DOI 10.4010/2016.

1806
ISSN 2321 3361 2016 IJESC
`

Research Article
Volume 6 Issue No. 6

Mitigation of Power Quality Problems Using Custom Power Device

(DSTATCOM)
Sharon Rosy.S 1, N.Shobana 2, KR.Vairamani 3
Assistant Professor 1, 2, Associate Professor3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Saranathan College of Engineering, Trichy, India [email protected] 1,
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract:
A Power quality problem is an occurrence manifested as a nonstandard voltage, current or frequency that results in a failure or a
mis-operation of end user equipments. Utility distribution networks, sensitive industrial loads and critical commercial operations
suffer from various types of outages and service interruptions which can cost significant financial losses. In developing countries
like India, where the variation of power frequency and many such other determinants of power quality are themselves a serious
question, With the restructuring of power systems and with shifting trend towards distributed and dispersed generation, the issue of
power quality is going to take newer dimensions. The present work is to identify the prominent concerns in this area and hence the
measures that can enhance the quality of the power are recommended. At present, a wide range of very flexible controllers, which
capitalize on newly available power electronics components, are emerging for custom power applications. Among these, the
distribution static compensator is a most effective device which is based on the VSC principle. D-STATCOM injects a current into
the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption. Comprehensive results are presented to assess the performance of
each device as a potential custom power solution. The modeling and simulation of the proposed series compensator was
implemented in Matlab Simulink work space. Simulation results showed that the proposed series compensator was efficient in
mitigating voltage sags and harmonics and thus improve the power quality of the isolated power system. This approach is different
from conventional methods and provides effective solution. If this method is enhanced in future it could provide much more
improved power quality.

Keywords: D-Statcom, MATLAB, voltage dips, swells, interruption, power quality, VSC.
I. INTRODUCTION quality, failure/malfunction of equipments etc., (ii) the
Power Electronics and Advanced Control technologies have occurrence of harmonics in the system can cause excessive
made it possible to mitigate power quality problems and losses and heating in motors, capacitors and transformers
maintain the operation of sensitive loads. Among power system connected to the system. To avoid those undesirable affects the
disturbances, voltage sags, swells and harmonics are some of proposed method mitigates the problems caused by voltage sag
the severe problems to the sensitive loads. The shunt and harmonics. The proposed system protects the sensitive load
compensation method is best suited to protect such loads by mitigating the voltage sags and harmonics using shunt
against those disturbances.The role of the compensator is not compensation technique D-STATCOM.
only to mitigate the effects of voltage sag, but also to reduce
the harmonic distortion due to the presence of non linear loads One of the most common power quality problems
in the network. In this paper, a series compensator is proposed today is voltage dips. A voltage dip is a short time (10 ms to 1
and a method of harmonic compensation is described and a minute) event during which a reduction in r.m.s voltage
method to mitigate voltage sag is investigated. magnitude occurs. It is often set only by two parameters,
depth/magnitude and duration. The voltage dip magnitude is
The proposed series compensator consists of Energy ranged from 10% to 90% of nominal voltage (which
Storage System (ESS) and Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), corresponds to 90% to 10% remaining voltage) and with a
Injection Transformer. The ESS can be a capacitor of suitable duration from half a cycle to 1 min. Voltage dips are one of the
capacity. ESS would act as a buffer and generally provides the most occurring power quality problems. Off course, for an
energy needed for load ride-through during voltage sag. industry an outage is worse, than a voltage dip, but voltage
Injection Transformer is used to inject the voltage in dips occur more often and cause severe problems and
transmission line in appropriate level. In this way the terminal economical losses. Utilities often focus on disturbances from
voltage of the protected sensitive load can be regulated to end-user equipment as the main power quality problems. This
maintain a constant level. is correct for many disturbances, flicker, harmonics, etc., but
voltage dips mainly have their origin in the higher voltage
Among power system disturbances, voltage sags, levels. A new PWM-based control scheme has been
swells and harmonics are some of the severe problems to the implemented to control the electronic valves in the two-level
sensitive loads, because (i) the occurrence of voltage sag in the VSC used in the D-STATCOM
system can cause devices/process down time, effect on product
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II. MAIN SOURCES OF DISTORTION conventional voltage and VAR control elements, load
tap changing transformers, voltage regulators and switched
Power Quality is Any power problem manifested in voltage, capacitors used in distribution systems.
current, or frequency deviations that results in failure or
misoperation of customer equipmentssome of the primary
source of distortion can be identified as below.

Non Linear Loads

Power Electronic Devices
IT and Office Equipments
Arcing Devices FIGURE 1: Structure of DSTATCOM
Load Switching
Large Motor Starting
Larger capacitor bank energies
Embedded Generation
Electromagnetic radiations and Cables
Storm and Environment Related Causes
While power disturbances occur on all electrical systems,
the sensitivity of todays sophisticated electronic devices
makes them more susceptible to the quality of power supply.
For some sensitive devices, a momentary disturbance can
cause scrambled data, interrupted communications, a frozen
FIGURE 2: Basic control model of DSTATCOM
mouse, system crashes and equipment failure etc. A power
The basic control scheme of DSTATCOM is shown in
voltage spike can damage valuable components.
Fig.2. The reactive current drawn by compensator is given by
III. METHODS TO IMPROVE POWER QUALITY
ISSUES
A traditional method to achieve improve power quality is to
use passive filters connected at the sensitive load terminals.
However, this practice has some shortcomings: the
effectiveness of the scheme could deteriorate as the source
impedance or load condition changes; it can lead to
resonance between the filter and the source impedance.
Essentially an active filter, connected at the sensitive load If Vo is equal to V, then no reactive power is delivered to the
terminal, injects harmonic currents of the same magnitude system. If Vo is greater than V, a leading reactive power flows
but of opposite polarity to cancel the harmonics present there. in capacitive mode of DSTATCOM. If Vo is lower than V, a
However harmonics distortions are only part of the problem, lagging reactive power flows in inductive mode of
the variations in the drive load would result in voltage sag. DSTATCOM. The quantity of the reactive power flow is
This paper introduces shunt compensator and its proportional to the difference V and Vo. The DSTATCOM
operating principle. Then a simple control based PWM comprises a large number of gate-controlled
method is used to compensate Harmonics, Voltage sags. At semiconductor power switches. The gating commands
the end MATLAB SIMULINK model based simulated results for these devices are generated by internal converter
were presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control in response to the demand for reactive power
control method of Shunt Compensation. Regulating the reference signal.
terminal voltage of sensitive load so that its magnitude Voltages are in phase and coupled with the ac system
remains constant and any harmonic distortion and voltage through the reactance of the coupling transformer. Suitable
sags are reduced to an acceptable level. adjustment of the phase and magnitude of the DSTATCOM
output voltages allows effective control of active and reactive
IV.DISTRIBUTION STATIC power exchanges between the D-STATCOM and the ac system.
SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR Such configuration allows the device to absorb or generate
4.1 (DSTATCOM) controllable active and reactive power. The VSC connected in
shunt with the ac system provides a multifunctional topology
A Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator
which can be used for up to three quite distinct purposes:
(DSTATCOM), which is schematically depicted in
1. Voltage regulation and compensation of
Fig.1, consists of a voltage source converter connected in
reactive power;
shunt to distribution network through a coupling transformer
The DSTATCOM has emerged as a promising device to 2. Correction of power factor; and 3. Elimination
provide not only for voltage sag/swell mitigation but a host of current harmonics.
of other power quality solutions such as voltage stabilization,
flicker suppression, power factor correction and harmonic Here, such device is employed to provide continuous voltage
control . It can exchange reactive power with the regulation using an indirectly controlled converter.
distribution system by varying the amplitude and phase angle The complex power injection of the D-STATCOM can be
of an internal voltage source with respect to the line terminal expressed as,
voltage, resulting in controlled current flow through
thecoupling transformer. It can effectively replace Ssh =VL Ish*

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 It may be mentioned that the effectiveness of the
DSTATCOM in correcting voltage sag depends on the value of
Zth or fault level of the load bus. When the shunt injected
current Ish is kept in quadrature with VL, the desired voltage
correction can be achieved without injecting any active
power into the system. On the other hand, when the value of
Ish is minimized, the same voltage correction can be achieved
with minimum apparent power injection into the system. The
control scheme for the D-STATCOM follows the same
principle as for DVR.

4.2 VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS (VSC)

A voltage-source converter is a power electronic
device, which can generate a sinusoidal voltage with any FIGURE 5: Simulink model of D-STATCOM
required magnitude, frequency and phase angle. Voltage The D-STATCOM model which is incorporated in the
source converters are widely used in adjustable-speed drives, transmission system for voltage regulation is as shown in
but can also be used to mitigate voltage dips. The VSC is Figure-5.
used to either completely replace the voltage or to inject the
missing voltage. The missing voltage is the difference
between the nominal voltage and the actual. The converter is VI. SIMULATON RESULTS
normally based on some kind of energy storage, which will
supply the converter with a DC voltage. The solid-state Cas
electronics in the converter is then switched to get the desired V. TEST SYSTEM grou
output voltage. Normally the VSC is not only used for Figure-3 shows the test system used to carry out the various The
voltage dip mitigation, but also for other power quality D-STATCOM simulations. and single line to ground fault is applied at p
issues, e.g. flicker and harmonics.
Converters presently employed in FACTS
controllers are the Voltage Sourced Converters (VSC)
type rather than Current Sourced type converters. The
most dominant converters needed in FACTS controllers
are the voltage sourced converters. Such Converters are
based on devices with gate turn-off capability. A voltage-
FIGURE
source 3:Single
converter is a powerline
diagram of the
electronic test
device, ystsem can
which fo r D-
STATCOM.
generate a sinusoidal voltage with any magnitude,
frequency and phase angle. In distribution voltage level,
usually, the employed switching element is the Integrated
Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), due to its lower
switching losses and reduced size. As the converter
rating employed in these devices is relatively low, hence the
output voltage control can be executed through Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) switching pattern. In this work converter FIGURE6: VoltageVrms at h
t e loadpoint:withoutD-
is directly controlled (i.e., both the angular position and the S TATCOM.
magnitude of the output voltage are controllable by
appropriate on/off signals).The VSC converts the dc Similarly,a newset of simulations
wascarriedout but
voltage across the storage device into a set of three-phase ac nowwiththeD-S TATCOMconnected tothesyst
emas shown
output voltages. These voltages are in phase and coupled with in Figure-7 where the very effective
voltage regulation
the ac system through the reactance of coupling transformer. providedbythe D
- STATCOM canbeclearly appreciated.
MATLAB SIMULINK. 500
The test system comprises a 230kV, 50Hz resp
transmission system, represented by a Thevenin equivalent,
feeding into the primary side of a 3- winding transformer
connected in Y/Y/Y, 230/11/11 kVA varying load is connected
to the 11 kV, secondary side of the transformer. A two-level D-
STATCOM is connected to the 11 kV tertiary winding to
provide instantaneous voltage support at the load point. A 750
F capacitor on the dc side provides the D-STATCOM energy
storage capabilities. To show the effectiveness of this controller
in providing continuous voltage regulation, simulations were
carried out with and with no DSTATCOM connected to the
system.

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FIGURE 4: Simulink model of D-STATCOM test system.

Figure-4 shows the test system implemented in FIGURE 9: Voltage Vrms at the load point: with Energy
Storage of 40.7kv

Case 3: Simulation results of voltage swell

The first simulation contains no D-STATCOM and three
phase capacitive load applied at point A, during the period
500900 ms. The voltage swell at the load point is 40% with
respect to the reference voltage is shown in Figure-10 and The
test system for the simulation of D- STATCOM for swell is
shown in Figure-11.

6.1 Simulation results of D-STATCOM .

FIGURE 10: Voltage Vrms at the load point: Without
DSTATCOM

FIGURE 7: Voltage Vrms at the load point: with D-

STATCOM Energy Storage of 20.9kv
FIGURE 11: Voltage Vrms at the load point: with DSTATCOM
Energy Storage of 16.8k
Case 2: Simulation result of voltage interruption
during three phase fault
The first simulation contains no D-STATCOM and
VII. CONCLUSIONS
three phase fault is applied at point A, via a fault resistance of
0.001 , during the period 500-900 ms. The voltage at the This paper has presented the power quality problems such as
load point is 0% with respect to the reference voltage is voltage dips, swells and interruptions, consequences, and
shown in Figure-8. Similarly, a new set of simulations was mitigation techniques of custom power electronic devices
carried out but now with the D- STATCOM connected to the DSTATCOM. The design and applications of D-STATCOM
system, the load voltage shown in Figure-9. for voltagesags, interruptions and swells and comprehensive
results are presented.
A new PWM-based control scheme has been
implemented to control the electronic valves in the two- level
VSC used in the D-STATCOM . As opposed to
fundamental frequency switching schemes already available
in the MATLAB/ SIMULINK, this PWM control scheme
only requires voltage measurements. This characteristic
makes it ideally suitable for low- voltage custom power
applications. The simulations carried out showed and was
also observed that the capacity for power compensation
and voltage regulation of D-STATCOM depends on the
FIGURE 8: Voltage Vrms at the load point: without D-
rating of the dc storage device.
STATCOM
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 Engineering and Applied Sciences, VOL. 2, NO. 3 ,
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