Appendix Lecture 2:

Transient Flow Modeling

16.0 Release

Introduction to ANSYS Fluent

1 2016 ANSYS, Inc. February 23, 2016

 Introduction
Lecture Theme:
Performing a transient calculation is in some ways similar to performing a steady state
calculation, but there are additional considerations. More data is generated and extra
inputs are required. This lecture will explain these inputs and describe transient data
post-processing.
Learning Aims:
You will learn:
How to set up and run transient calculations in Fluent
How to choose the appropriate time step size for your calculation
How to post-process transient data and make animations

Learning Objectives:
Transient flow calculations are becoming increasingly common due to advances in high
performance computing (HPC) and reductions in hardware costs. You will understand
what transient calculations involve and be able to perform them with confidence.
Introduction Unsteady Flow Time Step Setup Post-Processing Summary
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 Motivation
Nearly all flows in nature are unsteady!
Steady-state assumption is possible if we:
Ignore unsteady fluctuations
Employ ensemble/time-averaging to remove unsteadiness
this is what is done in modeling RANS turbulence
In CFD, steady-state methods are preferred
Lower computational cost
Easier to post-process and analyze
Many applications require resolution of unsteady flow:
Aerodynamics (aircraft, land vehicles, etc.) vortex shedding
Rotating Machinery rotor/stator interaction, stall, surge
Multiphase Flows free surfaces, bubble dynamics
Deforming Domains in-cylinder combustion, store separation
Unsteady Heat Transfer transient heating and cooling
Many more

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 Origins of Unsteady Flow
Natural unsteadiness
Unsteady flow due to growth of instabilities within the fluid or a non-equilibrium initial fluid
state
Examples: natural convection flows, turbulent eddies of all scales, fluid waves (gravity
waves, shock waves)
Forced unsteadiness
Time-dependent boundary conditions, source terms drive the unsteady flow field
Examples: pulsing flow in a nozzle, rotor-stator interaction in a turbine stage

Kelvin-Helmholtz Rotor-Stator Interaction

Cloud Instability in an Axial Compressor
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 Unsteady CFD Analysis
Simulate a transient flow field over a specified time period
Solution may approach:
Steady-state solution Flow variables stop changing with time
Time-periodic solution Flow variables fluctuate with repeating pattern
Your goal may also be simply to analyze the flow over a prescribed time interval
Free surface flows,
Moving shock waves,

Extract quantities of interest
Natural frequencies (e.g. Strouhal Number)
Time-averaged and/or RMS values
Time-related parameters (e.g. time required to cool a hot solid, residence time of a pollutant)
Spectral data Fourier Transform (FT)

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 Unsteady CFD Analysis
Transient simulations are solved by computing Time steps = 2 s
a solution for many discrete points in time
Initial Time = 0 s
At each time point we must iterate to the
Total Time = 20 s
solution
Residual

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (seconds)
Several iterations per time step
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 Selecting the Transient Time Step Size
The time step size is an important parameter in transient simulations
t must be small enough to resolve time-dependent features
True solution Time step too large to resolve
Variable of transient changes
interest - Note the solution points generally will
not lie on the true solution because the
true behaviour has not been resolved
t
Time
Variable of A smaller time step can
interest resolve the true solution
- At least, 10-20 t per period

t
Time
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 Convergence Behavior
Residual plots for transient simulations are
not always indicative of a converged
solution
You should select the time step size such
that the residuals reduce by around three
orders of magnitude within one time step
This will ensure accurate resolution of
transient behavior
For smaller time steps, residuals may only
drop by 1-2 orders of magnitude - look for
a monotonic decrease throughout the time Typical residual plot for a simple
step transient calculation

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 Selecting the Transient Time Step Size
and it must be small enough to maintain solver stability
The quantity of interest may be changing very slowly (e.g. temperature in a solid),
but you may not be able to use a large time step if other quantities (e.g. velocity)
have smaller timescales

The Courant Number is often used to estimate a time step:

Characteristic flow velocity t

Courant Number =
Typical Cell Size
This gives the number of mesh elements the fluid passes through in one time step
Typical values are 1 10, but in some cases higher values are acceptable

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 Selecting the Transient Time Step Size
Tips & Tricks for the estimation of the time step:

Usual Case : t =
1 L
. L = Characteristic length
3 V
restrictive but safe for convergence with L=cell characteristic size
V = Characteristic velocity
1 Number of Blades
Turbomachinery : t = .
10 Rotational Velocity
L
Natural Convection : t =
(g. . T.L)1/2

L2
Conduction in solids : t =

.Cp

A smaller time step will typically improve convergence

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 Transient Flow Modeling Workflow
Similar set-up as steady-state simulation, then:

1. Enable the unsteady solver

2. Set up physical models and boundary conditions as usual
Transient boundary conditions are possible you can use either a UDF or
profile to accomplish this
3. Prescribe initial conditions
Best to use a physically realistic initial condition, such as a steady solution
4. Assign solver settings and configure solution monitors
5. Configure animations and data output/sampling options
6. Select time step and max iterations per time step
7. Prescribe the number of time steps
8. Run the calculations (Iterate)
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 Enabling the Transient Solver
To enable the unsteady solver, select the Transient button on the General problem
setup form

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 Set Up Time Step Size
Set the time step size
This controls the spacing in time
between the solution points

Options are:
Number of time steps
Maximum number of iterations
per time step

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 Solver Control
"Transient Formulation" defines the
numerical algorithm for the transient
term
First Order Implicit is the default because
it is more stable
For problems with higher accuracy
requirements, it is recommended to
change this setting to Bounded Second
Order Implicit

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 Initialization
Physically realistic initial conditions should be
used
A converged steady state solution is often used as the
starting point
If a transient simulation is started from an
approximate initial guess, the initial transient

Residuals
results will not be accurate
The first few time steps may not converge
A smaller time step may be needed initially to maintain
solver stability
For cyclic behavior the first few cycles can be ignored
until a repeatable pattern is obtained 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
2
Time (seconds)
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 Tips for Success in Transient Flow Modeling
With Pressure-based Solvers, use PISO scheme for Pressure-
Velocity Coupling this scheme provides faster convergence for
unsteady flows than the standard SIMPLE approach

Select the number of iterations per time step to be around 20

it is better to reduce the time step size than to do too many iterations
per time step
Remember that accurate initial conditions are as important as
boundary conditions for unsteady problems
initial conditions should always be physically realistic!

To iterate without advancing in time, specify zero time steps

This will instruct the solver to converge the current time step only

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 Summary
When solving any unsteady flow problem in Fluent
The time step size will be determined by the minimum of
The value at which the solution will converge
The value needed to resolve mean flow physical time scales (e.g. vortex shedding
frequency given by Strouhal number) and/or turbulent eddies (Courant number <= 1)
The solution must converge at every time step
Non-convergence within the very first steps may be acceptable when there is a non-
physical initial condition
If the solution is not converging, it is almost always more efficient to reduce the time
step size
Solution monitors are an important tool for ensuring the solution is correct
Watch out for physically unrealistic behavior of monitored variables
The Bounded Second Order transient formulation is almost always preferred

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 Appendix

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 Non-iterative Time Advancement
Non-iterative Time Advancement
(NITA) is available for faster
computation time

NITA runs about 2x to 10x as fast as ITA

scheme

Limitations: Available with pressure-

based solvers only
NITA schemes are not available for
multiphase (except VOF), reacting flows,
radiation models, porous media, fan
models, etc.
Consult the Fluent Documentation for
additional details

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 Non-iterative Time Advancement

- NITA scheme reduce the splitting error to O(t2) by

using sub-iterations per time step
Overall time- Truncation Splitting error
discretization error for = +
error: O(t2) (due to eqn
2nd-order scheme: segregation):
O(t2) O(tn)

- Two flavors of NITA schemes available

- PISO (NITA/PISO)
- Fractional-step method (NITA/FSM)
About 20% cheaper than NITA/PISO on a per time-
step basis

ITA NITA

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 Unsteady Flow Modeling Options
Adaptive Time Stepping
Automatically adjusts time-step size
based on local truncation error analysis
Customization possible via UDF

Extrapolate Variables
Speed up the transient solution by reducing required sub-
iteration
Using Taylor series expansion solution will be
extrapolated to the next time level to improve the
predicted initial value

Data Sampling for Time Statistics

Particularly useful for LES turbulence calculations

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 Unsteady Flow Modeling Animations
Another method in Fluent is available
which makes use of the Execute
Commands feature

Text commands or macros can be defined

which are executed by the solver at
prescribed iteration or time step intervals

This approach is very useful in creating

high-quality animations of CFD results
A command is defined which generates an
animation frame (contour plot, vector plot,
etc.) and then writes that frame to a hard
copy file.
Third-party software can then be used to link
the hard copy files into an animation file
(AVI, MPG, GIF, etc.)

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 CFD-Post: Dynamic Text Objects

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 CFD-Post: Typical Keyframe Animation Procedure
1. Timestep Selector load the first time step
2. Create necessary plots and position the view
3. Create the first Keyframe
4. Load the last time step
5. If necessary change the plots and the view
6. Create the second Keyframe
7. Select the first Keyframe and set the # of Frames
This is the # of Frames in between the first and
second Keyframes
If we have a total of 100 time steps, then setting # of
In this example the first and second Keyframes used a
Frames to 98 will produce a total of 100 frames (98
plus first, plus last) and therefore 1 frame per time different view position and the Transparency of the
step Plane was changed from 0 to 1. The changes between
8. Set the Movie options Keyframes are interpolated gradually over each
animation frame
9. Rewind to the first Keyframe and click Play

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 CFD-Post: Transient Charts
XY Transient or Sequence
Plots an expression (usually Time)
versus a variable at a point locator
Typically used to show the transient
variation of a variable at a point
Unless the data from every time step
is saved and loaded into CFD-Post,
create a point surface in Fluent and
write the data at every time step
If desired, the data in the Fluent
monitor output file can be plotted
in a CFD-Post chart

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 CFD-Post: Fourier Transform
FT can be applied to signals to extract frequency data
FT of Signal Showing
Dominant Frequency

Original Signal

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 Unsteady Flow Modeling Animations
You must set up any animations BEFORE performing iterations
Animation frames are written/stored on-the-fly during calculations

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 CFD-Post: Timestep Selector
Transient results can also be post-
processed in CFD-Post.
You need to instruct Fluent when to export
data (every n time steps)
Otherwise, by default, Fluent does not write
any data to disk during the solution, and
interim results will be forgotten.
So in Fluent, under Calculation Activities,
select Autosave
In CFD Post, select the first results file, then
tick Load Complete History as a Single Case
The clock icon will open up a window from
where you can select the desired time step

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 CFD-Post: Animations
There are two modes of animation in CFD-Post:
Quick Animation
Keyframe

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 CFD-Post: Animations
Quick Animation:
Selection of animation objects
Animation of primary object variable:
Plane: Coordinate
Streamline: Dynamic, velocity dependent
symbols on streamlines
Time steps

Limited control

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