MATH 53 (WINTER 2017) HOMEWORK 1 SOLUTION

Problem 1.

Solution. If t 6= 0,
xx0 1
=
1 + x2 t
xx0
Z Z
1
dt = dt
1+x 2 t
p
1 + x2 = ln |t| + C
q
(1.1) 2
x = (ln |t| + C) 1
In order for the solution (1.1) to be dened, we need (ln |t| + C)2 1 0, i.e., |t| e1C or |t| e1C . If
we plug in the functions (1.1) into our original equation, we get that
LHS = ln |t| + C while RHS = |ln |t| + C| ,
so the function (1.1) satises the equation if and only if ln |t| + C 0, i.e., |t| eC . Therefore, the solutions
are q q
2 2
x(t) = (ln |t| + C) 1 , x(t) = (ln |t| + C) 1
dened on one of the intervals (, e1C ) and (e1C , ) (where C is an arbitrary real constant).
Problem 2.

Solution. If t 6= 1 and x 6= 0,
x0 2t
2 = 2
x t 1
Z 0 Z
x 2t
=
x2 t2 1
1
= ln |t2 1| + C
x
1
(2.1) x= 2
ln |t 1| + C
In order for the solution (2.1) to satisfy the initial condition x(0) = 1, we must have
1
=1 C = 1.
ln |02 1| + C
One can easily check that this indeed satises the dierential equation, and it is clear that this solution is
dened and non-zero on (1, 1), so the answer is
1
x(t) = (1 < t < 1).
1 + ln |t2 1|

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Problem 3.

Solution. At the point (x0 , f (x0 )), the equation of the tangent line to y = f (x) is given by
y f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 ) (x x0 ) ,
so the condition that this tangent line passes through the point x0
is the same as


2 ,0
x 
0 f (x0 ) = f 0 (x0 )
0
x0 , i.e., x0 f 0 (x0 ) = 2f (x0 ).
2
In other words, y = f (x) satises the dierential equation
(3.1) xy 0 = 2y.
If x 6= 0 and y 6= 0, then (3.1) can be rewritten as
y0 2
=
y x
Z 0 Z
y 2
dx = dx
y x
ln |y| = 2 ln |x| + C
(3.2) y = eC x2
Since C can be any real constant, eC can be any non-zero constant. One can see easily that y = 0 is also
a solution, so the solutions are y = Ax2 on (0, ) and (, 0), where A is any constant (the case A = 0
corresponds to the zero function while the case A 6= 0 corresponds to the case (3.2)). Note that the constants
A for x < 0 and x > 0 may be dierent, so the possible functions f (x) satisfying the desired condition are

if x 0
(
A1 x2
f (x) =
A2 x 2 if x 0
where A1 and A2 are arbitrary real constants. One can then verify that all such functions satisfy the desired
conditions.

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Problem 4.

Solution. (a) By dierentiating x = y 2 +C with respect to x, we get 1 = 2yy 0 , so the slope of the tangent
line to the graph at (x, y) is 1/(2y), and hence the slope of the direction eld at (x, y) is 2y .

(b) Since the slope of the direction eld at (x, y) is f (x, y), this means that f (x, y) = 2y , i.e., the
dierential equation is
y 0 = 2y.

(c) If y 6= 0, then
y0
= 2
y
Z x0 0 Z x0
y
dx = 2dx
0 y 0
Z y(x0 ) Z x0
dy
= 2dx
1 y 0
ln |y(x0 )| = 2x0
y(x0 ) = e2x0
The solution is dened and non-zero on the entire real line, so the answer is
y = e2x .
One can then verify that this is indeed a solution.
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Problem 5.

Solution. (a) By direct computation,

 
2 1 0
A = = I,
0 1
so A2m = (A2 )m = I m = I and A2m+1 = (A2m )A = IA = A. Therefore,
n
! !
t n X tn X tn X tn X tn
(5.1)
X
tA
e = A = An + An = I+ A.
n! n even
n! n! n even
n! n!
n=0 n odd n odd
Observe that
if n is even if n is even
( (
1 + (1)n 1 1 (1)n 0
= , =
2 0 if n is odd 2 1 if n is odd
so from (5.1),
! !
X tn X tn
tA
e = I+ A
n even
n! n!
n odd
n n
! !
X t 1 + (1)n X t 1 (1)n
= I+ A
n=0
n! 2 n=0
n! 2
(5.2)
! !
1 X tn 1 X (t)n
= (I + A) + (I A)
2 n=0 n! 2 n=0 n!
1 t
e (I + A) + et (I A)


=
2
1 et + et et et

=
2 et et et + et
In particular, if we substitute t = 1 into (5.2), we get
e + e1 e e1
 
1
eA = .
2 e e1 e + e1
(b) The given system can be rewritten as
x0
    
0 1 x
= ,
y0 1 0 y
 
x
i.e., if we let v = ,
y
v0 = Av.  
B1
Therefore, if x(0) = B1 and y(0) = B2 , then v(0) = , so
B2
1 et + et et et 1 (B1 + B2 )et + (B1 B2 )et
    
tA B1
v(t) = e v(0) = = .
2 et et et + et B2 2 (B1 + B2 )et (B1 B2 )et
If we let C1 = (B1 + B2 )/2, C2 = (B1 B2 )/2, then the above solution becomes
C1 et + C2 et
 
v(t) = .
C1 et C2 et
In other words, the general solution is
x(t) = C1 et + C2 et , y(t) = C1 et C2 et
where C1 and C2 are arbitrary real constants.