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WALPOLE, P.320 ( modified )

Descriptive Stat. and Paired TwoSample for Means
You were studying the effects of a new human-machine interface system to the 15
workers reaction time. Below are the details:

Worker Reaction Time Reaction Time Di

before system after system
1 2.76 7.02 4.26
2 5.18 3.10 -2.08
3 2.68 5.44 2.76
4 3.05 3.99 0.94
5 4.10 5.21 1.11
6 7.05 10.26 3.21
7 6.60 13.91 7.31
8 4.79 18.53 13.74
9 7.39 7.91 0.52
10 7.30 4.85 -2.45
11 11.78 11.10 -0.68
12 3.90 3.74 -0.16
13 26.00 94.03 68.03
14 67.48 94.03 26.55
15 17.04 41.70 24.66
Assuming that the populations of reaction time before and after the new system are
normally distributed, test at the 0.05 level of significance whether the reaction
times are altered after the new system has been introduced.
Solution:
1. Ho: u1=u2 or ud=u1-u2
2. H1:u1u2 or udu1-u2
3. Alpha= 0.05
4. Critical region: t <-2.145 and t >2.145
5. Test-statistic t:

Therefore, t = 2.06
6. P-value
7. Conclusion: Though the t-statistic is not significant at the 0.05 level, P=P(|T|
> 2.06)=0.06. As a result, there is some evidence that there is a difference in
the mean reaction times between the 2 systems.
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WALPOLE, P.332, NO.24

t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
Five samples of a ferrous-type substance are to be used to determine if there is a
difference between a laboratory chemical analysis and an X-ray fluorescence
analysis of the iron content. Each sample was split into two subsamples and the two
types of analysis were applied. Following are the coded data showing the iron
content analysis.

Analysis 1 2 3 4 5
X-ray 2.0 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.4
Chem. 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.3 2.4

POM, P.494 EX.9

Correlation/Regression
Sales of 19-inch color TV sets and three-month lagged unemployment are shown in
the ff. table. Determine if unemployment levels can be used to predict demand for
19-inch color TVs and, if so, derive a predictive equation.

Pd. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Unt 20 41 17 35 25 31 38 50 15 19 14
Sld.
U% 7.2 4.0 7.3 5.5 6.8 6.0 5.4 3.6 8.4 7.0 9.0

POM, P.479, EX. 3

Exponential Smoothing
Use exponential smoothing to develop a series for the following data and compute
the error for each period.
a. Use a smoothing factor of 0.10
b. Use a smoothing factor of 0.40

Period 1 2 3 4 5 6
A.D. 42 40 43 40 41 39

Period 1 2 3 4 5 6
A.D. 46 44 45 38 40 ?
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POM, PAGE 476, EX.1

Moving Average
Compute a three-period moving average forecast given demand for shopping carts
for the last five periods.

Period Demand
1 42
2 40
3 43
4 40
5 41

WALPOLE, P.497 EX. 13.6

ANOVA: Two-Factor Without Replication
Four different machines, M1 to M4, are to be considered in the assembling of a
particular product. It is declared that six different operators are to be used in a
randomized block experiment to compare the machine. The machines are assigned
in a random order to each operator. The operation of the machines requires a
certain amount of physical dexterity, and it is anticipated that there will be a
difference among operators in the speed with which they operate the machines. The
times, in seconds, were recorded for the assembling the given product:
Test the hypothesis Ho, at the 0.05 level of significance, that the machines perform
at the same mean rate of speed.
Solution:
Ho : a = a = a = a = 0 (machine effects are zero)
H1 : At least one of the a s is not equal to zero

Oper.
Ma. 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 42.5 39.3 39.6 39.9 42.9 43.6
2 39.8 40.1 40.5 42.3 42.5 43.1
3 40.2 40.5 41.3 43.4 44.9 45.1
4 41.3 42.2 43.5 44.2 45.9 42.3
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WALPOLE, P.464, TABLE 13.1 (MODIFIED)

ANOVA: Single Factor
Vibration measurements taken at 5 different workstations in the company.
Vibration Measurement
1 2 3 4 5
551 595 639 417 563
457 580 615 449 631
450 508 511 517 522
731 583 573 438 613
499 633 648 415 656
632 517 677 555 679

Objective: to know if the mean vibration measurements are equal in all

workstations.
Thus:
Ho: u1 = u2 = u3 = u4 = u5
H1: at least two of the means are not equal
WALPOLE, P.331, NO. 17
t-Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Variance
To find out whether a new serum will arrest leukemia, 9 mice, which have all
reached an advanced stage of the disease are selected. Five mice receive the
treatment and 4 do not. The survival times, in years from the time the experiment
commenced are as follows:

Treat 2.1 5.3 1.4 4.6 0.9

No Treat 1.9 0.5 2.8 3.1

At the 0.05 level of significance, can the serum be said to be effective? Assume the
two distributions to be normally distributed with equal variances.
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WALPOLE, P.331, NO.21

t-Test: Two Sample Assuming Unequal Variance
In the study Interrelationship between Stress, Dietary Intake and Plasma Ascorbic
Acid During Pregnancy conducted at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University in May 1983, the Plasma Ascorbic Acid level of pregnant women were
compared for smokers and nonsmokers.
Plasma Ascorbic Acid Values
Nonsmokers Smokers
0.97 1.16 0.48
0.72 0.86 0.71
1.00 0.85 0.98
0.81 0.58 0.68
0.62 0.57 1.18
1.32 0.64 1.36
1.24 0.98 0.78
0.99 1.09 1.64
0.90 0.92
0.74 0.78
0.88 1.24
0.94 1.18
Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference between plasma
ascorbic acid levels of smokers and nonsmokers? Assume that the two sets of data
came from normal populations with unequal variances. Use a P-value.

WALPOLE, P.344, NO.11

F-test: Two Sample for Variances
Two types of instruments for measuring the amount of sulfur monoxide in the
atmosphere are being compared in an air pollution experiment. It is desired to
determine whether the two types of instruments yield measurements having the
same variability. The following readings were recorded for the two instruments:
Sulfur Monoxide:

A 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.61 0.89 0.64 0.81 0.68 0.65

B 0.87 0.74 0.63 0.55 0.76 0.70 0.69 0.57 0.53
Assuming the population measurements to be normally distributed, test the
hypothesis that A = B against the alternative that A B .Use a P-value.
514 Data Analysis

F-TEST: Two Sample for Variances

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An experiment was conducted to compare the alcohol contents in a soy sauce at

two different production lines. Production was monitored 8 times a day. The data are
shown here.
Production Line 1:
0.48 0.39 0.42 0.52 0.40 0.48 0.52 0.52

Production Line 2:
0.38 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.39
It is suspected that production line one is not producing as consistently as
production line 2 in terms of alcohol contents. Test the hypothesis that u1 = u2
against the alternative that u1 u2. Use a P-value.

NEUFELD, P.329
ANOVA : Two-factor Without Replication
in the recent years a number of ergonomic computer keyboards have become
available. A business office wants to determine if the keyboard design has any
effect on the speed of typist. Five typist od varying ability are chosen at random.
Each is given the opportunity to become familiar with each keyboard prior to taking
a test with that keyboard, and each typist is tested with all three keyboards. The
results of that test are shown on the table (the number represent words per minute
typed).
Is there evidence (at 0.01 level of significance) that the average typing speed differs
among the three keyboards?
Typist Keyboard
A B C
1 51 57 72
2 109 112 117
3 47 43 51
4 98 98 107
5 70 69 77

NEUFELD, P.307
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t-Test: Two Sample Assuming Equal Varience

A firm supplying computer display projectors is switching to a new supplier of
specialty bulbs because of that suppliers claim that its bulbs last longer. The firm
has data from tests of sample bulbs of its old supplier and has recently acquired and
tested a sample of bulbs from the potential new supplier.

a) Based on these data, does the firm have evidence at the 0.05 level of
significance that the bulbs from the new supplier have a longer average life
than the bulbs from its old supplier?

OLD 5 8 6 9 7 5 4
NEW 9 8 7 9 5 5 4

b) Based on these data , does the firm have evidence at 0.05 level of
significance that the new bulb has a longer mean life of 3 years than the old
bulb?
c) Based on these data, does the firm have evidence at 0.05 level of
significance that the new bulb has a longer mean life of at least 3 years than
the old bulb?

OLD 5 8 6 9 7 5 4
NEW 9 12 9 14 12 8 7
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NEUFELD, P.315
ANOVA: Single Factor
A company is considering two competing sales training courses for new
salespersons. In order to compare their effectiveness, with each other and with
no course,, three groups or five randomly selected chosen new salespersons are
selected. One group is sent to sales training course A, the second to B and
the third receives no training at all. After the two groups have completed their
training , sales records for each salesperson for the next two-week period are
collected and the results for each group are shown in the table below:

Course A Course B No Course

$2,058 $3,339 $2,228
$2,176 $2,777 $2,578
$3,449 $3,020 $1,227
$2,517 $2,437 $2,044
$944 $3,067 $1,681

Based on the data in the table , is there evidence at the 0.10 level of significance
that there would be a difference in the means of all salesperson if they were sent
to a training course?
NEUFELD, P.333
ANOVA: Two-factor Analysis w/ Replication
A perfume manufacturer has test marketed a new perfume in a number of cities.
In addition to the scent of the perfume, experience has shown that sales
depends heavily on packaging and on advertising strategy. Three different
advertising strategies ( termed Sophisticated,Athletic and Popular) and 3
different package designs were tested along with the new perfume. Each
combination was tested in two different markets, and each test market program
was six months long. At the completion of the program, the level of sales per
thousand women in the market was collected. The results, arranged by
advertising strategy and package design, are shown below:
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ADVERTISING STRATEGY
PACKAGE DESIGN SOPHISTICATED ATHLETIC POPULAR
1 2.80 2.04 1.58
2.73 1.33 1.26
2 3.29 1.50 1.00
2.68 1.40 1.82
3 2.54 3.15 1.92
2.59 2.88 1.33

Based on these data , is there evidence of a difference in population means for

different advertising strategies? Different package designs? Interaction between
package designs and advertising strategy?

MULTIPLE REGRESSION
Supposed a commercial developer is considering purchasing a group of small
office buildings in an established business district. His people gave him the data
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below and said that the value of the building is very much dependent on the
floor space, no. of offices, no. of entrances and age of the building.

a. The developer would like to know how true that the factors mentioned can
affect the value of the building.
b. He would also like to determine if there is some kind of a formula to
determine the value of the building given these factors. In this connection,
he would like to know if the formula is indeed credible.

Flr. # of offices # of Age Values ($)

Space Entrances In 000
(sqr.-ft)
2,310 2 2 20 142
2,333 2 2 12 144
2,356 3 2 33 151
2,379 3 2 43 150
2,402 2 3 53 139
2,425 4 2 23 169
2,448 2 2 99 126
2,471 2 2 34 142
2,494 3 3 23 163
2,517 4 4 55 169
2,540 2 3 22 149

Histogram
The owner of Jar-jar Binks Bank, Inc. is determining the service time per
transaction of the ATM. As per policy, each transaction must be finished
within 60 seconds. Is the system capable of giving service within 60 seconds?
Conclude from the data below:
75 45 96 82 12 56 87 21 54 65
36 12 8 57 69 14 36 98 62 54

WALPOLE, NO.21, P.331

t-TEST: Two Sample Assuming unequal Variance
The following data represents the running times of films produced by 2
motion-picture companies:
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Co. Time (min.)

1 102 86 98 109 92
2 81 165 97 134 92 87 114

Test the hypothesis that the average running time of films produced by
company 2 exceeds the average running time of films produced by company
1 by at least 10 minutes
Use a 0.1 level of significance and assume the distribution of the films
running times to be approximately normal with unequal variance.

ANOVA: Single Factor

Below you can find the salaries of people who have a degree in
economics, medicine or history.

Is there a difference among the mean salaries?

ANOVA: TWO-FACTOR WITH REPLICATION

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A new fertilizer has been developed to increase the yield on crops, and the makers of the
fertilizer want to better understand which of the three formulations (blends) of this fertilizer are
most effective for wheat, corn, soy beans and rice (crops). They test each of the three blends on
five samples of each of the four types of crops. The crop yields for the 12 combinations are as
shown in the table below.
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ANOVA: Two-factor without replication

In a two-factor ANOVA there are two sets of hypothesis:
The sample means of the first factor (variable) are equal.
The sample means of the second factor (variable) are equal.

In the example below, test scores have been recorded from nine different students.
Perform Inferential Statistics with alpha = 0.05.

ANOVA: Two-Factor With Replication

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Using the different types of fertilizer and type of grain, test if there
is a difference in the mean weight (kilograms) of the output from the
different grains.

Z-test: Two Sample for Means

The example dataset below shows two independent sales information, in thousand
liters per month taken from two bakeries in a town. The first bakery sells
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traditional hot cocoa. However, in the month of February, the second bakery is
selling European hot cocoa.
a. Determine if sales for European hot cocoa out performed sales of traditional
hot cocoa.
b. Determine if sales for European hot cocoa is more than that of the traditional
by 5,000 liters per month.

A B C
Month Old Cocoa New
Cocoa
1 14 11
2 16 9
3 20 5
4 10 17
5 21 11
6 14 15
7 19 9
8 8 19
9 18 3
10 15 12
11 9 8
12 15 20
13 18 16
14 7 18
15 17 10
16 19 21
17 13 14
18 18 13
19 14 18
20 12 14
21 15 18
22 29 30
23 21 25
24 17 27
25 13 23
26 12 18
27 13 15
28 14 12
29 15 22
30 13 17
31 15 21
32 18 20
33 14 16
34 11 14
35 13 18
36 20
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