.Ifyouwantittobethe

defaultthemeforallusers,checkthedefaultboxinthethemesadministration

page.

29)HowtomakemyDrupalsiteofflinetopublic,whileitisunder

construction?

YoucansetyourDrupalsiteinofflinemode,whileitisbeingdeveloped.Just
clickAdministerSitemaintenance.Thereyoucansetthestatustooffline.Ifyou

wants,youcanalsosetyourowncustomofflinemessage.WhensettoOffline,

onlyuserswiththeadministersiteconfigurationpermissionwillbeabletoaccess

yoursitetoperformmaintenanceallothervisitorswillseethesiteoffline

messageconfiguredthere.AuthorizeduserscanloginduringOfflinemode

directlyviatheuserloginpage.

30)HowdoescachingworkinDrupal?

Oneofthecommon(mostlyunfounded)complaintsaboutDrupalhasbeen,
Drupalisslow.YouwanttohireadeveloperwhounderstandsDrupalsbuiltin

cachingsystem,andwhatitslimitationsare.Forexample,Drupal6sblockcache

willnotappreciablyspeedupthepageiftheuserisloggedin.
AskyourcandidatetorecommendsomeadditionalsolutionstospeedupDrupals

caching.ThesecouldincludetheBoostmodule,Varnish,Squid,Memcacheor

Pressflow.AskiftheyveeverrunintoissueswithDrupalscache.

31)CanyoupleaseexplainthedifferencebetweenCoreandContribin

Drupal?

ThestandardreleaseofDrupal,knownasDrupalcore,containsbasicfeatures

commontocontentmanagementsystems.Theseincludeuseraccountregistration
andmaintenance,menumanagement,RSSfeeds,pagelayoutcustomization,and

systemadministration.TheDrupalcoreinstallationcanbeusedasa

brochurewarewebsite,asingleormultiuserblog,anInternetforum,ora

communitywebsiteprovidingforusergeneratedcontent.

AsofAugust2011therearemorethan11,000freecommunitycontributed
addons,knownascontribmodules,availabletoalterandextendDrupalscore

capabilitiesandaddnewfeaturesorcustomizeDrupalsbehaviorandappearance.

Becauseofthispluginextensibilityandmodulardesign,Drupalissometimes

describedasacontentmanagementframework.Drupalisalsodescribedasaweb

applicationframework,asitmeetsthegenerallyacceptedfeaturerequirements
forsuchframeworks.

32)WhatareSystemrequirementsforDrupal?
Aminimumbaseinstallationrequiresatleast3MBofdiskspacebutyoushould

assumethatyouractualdiskspacewillbesomewhathigher.Forexample,ifyou

installmanycontributedmodulesandcontributedthemes,theactualdiskspace

foryourinstallationcouldeasilybe40MBormore(exclusiveofdatabasecontent,

media,backupsandotherfiles).

33)WhycanotADrupalusereditanodetheycreated?

Symptoms:AnauthorizedDrupaluserloseseditaccesstonodestheyvecreated,

eveniftheyhaveappropriatenode(orothermodule)accesspermissions.Or,user
cannoteditanodethatshouldbeeditablebythem,basedonaccesscontrolor

nodeaccesssettings.Noerrorsorwarningsarepresentedtotheuser.Nothingin

theDrupalwatchdoglog.

PossibleCause:Theuserdoesnothavepermissiontousetheinputfiltercurrently

assignedtothenode.(Anadministratororotherprivilegedusermayhave

changedtheinputfiltersettings,or,inputfilterpermissionsmayhavebeen
changedtoexcludethenodeauthorsincethenodewascreated.Asaresult,the

userneverhad,ornolongerhaspermissiontousetheinputfilterassociatedwith

thenode.)

34)HowDoesDrupalComparetoRubyonRails?

AnothercommonalternativeplatformtoDrupalisRubyonRails.Wereallydont

havemuchtosayaboutRubyexceptthatitisaframeworkmoresothana

platform.Therearesomecharacteristicallychallengingwebdevelopmenttasks

thatarequiteeasytodowithRuby,andthereareotherswhichareinfinitelymore
complicatedthantheyshouldbe.

OnebigdifferenceisthefactthatRubylackstherefineddataobjectmodelfound
inDrupalthatensuresinteroperabilitybetweenvariousaspectsofthesystem,

suchasaddingnewmodulestomodifytheoperationsofothers.WhereasDrupal

offersaselfgeneratingdatabaseschemaformanymodulesandunderlying

componentsoftheplatform,RubyonRailsemphasizesadesignphilosophy

holdingthatsimplificationofcodeconventionsleadstobetteroutcomes.While
thisallsoundsgoodinprinciple,wehavefoundtherearecertaintasksthatmake

adherancetothisphilosophyanidealmoresothanapracticalgoalandbreaking

freefromtheseconventionswhennecessaryadauntingtask(especiallywhen

integratingwithexternalsystems).
35)HowDoesDrupalComparetoOtherOpenSourceCMSSystems?

Drupalisalsooftencomparedwithotheropensourcecontentmanagement

systemsincludingJoomla,Plone,Scoop,Silverstripe,Typo3,Graffitti,Moveable

TypeandWordPress.Therearecharacteristicfeaturestoallofthesesystemsthat
makethemappropriateincertaincontexts,andmostofthemcomparefavorably

toDrupalinonecategoryofoperationoranother.Fewofthem,however,are

capableofofferingthebalancebetweenperformanceandfunctionalityfoundin

Drupal.

36)HowDoesDrupalComparetoCommercialCMSSystems?

Drupalisoftencomparedtoanumberofcommercialcontentmanagement

systemsincludingCrownPeak,ExpressionEngine,ClickabilityandSiteLifein
termsofcapabilities.Noneofthesesystemsoffertherangeoffeaturesthatcanbe

foundinDrupalortheflexible,developerfriendlyarchitecturethatallowsusto

rapidlydeploydynamicwebsites.Intermsofsustainability,theseplatforms

charactertisticallylacktheinnovativeapproachtodevelopmentembracedbythe

Drupalcommunity,withupdatesandnewfeaturescontinuallybeingaddedtothe

platform.ThesesystemstypicallydosurpassDrupalintermsofoutofthebox
reportingandmetricstools,generallyprovidingviewsofdatathatisalsostoredin

othersystems.Forinstance,detailedpagetrackinginformationcanjustaseasily

bepulledfromaCDNandintegratedintoaDrupalsiteformuchlessthanthe

costsofperseatlicensesfromacommercialvendorovera1monthperiod.

37)WhatKindofSupportIsAvailable?

AwiderangeofsupportservicesareavailablefororganizationsrunningDrupal

sites.TheDrupalcommunityitselfisanexcellentresourceforpeoplelookingto
learnmoreabouttheplatformorresolvespecificissuesthatemergeusingthe

system.AcquiaoffersanenterprisedistributionofDrupalthatincludesuptime

monitoring,emailandtelephonebasedtroubleshootingsupport,andsubscription

plansforsiteswithvaryingperformancerequirements.
Forhosting,Ourworkswithavarietyofpartnerstodeliversolutionstoensure

sitesareoperationalandcanscaletomeetchangingtrafficexpectations.

RackspaceisOurpreferredhostingpartner,andtheir100%uptimeguarantee
allowsustofocusonbuildinggreatwebsiteswithoutworryingaboutthenetwork.

WorkhabitandAmazonS3offercloudhostingsolutionsthatallowustobuild

sitesthatautomaticallyscaletohandlelargepeaksoftraffic,andtoprovisionnew

serversdynamicallybasedonactualtrafficconditionsonanygivenday.

38)HowDoesDrupalScale?

TrellonhasbuiltDrupalsitesanddeployedtheminverydemandingscenarios,

servingmillionsofpageviewsaday.Drupalscalabilityandperformance

optimizationisoneofourcorecompetencies,andweoftenworkwithexistingweb
propertiestofindwaystoimprovetheirperformance.Contactustodiscussyour

specificneeds.

39)WhatDoesDrupalDo?

Drupalisthechoiceformanygreatwebsitesbecauseitdoesalotofdifferent

thingsverywell,andallowsdifferentkindsofinformationtointeracteffectively

throughitsflexible,openarchitecture.Comparedwithcommercialorcustom

solutions,Drupalsfeaturesetisfarmoreeconomicandpracticalformost

organizations.

40)ExplaincodingstandardsinDrupal?

AspertheCodingstandards,omittheclosing?>tag.Includingtheclosingtag
maycausestrangeruntimeissuesoncertainserversetups.(Notethatthe

examplesinthehandbookwillshowtheclosingtagforformattingreasonsonly

andyoushouldnotincludeitinyourrealcode.)

AllfunctionsinyourmodulethatwillbeusedbyDrupalarenamed

{modulename}_{hook},wherehookisapredefinedfunctionnamesuffix.
Drupalwillcallthesefunctionstogetspecificdata,sohavingthesewelldefined

namesmeansDrupalknowswheretolook.Wewillcometohooksinawhile.
41.WhatisCMS?

Acontentmanagementsystem(CMS)isacollectionofproceduresusedto

manageworkflowinacollaborativeenvironment.Theseprocedurescanbe
manualorcomputerbased.Theproceduresaredesignedto:

*Allowforalargenumberofpeopletocontributetoandsharestoreddata

*Controlaccesstodata,basedonuserroles.Userrolesdefinewhatinformation

eachusercanvieworedit

*Aidineasystorageandretrievalofdata
*Reducerepetitiveduplicateinput

*Improvetheeaseofreportwriting

*Improvecommunicationbetweenusers

InaCMS,datacanbedefinedasalmostanythingdocuments,movies,pictures,

phonenumbers,scientificdata,etc.CMSsarefrequentlyusedforstoring,

controlling,revising,semanticallyenriching,andpublishingdocumentation.
Contentthatiscontrolledisindustryspecific.Forexample,entertainment

contentdiffersfromthedesigndocumentsforafighterjet.Therearevarious

termsforsystems(relatedprocesses)thatdothis.Examplesarewebcontent

management,digitalassetmanagement,digitalrecordsmanagementand

electroniccontentmanagement.Synchronizationofintermediatesteps,and
collationintoafinalproductarecommongoalsofeach.

cms,drupal,drupalcms,interviewquestions,technical,joomla,joomlacms,drupal

interviewquestion,contentmanagementsystem

42.SourceCode

Theprogrammustincludesourcecode,andmustallowdistributioninsource

codeaswellascompiledform.Wheresomeformofaproductisnotdistributed

withsourcecode,theremustbeawellpublicizedmeansofobtainingthesource
codefornomorethanareasonablereproductioncostpreferably,downloadingvia

theInternetwithoutcharge.Thesourcecodemustbethepreferredforminwhich
aprogrammerwouldmodifytheprogram.Deliberatelyobfuscatedsourcecodeis

notallowed.Intermediateformssuchastheoutputofapreprocessorortranslator

arenotallowed.

43.DerivedWorks

Thelicensemustallowmodificationsandderivedworks,andmustallowthemto
bedistributedunderthesametermsasthelicenseoftheoriginalsoftware.

44.IntegrityofTheAuthorsSourceCode

Thelicensemayrestrictsourcecodefrombeingdistributedinmodifiedformonly
ifthelicenseallowsthedistributionofpatchfileswiththesourcecodeforthe

purposeofmodifyingtheprogramatbuildtime.Thelicensemustexplicitly

permitdistributionofsoftwarebuiltfrommodifiedsourcecode.Thelicensemay

requirederivedworkstocarryadifferentnameorversionnumberfromthe

originalsoftware.

45.NoDiscriminationAgainstPersonsorGroups

Thelicensemustnotdiscriminateagainstanypersonorgroupofpersons.

46.WhatareGNULicenses?

DoesfreesoftwaremeanusingtheGPL?
Notatalltherearemanyotherfreesoftwarelicenses.Wehaveanincomplete

list.Anylicensethatprovidestheusercertainspecificfreedomsisafreesoftware

license.

47.WhyaresomanyDrupalversionsavailable4.x,5.x?Which

oneshouldIuse?

Itisrecommendedthatyourunthemostcurrentstablerelease.Thiscanalways

befoundattheDrupalProjectpage.However,iftherearenocompellingfeatures

inthelatestversion,acontribmodulethatisimportanttoyouisntreadyoryou
donthavetime,thereisnoneedtorushyourupgradeaslongassecurityupdates

areavailablefortheversionyouarerunning.
48.CanIuseDrupalonthecommandline?

Yes,youcanusedrush

drushisacommandlineshellandUnixscriptinginterfaceforDrupal

49.WhatarehooksinDrupal?

AllowmodulestointeractwiththeDrupalcore.
Drupalsmodulesystemisbasedontheconceptofhooks.AhookisaPHP

functionthatisnamedfoo_bar(),wherefooisthenameofthemodule(whose

filenameisthusfoo.module)andbaristhenameofthehook.Eachhookhasa

definedsetofparametersandaspecifiedresulttype.

ToextendDrupal,amoduleneedsimplyimplementahook.WhenDrupalwishes
toallowinterventionfrommodules,itdetermineswhichmodulesimplementa

hookandcallsthathookinallenabledmodulesthatimplementit.

50.whatisDatabaseabstractionlayerinDrupal?

Allowtheuseofdifferentdatabaseserversusingthesamecodebase.

Drupalprovidesaslimdatabaseabstractionlayertoprovidedeveloperswiththe

abilitytosupportmultipledatabaseserverseasily.Theintentofthislayeristo

preservethesyntaxandpowerofSQLasmuchaspossible,whilelettingDrupal

controlthepiecesofqueriesthatneedtobewrittendifferentlyfordifferent
serversandprovidebasicsecuritychecks.

MostDrupaldatabasequeriesareperformedbyacalltodb_query()or

db_query_range().Moduleauthorsshouldalsoconsiderusingpager_query()for

queriesthatreturnresultsthatneedtobepresentedonmultiplepages,and

tablesort_sql()forgeneratingappropriatequeriesforsortabletables.

51.ExplainthemenusysteminDrupal?Purposeofmenus?

Definethenavigationmenus,androutepagerequeststocodebasedonURLs.
TheDrupalmenusystemdrivesboththenavigationsystemfromauser

perspectiveandthecallbacksystemthatDrupalusestorespondtoURLspassed

fromthebrowser.Forthisreason,agoodunderstandingofthemenusystemis
fundamentaltothecreationofcomplexmodules.

Drupalsmenusystemfollowsasimplehierarchydefinedbypaths.
Implementationsofhook_menu()definemenuitemsandassignthemtopaths

(whichshouldbeunique).Themenusystemaggregatestheseitemsand

determinesthemenuhierarchyfromthepaths.Forexample,ifthepathsdefined

werea,a/b,e,a/b/c/d,f/g,anda/b/h,themenusystemwouldformthe

structure:

a
a/b

a/b/c/d

a/b/h

f/g
Notethatthenumberofelementsinthepathdoesnotnecessarilydeterminethe

depthofthemenuiteminthetree.

Whenrespondingtoapagerequest,themenusystemlookstoseeifthepath

requestedbythebrowserisregisteredasamenuitemwithacallback.Ifnot,the

systemsearchesupthemenutreeforthemostcompletematchwithacallbackit
canfind.Ifthepatha/b/iisrequestedinthetreeabove,thecallbackfora/b

wouldbeused.

Thefoundcallbackfunctioniscalledwithanyargumentsspecifiedinthepage

argumentsattributeofitsmenuitem.Theattributemustbeanarray.Afterthese

arguments,anyremainingcomponentsofthepathareappendedasfurther
arguments.Inthisway,thecallbackfora/babovecouldrespondtoarequestfor

a/b/idifferentlythanarequestfora/b/j.

Foranillustrationofthisprocess,seepage_example.module.

Accesstothecallbackfunctionsisalsoprotectedbythemenusystem.Theaccess

callbackwithanoptionalaccessargumentsofeachmenuitemiscalledbefore
thepagecallbackproceeds.IfthisreturnsTRUE,thenaccessisgrantedifFALSE,
thenaccessisdenied.Menuitemsmayomitthisattributetousethevalue

providedbyanancestoritem.
InthedefaultDrupalinterface,youwillnoticemanylinksrenderedastabs.These

areknowninthemenusystemaslocaltasks,andtheyarerenderedastabsby

default,thoughotherpresentationsarepossible.Localtasksfunctionjustasother

menuitemsinmostrespects.Itisconventionthatthenamesofthesetasksshould

beshortverbsifpossible.Inaddition,adefaultlocaltaskshouldbeprovidedfor
eachset.Whenvisitingalocaltasksparentmenuitem,thedefaultlocaltaskwill

berenderedasifitisselectedthisprovidesforanormaltabuserexperience.This

defaulttaskisspecialinthatitlinksnottoitsprovidedpath,buttoitsparent

itemspathinstead.Thedefaulttaskspathisonlyusedtoplaceitappropriatelyin

themenuhierarchy.
Everythingdescribedsofarisstoredinthemenu_routertable.Themenu_links

tableholdsthevisiblemenulinks.Bydefaultthesearederivedfromthesame

hook_menudefinitions,howeveryouarefreetoaddmorewith

menu_link_save().

52.HowtointeractwithDrupalsearchsystem?

Therearethreewaystointeractwiththesearchsystem:

Specificallyforsearchingnodes,youcanimplementnodeapi(updateindex)and

nodeapi(searchresult).However,notethatthesearchsystemalreadyindexesall
visibleoutputofanode,i.e.everythingdisplayednormallybyhook_view()and

hook_nodeapi(view).Thisisusuallysufficient.Youshouldonlyusethis

mechanismifyouwantadditional,nonvisibledatatobeindexed.

Implementhook_search().Thiswillcreateasearchtabforyourmoduleonthe

/searchpagewithasimplekeywordsearchform.Youmayoptionallyimplement
hook_search_item()tocustomizethedisplayofyourresults.

Implementhook_update_index().ThisallowsyourmoduletouseDrupalsHTML
indexingmechanismforsearchingfulltextefficiently.
Ifyourmoduleneedstoprovideamorecomplicatedsearchform,thenyouneed
toimplementityourselfwithouthook_search().Inthatcase,youshoulddefineit

asalocaltask(tab)underthe/searchpage(e.g./search/mymodule)sothatusers
caneasilyfindit.

53.WhatisaModuleindrupal?

Amoduleissoftware(code)thatextendsDrupalfeaturesand/orfunctionality.
CoremodulesarethoseincludedwiththemaindownloadofDrupal,andyoucan
turnontheirfunctionalitywithoutinstallingadditionalsoftware.Contributed

modulesaredownloadedfromtheModulesdownloadsectionofdrupal.org,and
installedwithinyourDrupalinstallation.Youcanalsocreateyourownmodules

thisrequiresathoroughunderstandingofDrupal,PHPprogramming,and
DrupalsmoduleAPI.

54.ExplainUser,Permission,Roleindrupal.

Everyvisitortoyoursite,whethertheyhaveanaccountandloginorvisitthesite
anonymously,isconsideredausertoDrupal.EachuserhasanumericuserID,
andnonanonymoususersalsohaveausernameandanemailaddress.Other

informationcanalsobeassociatedwithusersbymodulesforinstance,ifyouuse
thecoreProfilemodule,youcandefineuserprofilefieldstobeassociatedwith

eachuser.
AnonymoususershaveauserIDofzero(0).TheuserwithuserIDone(1),which
istheuseraccountyoucreatewhenyouinstallDrupal,isspecial:thatuserhas

permissiontodoabsolutelyeveythingonthesite.
Otherusersonyoursitecanbeassignedpermissionsviaroles.Todothis,you

firstneedtocreatearole,whichyoumightcallContenteditororMember.
Next,youwillassignpermissionstothatrole,totellDrupalwhatthatrolecanand
cantdoonthesite.Finally,youwillgrantcertainusersonyoursiteyournew

role,whichwillmeanthatwhenthoseusersareloggedin,Drupalwillletthemdo
theactionsyougavethatrolepermissiontodo.
Youcanalsoassignpermissionsforthespecialbuiltinrolesofanonymoususer

(auserwhoisnotloggedin)andauthenticateduser(auserwhoisloggedin,
withnospecialroleassignments).Drupalpermissionsarequiteflexibleyouare

allowedtoassignpermissionforanytasktoanyrole,dependingontheneedsof
yoursite.

55.Explaintheconceptofnodeindrupal.
AnodeinDrupalisthegenerictermforapieceofcontentonyourwebsite.(Note

thatthechoiceofthewordnodeisnotmeantinthemathematicalsenseaspart
ofanetwork.)Someexamplesofnodes:

Pagesinbooks
Discussiontopicsinforums

Entriesinblogs
Newsarticlestories
EachnodeonyoursitehasaContentType.ItalsohasaNodeID,aTitle,a

creationdate,anauthor(auseronthesite),aBody(whichmaybe
ignored/omittedforsomecontenttypes),andsomeotherproperties.Byusing

modulessuchasthecontributedContentConstructionKit(CCK)module,thecore
Taxonomymodule,andthecontributedLocationmodule,youcanaddfieldsand
otherpropertiestoyournodes.

56.ConceptofCommentinDrupal.

Commentsareanothertypeofcontentyoucanhaveonyoursite(ifyouhave
enabledthecoreCommentmodule).Eachcommentisatypicallysmallpieceof

contentthatausersubmits,attachedtoaparticularnode.Forexample,each
pieceofdiscussionattachedtoaparticularforumtopicnodeisacomment.

57explainTaxonomyindrupal.

Drupalhasasystemforclassifyingcontent,whichisknownastaxonomyand
implementedinthecoreTaxonomymodule.Youcandefineyourown
vocabularies(groupsoftaxonomyterms),andaddtermstoeachvocabulary.
Vocabulariescanbeflatorhierarchical,canallowsingleormultipleselection,and
canalsobefreetagging(meaningthatwhencreatingoreditingcontent,youcan

addnewtermsonthefly).Eachvocabularycanthenbeattachedtooneormore
contenttypes,andinthisway,nodesonyoursitecanbegroupedintocategories,
tagged,orclassifiedinanywayyouchoose.

58.Howdatabasesystemofdrupalworks?
Drupalstoresinformationinadatabaseeachtypeofinformationhasitsown
databasetable.Forinstance,thebasicinformationaboutthenodesofyoursite

arestoredintheNodetable,andifyouusetheCCKmoduletoaddfieldstoyour
nodes,thefieldinformationisstoredinseparatetables.CommentsandUsersalso

havetheirowndatabasetables,androles,permissions,andothersettingsarealso
storedindatabasetables.

59.Explainthepathsystemofdrupal?

WhenyouvisitaURLwithinyourDrupalsite,thepartoftheURLafteryourbase
siteaddressisknownasthepath.WhenyouvisitapathinyourDrupalsite,
Drupalfiguresoutwhatinformationshouldbesenttoyourbrowser,viaoneor

moredatabasequeries.Generally,Drupalallowseachmoduleyouhaveenabled
onyoursitetodefinepathsthatthemodulewillberesponsiblefor,andwhenyou

choosetovisitaparticularpath,Drupalasksthemodulewhatshouldbedisplayed
onthepage.
Forinstance,thissite(drupal.org)is(ofcourse)builtwithDrupal.Thepageyou

arenowviewingishttp://drupal.org/node/19828,whosepathisnode/19828?.
ThemodulethatisresponsibleforthispathisthecoreNodemodule,sowhenyou

visitthispage,DrupalletstheNodemoduledeterminewhattodisplay.
Todeterminethepathtoaparticularpageonyoursite,forpurposesofcreatinga
link,gotothepageyouwanttolinktoandlookattheURLintheaddressbar.By

defaulttheURL,afterthebaseaddressofyoursite,willbeginwith?q=.When
CleanURLsareenabledyouwillseeadirectorystructureintheURL.Thepath

foruseinamenuitemisthepartoftheURLafterthesitesbaseaddressand
withoutthe?q=.

60.ExplainRegion,Block,Menuindrupal..

PagesonyourDrupalsitearelaidoutinregions,whichcanincludetheheader,
footer,sidebars,andmaincontentsectionyourthememaydefineadditional
regions.Blocksarediscretechunksofinformationthataredisplayedinthe

regionsofyoursitespages.Blockscantaketheformofmenus(whichare
concernedwithsitenavigation),theoutputfrommodules(e.g.,hotforumtopics),

ordynamicandstaticchunksofinformationthatyouvecreatedyourself(e.g.,a
listofupcomingevents).
TherearethreestandardmenusinDrupal:PrimaryLinks,SecondaryLinks,and

Navigation.PrimaryandSecondarylinksarebuiltbysiteadministrators,and
displayedautomaticallyinthepageheaderofmanythemes(ifnot,youcanenable

theirblockstodisplaythem).Navigationisthecatchallmenuthatcontainsyour
administrationmenus,aswellaslinkssuppliedbymodulesonyoursite.Youcan
alsocreateyourowncustommenus,anddisplaythembyenablingtheirblocks.

Youcancustomisemenusinseveralways,suchasreorderingmenuitemsby
settingtheirweightorsimplydraggingintoplace,renamingmenuitems,and

changingthelinktitle(thetooltipthatappearswhenyoumouseoveramenu
item).YoucanmoveamenuitemintoadifferentmenubyeditingtheParent

propertyofthemenuitem.
Youcanalsoaddcustommenuitemstoamenu,fromtheAddmenuitemtabof
theMenuadministrationscreen.Tocreateamenuitem,youwillneedtoprovide

thepathtothecontent(seeabove).
Inallcasesamenuitemwillonlybeshowntoavisitoriftheyhavetherightsto

viewthepageitlinkstoe.g.,theadminmenuitemisnotshowntovisitorswho
arenotloggedin.
101.WhathardwaredoesDrupal.orgrunon?
100.DrupalandWorkingwithJavaScript

99.WhydoesDrupalneedadatabase?Whatdatabase
98.HowtocreateastaticarchiveofaDrupalweb
97.ProgrammingbestpracticesandCMS(drupal)bes

96.whatareDrupalDistributionsandDrupalinst
95.Drupalcodingstandards

94.Drupal8classesandinterfaces
93.Explaindrupaladvancedsearch
92.Drupal8,Changelog.txtWhatsnewinDrupa

91.DrupalNegativesandexplanationonUsability,
90.ExplainDrupalArchitecture

89.DrupalVersionreleasedates
88.Drupalataglance
87.Whyyoushouldntmodifycoredrupalfiles?

86.Explainhardcodingindrupal?
85.ExplainTheminginDrupal8?

84.Stepsforlaunchingadrupalsite?
83.Explaindrupaladministration
82.Howtoconfigure.htaccesstoignorespecific

81.Whatarethestepsformigratingdrupalwebsit
80.Howtoinstallandconfiguredrupal8?

79.HowtoInstallDrupal?
78.Whatarealpha,betareleasesandreleasecand
77.Whatdoversionnumbersindrupalmean?

76.ExplainBackwardCompatibilityinDrupal?
75.ExplainSecurityfeaturesofDrupal?

74.WhatareEntitytypesindrupal?
73.WhatisBootstrapindrupal?
72.Whatisdrupalweight?

71.Whatistriage?
70.Whatisdrupaltrigger?
69.Whatisthemeandthemeengineindrupal?

68.Whatisteaserindrupal?
67.Whatisrenderarrayindrupal?

66.Whatisdrupalregion?
65.Whatispermissionindrupal?
64.WhatisGitindrupal?

63.WhatisDrupalConandDruplicon?
62.Whatiscronindrupal?

61.Whatiscriticalpath?

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