NOTES Conics, Parametric Equations, and Polar Coordinates (Chpt 10)

10.2 Parametric equations

2
dy d dy d y
d
d y dt dx 2
2 3
dy dt d y dt dx
slope: = = =
dx dx 2 dx 3 dx
dx dx
dt dt dt

b 2 2
dx dy
arc length: s= a
+ dt
dt dt

surfaces of revolution x = f(t) y = g(t)

b 2 2
dx dy
S = 2 g(t) + dt
a dt dt

b 2 2
dx dy
S = 2 f (t) + dt
a dt dt

area under parametric curves

Area can be computed under parametric curves by making substitutions for x, y, dx, and dy.

If x = f(t) and y = g(t), then y dx becomes g(t) f '(t) and x dy becomes f (t) g '(t) .
1) Find the area between the y-axis and the curve x = t2 t, y = t.

Graphing the function finds the points of intersection with the y-axis at t = 0 and t = 1. t=1 .
The area is horizontally simple, so we'll integrate in the form of (x right x left ) dy .
1 1
t2 t3
1
1 t=0
.
= (0 (t t)) dt = (t t ) dt =
2
2
=
0 0
2 3 0
6

2) Find the area between the x-axis and the curve x = t2, y = t , 0 t 1.
. t=1
The area is vertically simple, so we'll integrate in the form of (y top ybottom ) dx .
=
1

( t 0)(2t dt) = 2 t dt =
3/2
1
4 5/ 2
t
1

=
4 .
t=0
0 0
5 0 5

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10.3 10.4 Polar Coordinates (r, )

(3, /3)

x = r cos y = r sin tan = y/x 2 2

r =x +y 2
0

tangent lines

dy dy / d f () cos + f '() sin

r = f () = = 3/2
dx dx / d f () sin + f '() cos

horizontal tangents: dy/d = 0 dx/d 0

vertical tangents: dx/d = 0 dy/d 0

at pole: If f() = 0 and f '() 0, then = is tangent at the pole to r = f()

(tangent line goes through the pole; may be more than one)

1
area A = r 2 d
2
2
dr
s = r + d
2
arc length
d

surfaces of revolution )
r = f(

S = 2 f () sin [f ()]2 + [f '()]2 d about polar axis, = 0

S = 2 f () cos [f ()]2 + [f '()]2 d about = /2

[, ] is the interval to trace the graph once, eg., [0, ] for the circle r = cos , [0, 2] for
the limaon r = 2 + 3 cos

points of intersection sketch the graphs

r = 1 2cos and r = 1
set the equations equal to each other to find intersections: when = /2 and = 3/2

Third point of intersection is at (1, ) for r = 1 and (-1, 0) for 1 2cos.

The paths cross, but not at the same time (no collision) draw the graphs!

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10.6 Polar Equations and Conics

ed ed
r= or r= are conics; focus is at the pole
1 e cos 1 e sin

c
e= | d | = distance between focus at the pole (0, 0) and directrix
a

e < 1 ellipse e = 1 parabola e > 1 hyperbola

To graph:

1. Solve for e and analyze the equation to orient the graph.

2. Find vertex coordinates at the appropriate angles some r values may be negative!
3. You can solve for a and c from the graph. If b is desired, use:
ellipse: b2 = a2 c2 = a2 (1 e2)
hyperbola: b2 = c2 a2 = a2 (e2 1)

To create an equation:

1. Sketch the graph based on information given to find the general equation.
2. Solve for a and c to find e (except for a parabola: e = 1). Construct an initial equation.
3. If d is not given:
a) plug in known , r, and e, and solve for d.
or b) calculate it:
For a parabola, d = 2p; the distance from the focus to the vertex is
the same as the distance from the vertex to the directrix.

To calculate d for ellipses and hyperbolas:

Let F = focus at pole, P = vertex, and Q = point on the directrix in a line with F and P.
(Actually, this works with any point P on the curve and any point Q on the directrix.)
PF
e= If you know e and the distance from the focus to the vertex, you can
PQ
/2
calculate the distance from the vertex to the directrix.

The sum of the two distances = d.

F
P Q o

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 /2
Example: Find the polar equation for an ellipse with focus at the pole
and vertices at (2, /2) and (6, 3/2).
o
ed c 2 1
r= a=4 c=2 e= = =
1 + e sin a 4 2

(1/ 2)d (1/ 2)d (1/ 2)d d

r= for (2, /2), 2= = = d=6
1 + (1/ 2) sin 1 + (1/ 2) sin( / 2) 1 + 1/ 2 3

(1/ 2)(6) 3 6
r= = =
1 + (1/ 2)sin 1 + (1/ 2)sin 2 + sin

or:

(1/ 2)d
r=
1 + (1/ 2) sin

1 PF 2
PF = 2 e = = = PQ = 4 d = PF + PQ = 2 + 4 = 6
2 PQ PQ

(1/ 2)(6) 3 6
r= = =
1 + (1/ 2)sin 1 + (1/ 2)sin 2 + sin

To help remember the equations, note the position of the directrix.

For the "1 + e sin " equations, the directrix crosses the positive y-axis; for the "1 e sin "
equations, the directrix crosses the negative y-axis.

For the "1 + e cos " equations, the directrix crosses the positive x-axis; for the "1 e cos "
equations, the directrix crosses the negative x-axis.

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 *** for d > 0 ***
parabola e=1
/2 /2 /2 /2

o o o o
x

ed ed ed ed
r= r= r= r=
1 + e sin 1 esin 1 + e cos 1 e cos

ellipse e<1
/2 /2 /2 /2

0
o
o o

ed ed ed ed
r= r= r= r=
1 + e sin 1 esin 1 + e cos 1 e cos

hyperbola e>1
/2 /2
/2 /2

o
o o

ed ed ed ed
r= r= r= r=
1 + e sin 1 esin 1 + e cos 1 e cos

Subtracting a value from rota

rotates the
graph counterclockwise. Graph made by rotating
Adding a value to rotates
tes the 3
graph clockwise. r =
2 + cos
3 in /4 increments
e.g., r =
2 + cos( / 4)

Departmentt of Ma
Mathematics, Sinclair Community College, Dayton, OH 5
 Special Polar Graphs

Limaons: (positive cosine orientation) period = 2
=   cos ()
=   sin () ( > 0,  > 0)

   
2 2 2 2
 

 0  0  0  0
2 +
+ +

3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
   
<1 =1 1< <2 2
   
Limaon with inner loop Cardioid (heart-shaped) Dimpled limaon Convex limaon

Rose Curves: n petals if n is odd (period = ); 2n petals if n is even (n 2 and period = 2)

   
2 2 2 2
=4

=3 

 0  0  0  0


=2
=5
3
3 3 3
 2
2 2 2

=  cos ()
=  cos ()
=  sin ()
=  sin ()

Rose curve Rose curve Rose curve Rose curve

Circles and Lemniscates: period =

  

2 2 2
2

 
 0   0
 0 0

 
3 3
2 2 3 3
2 2

=  cos ()
=  sin ()
 =  sin (2)
 =  cos (2)
Circle Circle Lemniscate Lemniscate

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th
(recreated and modified from page 735 in Calculus 8 edition by Larson, Hostetler, Edwards)