INTRODUCTION TO C++ AND ITS LANGUAGE

BUILDING BLOCKS
Engineer Jokhio Sultan Salahuddin Kohistani
Lecturer, Computer Systems Engineering, MUET
Jamshoro
E-mail: [email protected]
Facebook: http://www.fb.com/salahuddinjokhio
Reference Books
Object Oriented Programming in C++
By Robert Lafore.
4th Edition or latest
This book will be used as text book.
For Further Studies, you may refer to;
C++, How to Program
By Dietel and Dietel.
C++, The Complete Reference
By Herbert Scheldt.

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Programming
Programming is all about making the computer to carry out your own desired
work.
Computer is like a husband, it will do any thing which is said in well format
and language according to appropriate language rules.
Programming is the art and science of instructing the computer (in an
specific computer language) to do and carry out the said work according to
the programmers desires and intents.
Requires lot of interest and hard work.
Also requires analytical ability (since, we are about to solve problems).

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Mastering the programming
You must have Brain.
You must know tactics, such as how to use your Brain?
Draw rough sketch (or flow or solution) in your mind.
Program on a rough page (graphical using flow chart).
Dont directly use interactive, intelligent compilers to write programs. Better
to do with editors like notepad.
Make Mistakes and try to correct them.
Think out of Box.
Practice, Practice and Practice.

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Practice
Common English proverb, Practice Makes the Man perfect.
Chinese Proverb,

I hear, I forget;
I see, I remember;
I do, I understand.

So, Practice as much as you can to master the programming.

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Learning Approaches
Top Down.
Start from advance and cover the basics as you move further.
Used in west.
First build the roof then basic blocks.

Bottom Up.
Vice versa of Top Down Approach.

Our Approach.
Both approaches parallel.

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Computer Languages
High level Computer Languages
Syntax and Semantics(Rules of Language) very much similar to daily life English
sentences and phrases.
Easier to learn and easier to implement (to write code) very difficult and complex
logics.
C++, Java, PHP, ASP.NET, C#.NET all are high level languages.
Require either Compiler or Interpreter (or both) to translate into respective Machine
code (so that computer can understand).
Mostly used to write Consumer and Enterprise Software Applications.

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Computer Languages
Medium level Computer Languages
Syntax and Semantics are short hand or stenographic representations of commands
and phrases.
For MOVE, we have mov keyword, for INSERT, we have ins keyword and so on.
Assembly Languages for programming Microprocessors, Microcontrollers all are
Medium level languages.
Bit harder to understand.
Requires knowledge of hardware.
Requires Assembler to translate into respective machine code.
Harder to learn.
Implementing complex logic may be difficult, but still applicable.
Used to write control programs for industry control systems, air control systems and
other automation projects.

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Computer Languages
Low Level Language
Ones and Zeroes.
Extremely hard to understand for humans.
Understood by Computers only. What
the hell
this sting
is trying
to say?

1 0 1 1 0 1 1

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Towards C++ Language

Machine BCPL C
Language Language Language

A
Language,
B
Language
C++
an Language
Assembly
Language

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C & C++ Language.
C is structured or Functional programming language.
Working on procedural methodology.
Also offers Assembly Language to be embedded inside C code.
C++, in addition to classic C Features, also offers programming capability in
Object Oriented Paradigm.
Object Oriented Paradigm offers depiction of real world in programming and is
including following key features.

C & C++ are Case-Sensitive languages (A is not equal to a, both are different
identifiers).

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 Object Oriented Programming

Polymorphism

Inheritance OOP Abstraction

Encapsulation

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Object Oriented Programming
Abstraction
Ideas about problem solving. Rough Sketches.
Polymorphism
One thing having poly (many) morphs (shapes).
Inheritance
Allow child programs to inherit different properties from the parent programs.
Encapsulation
Provides means of security, by encapsulating (closing and hiding) the data inside its
object with certain attributes. Like capsules encapsulates medication.

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Compilation of a C++ Program
A cpp File Headers files and A single obj File An exe
namespaces or multiple Executable File

This Since header

Here
requires files are Here translated
an editor imported translation obj files
in which into the is done and library
programs source code, from c++ files are
are to assure the to combined
written compatibility respective and one
mostly in this is done. code exe file is
Its automatic
notepad created

Editing Preprocessing Compiling Linking Executing

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Steps to execute a C++ Program
1. Editing: Requires an editor program to write the source code and must be
saved as one of the extension formats as .cpp (for C++), .C (for C language).
2. Compilation
1. Preprocessing: A C Preprocessor actually looks for the imported files and classes
and collect them for compiling, it works on seeing the preprocessor directives.
2. Compilation: Program is compiled and Machine language code for the respective
platform is generated.
3. Linking: Compiled Libraries and others are linked.
4. Executing: .exe file is executed then to run the program.

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Basic C++ Program Structure
Preprocessor Directives Mostly some constants are
declared & Header Files are
Using Directive included.
Namespaces are used to
identify different names.
Start of Main Function
This is where the execution
starts.
Program Statements
These all Program statements
are executed.
End of Main Function
Execution Stops here.
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 Preprocessor
Basic Program outline Directives

#include <some header file> Using

Directive

using namespace namespace-name

Start of Main
Function
int main( ){
Statement(s) come here.
return 0;
Program
} Statements

End of Main
Function

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Basic C++ Program

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An Alternative Version
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
std::cout << Every age has a language of its
own\n;
return 0;
}

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#include <iostream>
The # sign, indicates the use of any preprocessor
directive. In this case include is the preprocessor directive.
Preprocessor directives are not part of the program, but
they are instructions to the compiler, and preprocessor, a
part of compiler program, deals with them.
It tells the compiler to include the header files in the
program.
In older versions of C++, extension for header file (.H)
was required.
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#include <iostream>
This iostream header file actually contains the
definition of cout, << (insertion) operator and
other basic input/output operations.
Other header files could be found in the include
folder of your compiler.
Some common header files are math, ctype, dos, io
etc.
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using namepace std;
The using is another directive, which is used to import
namespaces inside the program.
Each using command must end with a semicolon (;).
Namespace is the part of program, which identifies different
names and items inside c++ program statements.
The using directive tells the program that statements inside
main will be recognized using the std (standard) namespace.
cout is also identified inside std namespace.

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int main( )
Main is perhaps the most essential part of any C++ program,
which acts as the entry point for statement execution.
The Parenthesis followed by main keyword tell the compiler
that its the function, and main shows that it is the main
function.
Statement inside main are actually executed.
Braces limit the functions boundary. { tells the starting of the
function, while } tells the ending of the function.

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cout << Hello;
An statement must end with semicolon ( ; ).
cout (console-out) is an standard output object which is sending out to the
standard connected output device. Mostly Monitor is the standard output
object.
The thing enclosed in will appear as it would be inside it.
The \n will insert a new line after the output, and will force the cursor to
blink on the next line.

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return 0;
0 is going to be returned to operating system by main function, which
indicates the ending of program and operating systems frees the memory
(RAM) space, which was occupied by the program

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White Spaces and Blanks
White Spaces and Blanks are ignored by the compiler.
They are mostly for human readability.
#include<iostream> Each Header File must be written on
separate line, and space between #include
using namespace std;
and <iostream> is not necessary. While the
int main(){ space between using and namespace and
cout<<Hello World!; namespaces name is important. Space
between int and main is also necessary. So
return 0; there should be space between C++
} reserved keywords. They also must not be
used for some other purpose. The Ending
bracket can also be put anywhere after the
return 0s semicolon.

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C++ Keywords
These are part of the C++ Language.
They can not be used for any other purpose than their defined one.
In previous program, include, using, namespace, int, main, cout, return, they
were all c++ reserved keywords.

They even can not be used to define **variables.

**Variables will be studied soon in future classes.

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cout
cout (console out) displays different data on the screen.
For string (a sequence of characters), enclose it into the double quotes. E.g.
cout<<This is a Program;
For a single character, single quotes E.g. cout<<A;
For any number, without quotes or with quotes works same. e.g. cout<<123;
e.g. cout<<123;
Without quotes, it also performs the arithmetic operation.

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cout
cout << 12a34;
cout << af4;
cout<< ;
cout<< ;
cout<<1+3;
cout<<1243;
cout<<123+654;
cout>>asd;
cout>>as23asc;

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Cascading cout with <<
We can display multiple outputs in single cout statement by cascading the <<
several times. So,
cout<<Hello\n<<123<<234+56; is equal to three cout statements.

cout<<Hello\n;
cout<<123;
cout<<234+56;

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Comments
They are not executed but are ignored by the compiler.
They are just for writing some message for future reference purpose.
Two Types:
Single Line Comments & Multi- Line Comments

Single Line Comments

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Multi-Line comments

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Escape Sequences
They are some special characters
Do not appear on the screen, rather their effect can be seen,
sensed and felt.

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Data Types
Data Have Different Types
Numeric
Integers (Whole numbers)
short, int and long
Floating point Numbers
float and double
Characters
char
True/False
bool (for boolean true/false values)

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Data Types Summary

Note:You dont need to remember this entire table, what you have to remember,
is the exact name of the data-type.
Now you have every reason to smile. Smile please but not
to laugh, this is not that much easy.
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Manipulators
They are some keywords, which are used to manipulate (modify/change) the
output from its original appearance.
endl Manipulator
Inserts a new line, and is used with cout statement.
cout<< Hello<<endl<<Bye;
setw Manipulator
Inserts a some spaces in the output, and is used with cout statement.
Also requires header file named iomanip
cout<< Hello<<setw(12)<<Bye;

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 // width2.cpp
// demonstrates setw manipulator
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip> // for setw
using namespace std;
int main()
{
long pop1=2425785, pop2=47, pop3=9761;
cout << setw(8) << LOCATION << setw(12)
<< POPULATION << endl
<< setw(8) << Portcity << setw(12) << pop1 << endl
<< setw(8) << Hightown << setw(12) << pop2 << endl
<< setw(8) << Lowville << setw(12) << pop3 <<
endl;
return 0;
}
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Output

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Variables
PlaceHolders for Data.
Named Memory Location inside RAM.
They are allowed to change their values.
For declaring variable we must:
Name it
declare its type (type of data, which will be placed) as well.

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Variable Naming Rules
C++ Keyword can not be assigned.
Must begin with a English letter or an underscore (_).
Can not begin with a number.
Names must be meaningful.
Names can not be repeated.
Different cases can be used.
Name can-not contain spaces, but underscores (_) and Hyphens (-) are
allowed.

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Variable Declaration & Assignment.
Declaration
data-type name;
int number1;
Assignment
name = value;
number1 = 50;
Declaration+Assignment
50
data-type name = value;
int number1 = 50; number1

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Variables
short var0 = 51;
int var1 = 5000;
long var2 = 100000000L;
float var3 = 0.52354F;
double var4 = 45.236644478;
bool isPrime = true; or bool isPrime = 1;
char English1 = A;
The single statement is equivalent to two statements like,
int num1 = 35678;
its equivalent to:
int num1;
num1 = 35678;
Adopt the way you love to do!

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Program
// charvars.cpp
// demonstrates character variables
#include <iostream> //for cout, etc.
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char charvar1 = A; //define char variable as character
char charvar2 = \t; //define char variable as tab
cout << charvar1; //display character
cout << charvar2; //display character
charvar1 = B; //set char variable to char constant
cout << charvar1; //display character
cout << \n; //display newline character
return 0;
}

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Constants
Constants are not allowed to change their values.
In ANSI C++, constants are defined with const keyword.
While in older version constants were implemented by using #define
directive.
#define being pre-processor directive must be defined at the top of program,
while const keyword can be used anywhere inside the function (main in this
case).
Constants name must contain all capital letters to distinguish it from
conventional variables.

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Constants
Lets suppose we want to define one constant, like PI in the following example.
Using #define directive
#define PI 3.1415
Using const keyword
const float PI = 3.1415;

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Operators
Arithmetic
+ (Addition)
- (Subtraction)
* (Multiplication)
/ (Division)
% (Remainder Operator)
To be covered.

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 // circarea.cpp
// demonstrates floating point variables
#include <iostream> //for cout, etc.
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float rad; //variable of type float
const float PI = 3.14159F; //type const float
cout << Enter radius of circle: ; //prompt
cin >> rad;
float area = PI * rad * rad; //find area
cout << Area is << area << endl; //display answer
return 0;
}

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The Remainder Operator (%)
Calculates the remainder
// remaind.cpp
// demonstrates remainder operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; 3)10(3
int main()
{
-9
cout << 6 % 8 << endl // 6 = 1
<< 7 % 8 << endl // 7 (remainder)
<< 8 % 8 << endl // 0
<< 9 % 8 << endl // 1
<< 10 % 8 << endl; // 2
return 0;
}

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Expressions in C++
First parenthesis are solved, then multiplication, division and remainder (%) operator
are solved and then finally addition and subtraction is carried out and result is
assigned to the L.H.S. So, Assignment (=) Operator has the lowest priority.
(ftemp-32) * 5 / 9 //ftemp is pre-defined variable.
There should be a single variable name at Left hand side of the equation (unlike
conventional Math's equation having multiple variables on both sides) and all other
things on the Right hand side.
So, x+3 = 2y -5 in Maths.
But in C++, x= 2y-5-3 or y = (x+3+5) /2.

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Expressions in C++

R.H.S R.H.S R.H.S

X = Y-2-3; Y= X+3+2; X+3 = Y-2

L.H.S L.H.S L.H.S

But in C++, we must only keep a

variable name on L.H.S and all others
(Numbers, variables etc) on the either
side (R.H.S).

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Integer Division Rule
Two Axioms/Principles.
If Both the operators are integers, result must also be integer.
If one of the operator is floating-point number or both are floating-point
numbers, then result must also be a floating point number.
So, cout<<9/5; will display 1.
To see actual result, either keep one number as Floating point or both as
floating point. cout<<9.0/5; cout<<9/5.0; cout<<9.0/5.0;

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Input with cin
Used to input some data inside variable.
cin>>variable-name;
The variable-name is the name of the variable where the data (which will be
inputted by the user) will be stored. So, After cin, unlike cout, there must be
any variable name. Which should either be pre-declared or pre-initialized.
>> operator is known as extraction operator.

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Temperature conversion program
// fahren.cpp
// demonstrates cin, newline
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int ftemp; //for temperature in fahrenheit
cout << Enter temperature in fahrenheit: ;
cin >> ftemp;
int ctemp = (ftemp-32) * 5 / 9;
cout << Equivalent in Celsius is: << ctemp <<
\n;
return 0;
}
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Arithmetic Assignment Operator
Binary Operators (requires two operands)
Some time called as the op-operator.
While (=) sign is known as assignment operator.
+=
-=
*=
/=
A+=3; //equivalent to A=A+3
A*=3; //equivalent to A=A*3
A/=3; //equivalent to A=A/3
A-=3; //equivalent to A=A-3

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Program
// assign.cpp
// demonstrates arithmetic assignment operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int ans = 27;
ans += 10; cout << ans << , ;
ans -= 7; cout << ans << , ;
ans *= 2;cout << ans << , ;
ans /= 3;cout << ans << , ;
ans %= 3;cout << ans << endl;
return 0;
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The Unary Arithmetic Operators
Requires single operand
Also knows as increment and decrement operators
The ++ and operators, may be post-fix (after the operand name) or even
may be pre-fix (before the operand name.
So, ++x is pre-fix, and x++ is post-fix.
x++ is same as x = x+1or x+=1
and ++x is also equal to x = x+1. (Same is true for --)
THEN WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE???????????

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Explanation
They are obviously not both the same. The prefix form returns the value
of the variable after the increment operation and the postfix form returns the
value of the variable before the increment operation.

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The Unary Arithmetic Operators
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int x = 3;
cout << ++x <<endl; //will display 4
cout << x++ <<endl; //will also display 4
cout<< x; // will display 5
}

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Program
// increm.cpp
// demonstrates the increment operator
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int count = 10;
cout << count= << count << endl; //displays 10
cout << count= << ++count << endl; //displays 11 (prefix)
cout << count= << count << endl; //displays 11
cout << count= << count++ << endl; //displays 11 (postfix)
cout << count= << count << endl; //displays 12
return 0;
}
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Library Functions
We already have used two functions, main is the function, which is most
mandatory. we have also used other function named as setw(value), which was
a manipulator.
Similarly, C++ offers a large variety of library function, which when called,
perform some really useful operation. Like sqrt(double number), inside cmath
header file calculates the square root of the argument** double type number
and it is depicted in the next slide with program.
sqrt accepts type double and also returns double type result.
We can also supply integers and floats to sqrt as an argument to the function.

**argument is the input of the function.

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Program
// sqrt.cpp
// demonstrates sqrt() library function
#include <iostream> //for cout, etc.
#include <cmath> //for sqrt()
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double number, answer; //sqrt() requires type double
cout << Enter a number: ;
cin >> number; //get the number
answer = sqrt(number); //find square root
cout << Square root is
<< answer << endl; //display it
return 0;
}

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Casts
Casting Processing is done in order to convert from one data type to the
other.
Two types of casting.
Implicit casting (Also done Automatically by the compiler).
Explicit casting (By the Programmer with brute force).
Conversion can be implicit when converting from lower to higher data types,
because lower data types can be accommodated in the larger ones, but vice
versa may not be true, some of the digits/precision numbers will be lost in the
alternative case (Converting from higher to lower)
Higher Data Type?? Lower Data Type?? Next Slide

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Automatic Conversions or Implicit Casting
Types are roughly designated Higher or Lower in the below order.

Program on the next slide for demonstration.

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Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int count = 7;
float avgWeight = 155.5F;
double totalWeight = count * avgWeight;
cout << totalWeight= << totalWeight << endl;
return 0;
}
The Result inside totalWeight variable can still be accommodated in a
float variable, but double is used just to depict the automatic conversion.

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Explicit Casting
Using static_cast keyword.
Will be covered in the future lectures.

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Assignment # 02
Solve Exercise Questions from 1 to 10 of Chapter 2, Robert Lafores Object
oriented Programming in C++.

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So Now.
Whats Next?

Tired!
A tight sleep!

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End of Session 1
What we have learned in this session?
Did you practice?
If yes, how often?
how much you were able to digest, and what was exhausted?
How is C++?
These were basics, next chapter deals with more complexities. Get ready, and
boost yourself. (get some energy drink).

68 Engr. J.S. Salahuddin Kohistani, Lecturer, CSE MUET

Jamshoro