TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. Contents Page No.

1. Basic Textiles terms 1

2. Stitching 1

3. Identification of parts of sewing machine 3

4. Different types of Sewing machines with 8

technical details
5. Different types of sewing machine beds 24

6. Different types of sewing machine belts 28

7. Various types of Needles used for sewing 32

different fabrics
8. Different categories of Stitches 34

9. Lubrication and Maintenance Systems 38

10. Different Types of Feed Mechanisms 43

11. Introduction to Motors 48

12. Attachments in Sewing Machines 52

13. Stitching Defects 55

14. Safety Measures 64

 1. Basic Textiles terms

Yarn Basic raw material for weaving/Knitting

Type of Single ply, double ply and multiply
yarn
Yarn count Defines thickness of yarn. Higher the count, finer the yarn
Warp Lengthwise yarn in the fabric.
Weft (filling) Width wise yarn in the fabric.
Selvedge Edges of the fabric running lengthwise
Woven Woven fabrics are made by using two or more sets of yarn interlaced
Fabric at right angles to each other.
Knitted Knitted fabrics are formed by series of interlocking loops
Fabric (example: knit wears)
Sewing Sewing Thread is a type of yarn used for sewing.
Thread

2. STITCHING

Stitching is the process of producing garments by joining various components

of fabric, either woven or knitted

This is being done in stitching machines.

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 Sequence of Operations In Garment production

Fabric inspection

layering Pattern Making

Cutting Fusing

Stickering and bundling

Stitching Buttoning and button holing

Washing

Ironing

Finishing

Packing

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 3. IDENTIFICATION OF PARTS OF SEWING MACHINE

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1 Hand wheel: Turn this wheel to adjust
needle height. Always turn the hand wheel
toward you.

2 Spool pin: The spool pin keeps the spool

in place while the thread feeds through the
machine. Some machines have both
horizontal and vertical spool pins
3 Spool cap: The spool cap slips onto the
end of the spool pin and holds the spool in
place.

4 Bobbin pin/winder: Built-in bobbin

winders may be found on the top, front, or
side of a sewing machine. Most winders
consist of a bobbin pin to hold the bobbin
while the thread is being wound, thread
guides for maintaining tension, and a
start/stop lever. Some bobbin winders
have built-in thread cutters.
5 Thread guide: Thread guides may be
hoops, discs, or flat metal shapes that
pinch or direct the thread to feed it through
the machine without tangling and at the
correct tension.

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6 Take-up lever: The take-up lever is a
metal finger with a thread guide that moves
up and down, pulling thread from the spool
and feeding it through the machine.

7 Stitch selector: Use the stitch selector to

choose which stitch youd like to use. Many
machines feature a number of built-in
stitches: straight stitch, zigzag, buttonhole,
blind hem, etc.

8 Presser foot: The presser foot works with

the feed dog to move fabric evenly through
the machine. When the presser foot is
lowered, it engages the tension discs and
presses the fabric beneath the foot against
the feed dog. The upper part of the foot,
called the ankle, is usually screwed onto
the machine securely; the lower part may
include a quick-release mechanism for
changing presser feet.
9 Presser foot pressure control: This
control adjusts the amount of pressure the
presser foot applies to fabric as it feeds
beneath the needle. Increase pressure
when sewing heavy fabric and decrease
pressure when sewing lightweight or thin
fabric

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10 Presser foot lifter: This lever, located
above the presser foot at the back or side
of the machine, raises and lowers the
presser foot. When the presser foot is
lifted, the tension discs are disengaged,
and the fabric will not feed through the
machine.
11 Needle: The needle carries the upper
thread through the fabric to create a stitch.
Specialty needles are available for specific
stitching needs.

12 Needle threader: Some machines have

built-in needle threaders. Threaders have a
tiny hook that swings through the needle
eye catches the thread, and pulls it back
through the eye when the threader is
released.

13 Thread cutter: Some machines have a

built-in thread cutter near the needle area.
To use the cutter, raise the presser foot
and remove the stitched piece from the
machine. Pull both the threads over the
cutters shielded blade to cut them.
14 . Needle clamp screw: Tighten and loosen
this screw to release or secure the needle
in place.

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15 Stitch plate: The stitch plate, also called a
needle or throat plate, is a flat metal piece
below the presser foot. Slots in the plate
allow the feed dog to push the fabric along.
A hole or slot admits the needle carrying
the top thread through the fabric.
16 Feed dog: The feed dog is a toothed metal
piece below the stitch plate that moves up
and down to push the fabric along,
beneath the needle. Stitch length is
controlled by how much fabric the feed dog
moves.
17 Throat: The throat of a machine refers to
the open space between the needle and
the machine housing. A large throat is
helpful when sewing bulky fabrics and
large projects like quilts.

18 . Bobbin cover: The bobbin cover is a

plate
or hinged door that protects the bobbin
mechanism. Open the bobbin cover to
replace the bobbin and clean the bobbin
area or case.

19 Foot control: Like the gas pedal in a car,

the foot control regulates the machine
speed.

.
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 4. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEWING MACHINES WITH TECHNICAL
DETAILS

MACHINE INTRODUCTION

Following is the list of Sewing machines which will be introduced in the next pages.
(It is advised to the trainers to demonstrate the concepts in the machine room only.)

1 SNLS machine

2 Over lock (all type)

3 Flat lock machine

4 Feed of the arm machine

5 Bartack machine

6 Button stitch machine

7 Button hole machine

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SINGLE NEEDLE LOCK STITCH MACHINE (SNLS)
The Single Needle Lock Stitch Machine is the most popular and versatile sewing
machine in the industry. It is designed to produce consistent results in sample and
production rooms. The Lockstitch forms precise and secured straight stitches on the
top and the underside of the fabric as the needle thread and the bobbin thread lock
(each other each time the needle passes through the fabric).

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 Industrial SNLS Sewing Machine
SEWING MACHINE AND ITS PARTS

Presser Thread
feet Threa Thread
Tension Disc
control d

Take up lever

Hand
Threa
d
spring
tensio Stitc
n Needl h
e Dial

Throat
Plate

Back
tack
lever

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10. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF SNLS MACHINE

Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with SNLS machines are
given below. Trainers should keep the following points in mind during the session of
SNLS machine.

1. First demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice on the

machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery supplier during
Session
3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand the Instructional
manual.

Technical adjustments of SNLS machine

1. Basic Machine Practice (Loop Exercise)
2. Technical Specification
3. Installation of needle
4. Needle bar Height adjustment
5. Hook Set Timing
6. Feed Dog adjustment and alignment
7. Feed Dog Eccentric cam Adjustment
8. Pressure foot to Pressure adjustment

11. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF DNLS MACHINE

Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with DNLS machines are
given below. Trainers should keep the following points in mind during the session of
DNLS machine
1. First demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice on the
machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery supplier during
Session
3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand the Instructional
manual.

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Technical adjustments of DNLS
machine
1. Basic Machine Practice (Loop Exercise)
2. Technical Specification
3. Installation of needle

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4. Needle bar Height adjustment
5. Hook Set Timing
6. Feed timing Cam adjustment
7. Sprocket belt adjustment and
change
8. Feed Dog adjustment and
9. Feed Dog alignment
10. Thread adjustment

OVERLOCK MACHINE
An over lock / over edge machine is a high speed sewing machine. This is the
quickest performing machine for giving over edge stitches. Over lock Machines Are
available in following Specifications-
2 T Over lock machine
3 T Over lock Machine
4 T Over lock Machine
5 T Over lock Machine
6 T Over lock Machine

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 Sr.No. Machine Name No. Of Threads
1 2 T Overlock Machine 1 1
2 3 T Overlock Machine 1 2
3 4 T Overlock Machine 2 2
4 5 T Overlock Machine 2 3
5 6 T Overlock Machine 3 3

12. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF OVERLOCK MACHINE

Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with OVERLOCK

machines are given below. Trainers should keep the following points in mind during
the session of OVERLOCK machine
1. First demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice on the
machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery supplier during
Session
3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand the Instructional
manual.
4. Practice of sewing on machine is also
necessary.

Technical adjustments of OVERLOCK

machine

1. Basic Machine Practice

2. Technical Specification
3. Installation of needle
4. Needle bar Height adjustment
5. Needle to lower looper timing
6. Upper Looper Timing
7. Chain looper timing (Safety Stitch)
8. Upper Knife Adjustment
9. Lower Knife adjustment
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10. Feed Dog Height adjustment
11. Cam Timing
12. Thread Adjustment

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FLATLOCK MACHINE

Flat lock machines are specialized, high-speed machines. These machines

are extremely fast and efficient. In this machine the stitch is formed by two or more
needle threads passing through the material, inter looping on the underside and
interlocking on the upper side. These machines are mainly used for knits.

PARTS OF MACHINE

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13. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF FLATLOCK
MACHINE

Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with FLATLOCK

machines are given below. Trainers should keep the following points in mind during
the session of FLATLOCK machine.

1. First demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice on the

machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery supplier during
Session
3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand the Instructional
manual.
4. Practice of sewing on machine is also
necessary.

Technical adjustments of Flatlock

machine
1. Basic Machine Practice
2. Technical Specification
3. Installation of needle
4. Needle bar Height adjustment
5. Main looper timing
6. Spreader Looper Adjustment
7. Stitch Length Adjustment
8. Feed Dog Height adjustment
9. Cam Timing (Thread)
10. Needle and looper guard adjustment

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FEED OF THE ARM MACHINE:
This machine is largely used for attaching sleeves and for making complex circular stitches
while attaching different parts of the garment

PARTS OF MACHINE
PARTS NAME
1. Machine pulley
2 Front cover
3Presser foot
4. Needle bar
5.Upper thread guide
6. Lapper

SAFETY DEVICE

1.Thread Take up cover

2.Finger guard
3.Pulley Cover

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14. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF FEED OF THE ARM
MACHINE
Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with
Feed of Arm machines are given below. Trainers should keep the
following points in mind during the session of Feed of arm
machine
1. First demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice
on the machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery
supplier during Session
3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand
the
Instructional manual.
4. Practice of sewing on machine is also
necessary.

Technical adjustments of Feed of arm

machine machine
1. Basic Machine Practice
2. Technical Specification
3. Installation of needle
4. Needle bar Height adjustment
5. Main looper timing
6. Puller adjustment
7. Needle Guard Adjustment
8. Looper Guard adjustment
9. Feed Dog height adjustment
10. Stitch Length Adjustment (Threading
adjustment)
BUTTON HOLE MACHINE
This machine is used for sewing buttons in the garment.

PARTS OF MACHINE
17. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF BUTTON HOLE
MACHINE
Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with Button Hole
machines are given below. Trainers should keep the following points in mind during
the session of Button Hole machine
1. First demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice on the
machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery supplier during
Session
3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand the Instructional
manual.
4. Practice of sewing on machine is also
necessary.

Technical adjustments of Button Hole machine

-
1. Basic Machine Practice
2. Technical Specification
3. Installation of needle
4. Needle Bar height adjustment
5. Hook Set Timing clearance
6. Thread trimming or scissors timing
adjustment
7. Knife Adjustment and change
8. Panel Programming

18. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF BLIND HEM MACHINE

Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with Blind Hem machines
are given below. Trainers should keep the following points in mind during the session
of Blind Hem machine.
1. First Demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice on the
machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery supplier during
Session
3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand the Instructional
manual.
4. Practice of sewing on machine is also
necessary.
Technical adjustments of Blind Hem machine

1. Basic Machine Practice

2. Technical Specifications
3. Looper timing adjustment
4. Stitch Length Adjustment
BUTTON ATTACH MACHINE
This is a high-speed buttonholing machine, which is used for sewing buttonholes in
the garment.

PARTS OF MACHINE
Name of the various parts
1. Power Switch
2. Control box
3. SD card Slot
4. Operation Panel
5. Foot Switch
6. Work Clamp
7. Button Clamp
8. Pulley
9. Cotton Stand

SAFETY DEVICES
1. Finger Guard
2. Eye Guard
3. Threads take Up Cover
4. Rear Cover
5. Side Cover
6. DT Solenoid Cover

16. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF BUTTON ATTACH

MACHINE
Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with Button Stitch
machines are given below. Trainers should keep the following points in mind during
the session of Button Stitch machine.

1. First demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice on the

machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery supplier during
Session
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3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand the Instructional
manual.
4. Practice of sewing on machine is also
necessary.

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Technical adjustments of Button Attach machine
1. Basic Machine Practice
2. Technical Specification
3. Installation of needle
4. Button centre adjustment
5. Work Clamp adjustment
6. Needle Bar height adjustment
7. Hook Set Timing
8. Thread trimming (By moving and fix knife) Adjustment
9. Panel Programming

BARTACK MACHINE
This machine is used for giving secure Bartack stitches.

PARTS OF BARTACK MACHINE

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15. TECHNICAL ADJUSTMENT OF BARTACK
MACHINE
Technical adjustments which are to be taught while dealing with Bartack
machines are given below. Trainers should keep the following points in mind during
the session of Bartack machine.

1. First demonstrate the adjustment then ask trainee to practice on the

machine.
2. Use the Instructional manual given by the machinery supplier during
Session
3. Make sure, all the trainees are able to understand the Instructional
manual.
4. Practice of sewing on machine is also
necessary.

Technical adjustments of Bartack

machine
1. Basic Machine Practice
2. Technical Specification
3. Installation of needle
4. Needle Bar height adjustment
5. Stitch length adjustment
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6. Hook Set Timing
7. Thread trimming (By moving and fix knife)
Adjustment
8. Panel Programming

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5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEWING MACHINE BEDS
CLASS ROOM CONCEPTS
In fashion manufacture the machines are still predominantly used in their basic forms
but, for more specialized garments and those made in higher volume, variations in
machine shape are available which enables easier movement of the materials
around the machine. These variations primarily affects the shape of the bed of the
machine, i.e. the part on which material rest. The best known version is the flat bed
and the main alternatives are cylinder bed, Post bed and feed off- the arm. The
blind felling machine is also a special shape, as are the Over edge machines which
have no fabric space to the right of the needle.
Following is the classification of different bed type used in machinery.

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1. FLAT BED
The flat bed is used in the majority of sewing where a large and open garment part
can easily be handled past he needle. It provides a suitable surface for all flat sewing
and also facilitates the use of markers to control the position of the garment parts.
For example, a patch pocket on a shirt front.

2. CYLINDRICAL BED
These beds are basically used where the parts to be sewn are small, curved or
otherwise awkward in shape.

3. POST BED
It has the same applications as cylindrical Bed.

4. FEED OF THE ARM

The feed-off-the-arm machine is used where a lapped seam has to be closed in such
a way that the garment part becomes a tube. They are common in jeans production
where the outside leg seam is normally the type known as lap-felled and it is joined
after the inside leg seam in the sequence of construction. The operator wraps the
part to be sewn around the machine bed and it is fed away from the operator, off the
end of the bed, as the operator sews.

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5. BLIND STITCH
This machine also consist a different type of machine bed which is shown in the
given picture. Example of Blind machines use is in the bottom hem of trousers and
sometimes on closing the curtains etc.

6. OVERLOCK M/C bed

Over edge machine also have a different type of machine bed (See picture)
which have no fabric space to the right of the needle.

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 Types of Stitch Type Features and Uses
Sewing
Machine
Flat bed Lockstitch, The large working area allows a wide range of
machine (basis Chain stitch application; the material can easily be guided
type) around the needle and the presser foot. This
basic type is used for all kinds of flat sewing
work.

Raised bed Lockstitch, The bedplate is in the form of a plinth. It

machine Chain stitch facilitates the assembly of pre-sewn parts and is
especially suitable for the fitting of accessories
and special attachments. This is the basic form
for various specialized machines such as
buttonholers.
Post bed Lockstitch, This type has an increased working height
machine Chain stitch Special applications are found in the working of
three-dimensional products. e.g. shoes and
bags.
The post bed makes it easier to work on tight
curves and corners, to sew in sleeves and to
complete large, half-assembled products.
Cylinder bed Lockstitch, This type has an increased working height and a
machine Chain stitch bed in the shape of a horizontal arm. It is
especially suitable for working on tubular parts,
such as cuffs, sleeves, and trouser legs, and
also for button sewing and bar tacking. It is used
extensively in the making of clothing from knitted
fabrics.
Side bed Chain stitch, Machines which are specialized for sewing at
machine Over-edge edges need only a small working area

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6. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SEWING MACHINE BELTS
CLASS ROOM CONCEPTS
A belt is a loop of flexible material used to link two or more rotating shafts
mechanically. Belts may be used as a source of motion, to power efficiently, or to
track relative movement. Belts are looped over pulleys. In a two pulley system, the
belt can either drive the pulleys in the same direction, or the belt may be crossed, so
that the direction of the shafts is opposite. As a source of motion, a conveyor belt is
one application where the belt is adapted to continually carry a load between two
points
Belts are the cheapest utility for power transmission between shafts that may not be
axially aligned. Power transmission is achieved by specially designed belts and
pulleys.

Pros and cons

Belt drive, moreover, is simple, inexpensive, and does not require axially aligned
shafts. It helps protect the machinery from overload and jam, and it isolates noise
and vibration. Load fluctuations are shock-absorbed (cushioned). They need no
lubrication and require minimal maintenance. They have high efficiency (90-98%,
usually 95%), high tolerance for misalignment, and are inexpensive if the shafts are
far apart. Clutch action is activated by releasing belt tension. Different speeds can be
obtained by step or tapered pulleys.
The angular-velocity ratio may not be constant or equal to that of
the pulley diameters, due to slip and stretch. However, this problem has been largely
solved by the use of toothed belts. Adjustment of center distance or addition of an
idler pulley is crucial to compensate for wear and stretch.

Following are the various types of Belts which are widely used

1. FLAT BELT :
The drive belt: used to transfer power from the engine's flywheel. Here shown
driving a threshing machine.

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 Flat belts were used early in line shafting to transmit power in
factories. It is a simple system of power transmission that was well suited for its day.
It delivered high power for high speeds (500 hp for 10,000 ft/min), in cases of wide
belts and large pulleys. These drives are bulky, requiring high tension leading to high
loads, so vee belts have mainly replaced the flatbelts except when high speed
is needed over power.

ROUND BELTS
Round belts are a circular cross section belt designed to run in a pulley with a
circular (or near circular) groove. They are for use in low torque situations and may
be purchased in various lengths or cut to length and joined, either by a staple, gluing
or welding (in few case).
Early sewing machines utilized a leather belt, joined either by a metal staple
or glued, to a great effect.
VEE BELTS
Vee belts (also known as V-belt or wedge rope) solved the slippage and alignment
problem. It is now the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the best
combination of traction, speed of movement, load of the bearings, and long service
life. They are generally endless, and their general cross-section shape is trapezoidal.
The "V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the
result that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to wedge into the groove as
the load increases the greater the load, the greater the wedging action
improving torque transmission and making the V-belt an effective solution, needing
less width and tension than flat belts. V-belts need larger pulleys for their larger
thickness than flat belts. They can be supplied at various fixed lengths or as a
segmented section, where the segments are linked (spliced) to form a belt of the
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required length. For high -power requirements, two or more vee belts can be joined
side-by-side in an arrangement called a multi-V, running on matching multi-groove
sheaves. This is known as a multiple-V-belt drive (or sometimes a "classical V-belt
drive").

MULTI-GROOVE BELTS
A multi-groove or Poly groove belt is made up of usually 5 or 6 "V" shapes alongside
each other. This gives a thinner belt for the same drive surface, thus is more flexible,
although often wider. The added flexibility offers an improved efficiency, as less
energy is wasted in the internal friction of continually bending the belt. In practice this
gain of efficiency is overshadowed by the reduced heating effect on the belt, as a
cooler-running belt lasts longer in service. A further advantage of the poly groove
belt, and the reason they have become so popular, stems from the ability to be run
over pulleys on the un grooved back of the belt. Although this is sometimes done
with vee belts and a single idler pulley for tensioning, a poly groove belt may be
wrapped around a pulley on its back tightly enough to change its direction, or even to
provide a light driving force.
TIMING BELT
Timing belts are a positive transfer belt and can track relative movement. These
belts have teeth that fit into a matching toothed pulley. When correctly tensioned,
they have no slippage, run at constant speed, and are often used to transfer direct
motion for indexing or timing purposes (hence their name). They are often used in
lieu of chains or gears, so there is less noise and a lubrication bath is not necessary.

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Camshafts of automobiles, miniature timing systems, and stepper motors often
utilize these belts.
Timing belts need the least tension of all belts, and are among the most
efficient. They can bear up to 200 hp (150 kW) at speeds of 16,000 ft/min. Timing
belts with a helical offset tooth design are available. The helical offset tooth design
forms a chevron pattern and causes the teeth to engage progressively. The chevron
pattern design is self aligning. The chevron pattern design does not make the noise
that some timing belts make at idiosyncratic speeds, and is more efficient at
transferring power (up to 98%).
Disadvantages include a relatively high purchase cost, the need for specially
fabricated toothed pulleys, less protection from overloading and jamming, and the
lack of clutch action.

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7. VARIOUS TYPES OF NEEDLES USED FOR SEWING DIFFERENT FABRICS

Select the type of needle based on the textile construction (i.e knit vs woven), and
the needle size is determined by the thickness of the thread and the weight of the
fabric used for sewing.

There are two needle sizing system :American and European. American Needle
sizes range from 8 to 19, and European sizes range from 60 to 120. Larger the
number, the larger the blade of the needle.

Commonly used needles and their uses as below:-

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Needle Fabric Sizes Description
Uses
Ball-point Knits 70/10 This needle has a medium tip that is a
100/16 slightly more rounded than a universal
needle and passes between the fabric
threads instead of piercing them. Ball-point
needles ensure more even stitches on
coarse and heavy knits and wont damage
spandex, interlocks and other knits that snag
or run easily.
Sharp/ Finely 60/8 These needles feature a narrow shaft and
Microtex woven 90/14 sharper point to pierce the threads of woven
fabrics fabrics. Use for stitching smooth, finely
woven fabrics, such as silk, chintz,
lightweight faux suede and microfiber
fabrics. Because these needles enable
perfectly straight stitching, theyre also ideal
for heirloom stitching, topstitching, pintucks
and edge stitching.
Universal Knits or 60/8 Point is very slightly rounded for use on
woven 120/19 knits, but sharp enough to pierce woven
fabrics. These needles are available in the
widest size range. Use when stitching
Synthetic or natural woven and knits.
Denim/ Heavy 70/10 These needles have a thick, strong shaft
Jeans wovens 110/18 and a very sharp point. They are used for
and stitching denim, canvas, duck and other
denims heavy, tightly woven fabrics. They are also
ideal for stitching through multiple fabric
layers without breaking.

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8. DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF STITCHES

Stitches can be divided into the following categories:

100 Class Stitches
Single Thread Chain stitches Using One Needle Thread and One Blind Looper

Diagram Stitch Class Thread count Typical Uses

101 One Thread Basting, or

Class light
Construction

103 One Blindstitch

Class Thread for
Hemming

104 One Saddle

Class Thread Stitch

200 Class Stitches

Single Thread Hand Sewn Stitches Using One Needle Thread

Diagram Stitch Thread Typical

Class count Uses
202 One Basting,
Class Thread Tacking or
Repairs

205 One Pick Stitch-

Class Thread Topstitching

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300 Class Stitches

Diagram Stitch Thread Typical

Class count Uses

301 Two Seaming

Class Thread Multiple
Plies

304 Two Zig-Zag

Class Thread Stitch;
A Stretch
Lockstitch

306 Two Blind

Class Thread Stitch

315 Two "Three

Class Thread Step Zig-
Zag;
stretch
lockstitch
with more
Stretch

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400 Class Stitches
Multi-Thread Chain Stitches Using One or More Needle Threads and One or
More Looper Threads

Stitch Thread Typical

Class count Uses

401 Two Seaming

Class Thread Multiple
Plies with
moderate
stretch

406 Three "Bottom

Class Thread Cover
Stitch; a
(greater)
stretch
Chainstitch

500 Class Stitches

Multi-Thread Over Edge Chain stitches Using Needle Thread(s) and Looper
Thread(s)

Stitch Thread Typical Uses

Class count

504 Three Over edge stitch

Class Thread for Serging and
Light Seaming

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 512 Four Mock Safety
Class Thread Stitch for
Seaming
with wide bite and
Greater Stretch
for Knits

514 Four Overedge Stitch

Class Thread for Seaming
with wide bite and
Greater Stretch
for Knits

516 Five True Safety Stitch

Class Thread for Seaming
with Good Stretch
for Wovens and
Knits

600 Class Stitches

Multi-Thread Cover stitches

Stitch Thread Typical Uses

Class count
602 Four Cover Stitch or
Class Thread Seaming Knits

605 Five Cover Stitch or

Class Thread Butt-Seams

607 Six Wide Cover Stitch

Class Thread or Butt- Seams

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9. LUBRICATION AND MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS

CLASS ROOM CONCEPTS

OILING SYSTEMS

A. Manual oiling system it requires the operator to oil each point individually,
and on a regular (preferred 4-hour) basis.

B. Automatic oiling system it can supply all points of lubrication or can be

com binned with manual oiling. The oil in automatic systems can be distributed:
1. Through gravity,
2. Through splash,
3. Through wicking (such as cotton cord), or
4. Through pressure supplied by a pump.

All automatic oiling systems require the reservoir to be filled to a certain level with oil.
Wick fed systems range from small reservoirs (the wicking itself may serve
as reservoir) to more substantial cavities. The smaller the reservoir, the more
often oil will need to be added. Larger oil reservoirs of any system type may
have marked indicator levels, so that the operator can verify that enough oil is
available in the reservoir.
Pressure lubrication systems may have sight windows or bubbles. A flow or splash
of oil seen through these windows or bubbles will indicate that there is likely a good
pressure of oil in the system. Pressure systems may also have adjustment needles
or valves to control the flow of oil to critical points such as the hook race.
Any system can have an oil return mechanism to recirculate oil and to prevent build-
up of oil in pockets from which it may leak or overflow. The oil return mechanisms
can be gravity flow, wicking, or both. Pressure systems may also incorporate a
suction return, operated by the same pump that supplies oil pressure.
Lubrication is necessary for the sewing machine maintenance but at the same time
lubrication may be the cause of oil stains in a garment.

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To prevent the oil stains in a garment, an advance technology is used .On the basis
of that technology, we can divide the sewing machines into the following categories:-
1. Sewing Machine with Lubrication
2. Semi Dry head Sewing Machine
3. Dry Head Sewing Machine

SEWING MACHINE (SNLS) WITH LUBRICATION:

The needle bar and thread take-up components are lubricated with the minimum
required quantity of oil.
For the hook section, the standard method of lubrication is
employed.

SEMI DRY HEAD SEWING MACHINE

With the advanced dry technology of enabling operation without being lubricated, a
frame which does not need lubrication has been developed. It is provided with not
only a high-speed sewing capability, but also a safety feature for preventing oil
stains.

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 The needle bar and thread take-up components are not lubricated.
For the hook section, the standard method of lubrication is employed.

DRY HEAD SEWING MACHINE

As its designation indicates, the dry-head type machine ensures convenience of use
by totally preventing the oil from staining the material being sewn. The machine
wholly Contributes to the improved quality of finished products.

The section around the needle bar, the thread take-up lever and the hook are not
lubricated.

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 MAINTENANCE
Maintenance is an Activity involved in maintaining something in good working
order. Widely it can be divided into two categories.
1. Corrective Maintenance
2. Preventive Maintenance

Corrective maintenance can be defined as the maintenance which is required when

an item has failed or worn out and to bring it back to working order. Corrective
maintenance is the most commonly used maintenance approach, but it has its
limitations. When an equipment fails, it often leads to downtime in production, and
sometimes damages other parts. In most cases, this is expensive also, if the
equipment needs to be replaced, the cost of replacing alone can be substantial.
Reliability of systems maintained by this type of maintenance is unknown and cannot
be measured. Therefore, corrective maintenance is carried out on all items where
the consequences of failure or wearing out are not significant (less important items)
and the cost of this maintenance is not greater than preventive maintenance.

Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance is conducted to keep equipments working and/or extend the
life of the equipments. The primary goal of maintenance is to avoid or mitigate the
consequences of failure of equipment. Preventive Based Maintenance help to
prevent the failure before it actually occurs. It is designed to preserve and restore
equipments reliability by replacing worn components before they actually fail.
Preventive maintenance activities include partial or complete overhauls at specified
periods, oil changes, lubrication and so on. In addition, workers can record
equipment deterioration so they know when to replace or repair worn parts before
they cause system failure. The ideal preventive maintenance program would prevent
all equipment failure before it occurs. Following are the two examples of Preventive
maintenance Schedule which are commonly used in garment industry
st
1 Plan talks about the, activities which have to be carried out on monthly basis and
nd
2 Plan talks about the quarterly (3 Months) basis.

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 1. PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE SERVICES PLAN
MONTHLY CHECK
1. Thread stand clean & tight
2. Bobbin winder proper check
3. Feed dog check
4. Pressure foot check
5. Needle plate check
6. Needle screw check
7. V-belt check
8. Belt cover clean & tight
9. Pully & pully cover check
10. Hook set check
11. Oil level check properly & clean
12. Needle guard check
13. Moving knife check
14. Fix knife check
15. Foot rest check
16. Head rest pin check
17. Knee pad check
18. Padle mat check
19. Ubt machine proper working & check
20. Stand shoe check
21. Fabric guide check
22. Pedal chain check
23. Looper check
24. Waste tube check
25. Lower knife check
26. Upper knife check
27. Eye glass check
28. Table top condition check
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 29. Machine condition check
30. Gauge set check
31. Top feed dog check
32. Gear bearing check
33. Pressure bar / regulator check
34. Bobin case check
35. Oil lubrication system check ing

2.PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE SERVICES PLAN

QUARTERLY CHECK
1. Oil change
2. Moto & control box clean by air pressure
3. All moving parts checking / replacement
4. Gear and bearing checking / replacement

10. DIFFERENT TYPES FEED MECHANISMS

CLASS ROOM CONCEPTS

DEFINITION
Besides the basic motion of needles, loppers and bobbins, the material being sewn
must move, so that each cycle of needle motion involves a different part of the
material. This motion is known as feed, and sewing machines have almost as many
ways of feeding material as they do of forming stitches. For general categories, we
have: drop feed, needle feed, walking foot, puller, and manual. Often, multiple types
of feed are used on the same machine. Besides these general categories, there are
also uncommon feed mechanisms used in specific applications like edge joining fur,
making seams on caps, and blind stitching.

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Functions of Feed dog
Makes the sewing product move per stitch.
Can change amount to move and forms stitches suitable for the sewing
product.
Stretch stitching or gathering stitching can be performed by means of feed
mechanism, and prevention of puckering, gathering, etc. can be performed.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FEED

BOTTOM FEED
This is the most standard feed mechanism, which feeds material with a lower feed
dog only. Uneven material feeding is likely to occur because of bottom feed only.
However, sharp curve stitching can be easily performed and material handling is
easy.

NEEDLE FEED (BOTTOM FEED + NEEDLE FEED)

This is the feed mechanism in which needle bar moves in synchronization with
bottom feed. Feeding force is strong, and this type can feed material more precisely
than the aforementioned bottom feed type sewing machine. Uneven material feeding
is reduced, but, stitch shrinking due to thread tightness is likely to occur.

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DIFFERENTIAL FEED (FRONT BOTTOM FEED + REAR BOTTOM FEED)
This is the bottom feed mechanism, but feed dog is divided into front and rear. This
is the feed mechanism which is possible to intentionally stretch material or gather
material by changing feed amount of front feed dog and rear feed dog. This is
suitable for sewing elastic knit.
Differential feed ratio (e.g. JUKI over lock sewing machine, MO Series)
Gathering 1: 2 (Max. 1: 4)
Stretching 1: 0.7 (Max. 1: 0.6)

BOTTOM AND VARIABLE TOP FEED (BOTTOM FEED + TOP DIFFERENTIAL

FEED)

There is a feed dog on the top side in terms of bottom feed, and top feed amount
can be adjusted simultaneously together with adjustment of material feed from
the bottom side. Accordingly, this is the feed mechanism which is possible to prevent
sewing slippage, and to perform edging contracting or gathering.

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DIFFERENTIAL BOTTOM FEED AND VARIABLE TOP FEED
(Differential Feed + Top Differential Feed)

Bottom feed is differential feed, and top feed amount can be adjusted simultaneously
together with adjustment (stretching and gathering) of material feed from the bottom
side. Accordingly, this is the suitable mechanism which can give most suitable feed
amount to the upper and lower materials.

UNISON FEED (BOTTOM FEED + TOP FEED + NEEDLE FEED)

Feed force of this mechanism is most superior and this feed mechanism is largely
used for extra heavy-weight materials or the like.

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FEED WITH CLOTH PULLING ROLLER

Roller located in the rear of presser foot pulls materials and sewing is performed.
Uneven material feeding is reduced and working property is improved.

FIXED FEED
This is the feed mechanism to feed materials in a fixed state by holding materials
between lower plate and upper plate.
(Example: cycle machine and automatic machine)

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11. INTRODUCTION TO MOTORS

CLASS ROOM CONCEPTS

A motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion.
Various types of motors are available in the market, but Sewing industry mostly uses
the electric motor. An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical
energy, usually through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying
conductors.
Electric Motors can be classified into two categories:
1) AC Motors
2) DC Motors
AC motors are mostly used for the industrial Machinery.AC motors are also available
in various categories.AC induction motor is the most common technology used in the
Garment industry.

MOTOR

ELECTRIC MOTOR

DC MOTORS AC MOTORS

AC INDUCTION MOTOR

And AC MOTOR is used with the following drives to operate the sewing machine
Clutch (For clutch Motor)
SERVO (For Servo Motor)
Direct Drive

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We shall discuss about the motors which are used vitally in the Sewing
machines.

1. Clutch Motor

A clutch is a mechanical device which provides for the transmission of power from
one component (the driving member) to another (the driven member). Clutches are
useful in devices that have two rotating shafts. In these devices, one of the shafts is
typically driven by a motor or pulley, and the other shaft drives another device. The
clutch connects the two shafts so that they can be locked together and spins at the
same speed. Same Principle is used in the industrial sewing machine also.

2. Servo motor
Servo is an automatic device that uses error sensing negative feedback to correct
the performance of a mechanism. The term correctly applies only to systems where
the feedback or error-correction signals help control mechanical position or other
parameters. Servo motor control system will replace the traditional electronic sewing
machine motor control and drive system to become a mainstream technology. More
and more extensive use of servo motor control system by garment processing
enterprises leads to cost saving, maintenance-free, low noise, and replaces the
traditional electronic motor control system. It becomes a sewing machine drive
system of the mainstream.

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Main Features of Servo Motor
Low noise, low vibration and low power consumption.
Linkable to PC.
Multi- Positioning mode.
Switching power supply system (160V ~ 280V.AC).
Powerful parameter system, easy adjustment and upgradeable.

Servo motor advantages

1. Energy saving & environmental protection
2. Saving more than 80%
3. Saving manpower by 20%
4. Small size, simple operation, easy maintenance, beautiful appearance
5. Long life
6. Starts, braking action smooth, little vibration

COMAPARISON OF SERVO AND CLUTCH MOTOR

NO More Energy-saving servo motor Clutch Motor

features
1. Exterior Excellent, full of mechatronic Decentralized
design concepts structure, large pet
2. Labor Low. Operation simple and High
intensity convenient, intelligent,
operator fatigue is not easy
3. Efficiency High. Output increase, the Low
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 corresponding reduction
product processing fees
4. Vibration Low. Longer machine life, Large
improve the quality of work
improving the environment
5. Noise Low. Longer machine life, Large
improve the working
Environment
6. Service Low. Brushless servo motor, Clutch
maintenance-free replacement
7. Energy Once every province, electricity Full operation
(98% of non-running Power,
running power 26%)
8. Network Small. Start current, low total Large
configuration power consumption
9. saving Saving can be recovered within High cost
a year, consolidated return on
investment for 6 months

3. Direct Drive
A Direct drive mechanism is one that takes the power from a motor without any
reductions (such as a gearbox, chain and belt).
Advantages:
1. Increased efficiency: The power is not wasted in friction (from the belt, chain, etc,
and especially, gearboxes).
2. Reduced noise: Being a simpler device, a direct-drive mechanism has fewer parts
which could vibrate, and the overall noise emission of the system is usually lower.
3. Longer lifetime: Having fewer moving parts also means having fewer parts prone
to failure. Failures in other systems are usually produced by aging of the component
(such as a stretched belt), or stress.
4. No maintenance required for lubrication.

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12. ATTACHMENTS IN SEWING MACHINES (WORK
AIDS)

Work aids are devices which are built into machines, added to them afterwards,
attached alongside or made use of in whatever ways a resourceful engineer can
devise to improve productivity, improve or maintain quality standards, reduce training
time and minimize fatigue for the operator.

Work Aids can be divided into the following categories

1. Folder
Folders are used, as their name implies, in situations where fabric must be
folded prior to sewing .They vary from the simple fold (which could be achieved by
an operator alone, though only slowly and perhaps untidily) to extremely complex
combinations of folders (which enable some to be achieved in a fraction of
the number of stages that it would take without the folders) and indeed enable
some to be achieved that would not be otherwise be possible at all.
Folders are frequently used on machines having more than one
needle

(Note Choose the folders for the product which are being manufactured
in
the nearby Industry of the centre.)
2. Binder
Many folders are available which
add further items of self-fabric or
other material to a garment and
of these, many come into the
category are known as Binder.
Fabric Edges are frequently
bound, either as a means of
edge neatening or to create a
decorative effect or both.

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(Note -Use 28mm Piping folder for practice
session

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3. Hemmer
Folders which operate on a garment
part without any additional material
are knows as Hemmer.

(Note -Use Shirt Bottom Hemming folder for practice

session)

4. Presser Foot and

Presser feet can be used as
specialized work aids, in
addition to their normal function
of holding the materials against
the feed dog, when the scale of
the situation is within the small
size of foot. The function of
edge guiding can be performed
in some circumstances by a
special presser foot called
compensating presser foot.

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5. Guides etc.
Guides are used where sewing must
take place in a certain position on a
garment.In their simplest form they are
edge guides, forming some kind of
physical barrier to the edges of the fabric
being joined together

Note -Use Variation of Straight and curved guide for practice session)

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13. STITCHING DEFECTS

Sewing defect can be classified as three groups:

Problems of stitch formation.

Problem of pucker.
Damage of fabric on seam line.

Problems of stitch formation:

Slipped stitch: Stitches in the seam line are present in a regular manner. If the
interloping or interlacing between top & bottom thread of stitch does not take place or
missed is known as slipped stitch or skipped stitch. This is serious defect in case of
chain stitch than lock stitch. The followings are the causes & remedies of slipped
stitch formation.

No. Causes Remedies

01 If hook or looper & needle Examine the setting & timing between
are not inserted in loop of needle & hook or looper. Placing the
thread in time. needle properly. More secure needle
should be used.

02 Irregular thread tension on The tension of the thread should again be

upper or lower loop. adjusted.

03 Needle deflection. Needle to be changed.

04 If needle thread loop size Needle size & thread size must be
is too small. adjusted.

05 Flagging of fabrics during The pressure of pressure foot must be

sewing. adjusted accurately.
The hole of throat plate & needle size must
be adjusted.

06 If the sewing thread is not Thread to be changed

capable to form loop.

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Staggered stitch:

If the stitches produced by needle are not parallel or become curvy to sewing line is
known as staggered stitch.

No. Causes Remedies

01 Needle deflection. Increase the needle size
Tapered needle should be used.
02 Due to wrong blunt Needle to be changed.
needle point.
03 Wrong adjustment of Needle size & thread size to be changed.
needle & thread size.
04 Deflected motion of feed Motion of feed dog to be adjusted.
dog.
05 If fabrics are not The pressure of pressure foot must be
controlled properly in the adjusted accurately.
feed mechanism. Feed mechanism to be changed.

Unbalance stitch: This type of

defect is found in lock stitch
machine. If the interlacement of
threads do not take place in the
middle (i.e. if the interlacement
is taken place in the upper or
lower position from the middle)
of two layers of fabrics then it is
known as unbalance stitch.

No. Causes Remedies

01 Wrong tension of Setting of proper tension to the sewing
sewing thread. thread.
Proper care to the twisting of the thread
during sewing.

02 Used wrong thread path Use of right thread path.

03 Wrong adjustment of Use of right thread path.

needle thread path.
04 Snagging of needle with Bobbin case to be smooth.
bobbin case & The positioning finger to be set again.
positioning finger.
05 If the thread are not Better qualities of thread must be used.
lubricated. Thread must be lubricated.

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Variable stitch density: Stitches per unit length should be uniform, If it is not then it
is called variable stitch density. The main cause of variable stitch density is irregular
feed of fabric due to insufficient pressure of pressure foot. The following are the
cause & remedies of variable stitch density formation

No. Causes Remedies

01 Improper unwinding of The position of thread guide must be 2.5
thread from package during times higher than the position of thread
sewing. package. Also proper care should be kept to
the thread package not to tiling

02 Twisting of needle thread in Foam pad must be used to the bottom of the
the bottom of the thread thread package.
package.
03 Snarling of thread before Winding of more threads in the thread guide
tension disk. & to keep less tension to the tensioning disk.

04 Twisting of thread in the Proper threading of sewing thread during

thread guide. sewing.

05 More tension to the thread. The tension of thread should be less or use
high strength threads.

06 Use of broken check spring. Check spring to be changed.

07 If the edge of the throat The edges must be smooth & needle must be
plate, hook point, needle changed as needed.
guard, bobbin case, needle
groove, needle eye & so on
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 are sharpened.

08 Fraying of thread in the Fine thread must be used or use heavy

needle. needle.

09 Thread gets heated more High quality needle must be used.

Needle lubricant must be used.
Needle cooler must be used.
10 Hook gets heated more Lubricant must be available.
Examine the distance between the needles &
hook.

11 Use of low quality threads. Thread to be changed.

Frequent thread breakage: Frequent breakage of thread especially, when there

needs to open out the sewing to solve the problem. The following are the causes &
remedies of frequent thread breakage.
No. Causes Remedies
01 Wrong winding of threads on to Proper winding of threads on to the bobbin.
the bobbin. Pre-wound bobbin may be used.

02 More tension to the bobbin The tension must be adjusted to the bobbin
threads or more rotating of threads. Use of washer to prevent more
bobbin. rotation of bobbin.

03 If the edges bobbin case, The edges to be smooth.

looper eye & so on are more
sharpened.
04 Wrong fitting of bobbin case. Examine the size & type of bobbin. Examine
the damaging of bobbin case.

Broken Stitches: When stitches

are broken during sewing is
called broken stitch.
Cause: Where the thread is
being broken where one seam
crosses another seam (ex: bar
tacks on top of waistband
stitching, seat seam on top of
riser seam.)

Remedies:

Where the thread is being

cut, use a large diameter thread on operations.
Make sure the proper stitch balance is being used.
Use needles with appropriate needle point.
At regular intervals on operations, change the needles where they occur
frequently.

Problems of pucker:

Puckering is a wrinkle appearance along a seam line in a smooth fabric. It is one of

the frequently occurring defects. Puckering shows that as if there is too much fabric
& not enough thread in the seam & as if the thread is drawing the seam in. This is
the reason why sewing thread is often blamed for causing puckering though there
are other factors as well as for promotion of puckering. They are given below:

1) Fabric structure. 2) Seam construction. 3) Needle size. 4) Material feeding

problem. 5) Wrong thread tension & 6) Unsuitable thread.
Reasons of Puckering
Fabric dimensional instability. Extension of sewing thread. Sewing threads
shrinkage. Structural jamming of fabric. Mismatched patterns.

Variable or uneven stretch on fabric plies:

Causes:

There is a great possibility of occurring seam pucker in case of more plied of fabrics
when sewing together.
Due to variable stitch on fabric plies they will not feed equally to sewing m/c & create
seam pucker.
This type of pucker is seen for limitation of feed mechanism.
Remedies:
Taking proper care during sewing.
Using proper feed mechanism.
Fabric dimensional instability:
Causes:
If the shrinkage of sewn fabric plies are not same or equal then Seam pucker will
create after washing.
If the shrinkage percentage of area of two pieces of fabrics is more than 2, then
seam pucker will occur after sewing the fabric together.

Remedies:
Use suitable feed mechanism, Maintain shrinkage and take extra care during
sewing.

Extension of sewing thread:

Causes:
If the tension on needle thread is higher than the under thread, then seam pucker will
be produced or relaxed.
Due to tension, the length of thread is extended slightly. When the fabric is displaced
or descend from the machine after sewing, shrinkage of thread & fabric occurs
due to their tendency of coming to original position.
If the shrinkage percentage of thread is higher than the fabric seam pucker happens.

Remedies:

To give sufficient thread

tension.
To maintain shrinkage.

Unraveling Seams:

Cause: Generally occurs on 401

chain stitch seams where either the
stitch has been broken or a skipped
stitch has occurred. Unless the seam is re-stitched, this will cause seam failure.

Remedies:
Ensuring Proper machine maintenance and machine adjustments.
Sewing operators to follow correct material handling techniques.

Re-stitched Seams: Where there is a "splice" on the stitch line. The seam does not
appear to be 1st quality merchandise, if this occurs on topstitching.

Causes:
Thread breaks or thread run-out during sewing. Cut or broken stitches during a
subsequent treatment of the finished product (i.e., stone washing).
Remedies:

Use a better quality sewing thread and minimize sewing interruptions

Use higher performance thread specifically designed for that purpose.

Ensure sewing machine
adjustments and proper
machine maintenance.
Observe sewing
operators for correct
material handling
techniques.
Damage of fabric on seam line:

A garment can be rejected due to damage of fabrics or yarn of fabrics in the seam
line. This happens due to wrong needle selection or needle damage. The fabrics are
damaged due to defective needle. But it may happen in case of new or fine needles.
There are two types of fabric damaging are available given below:-

1) Mechanical damage: Damaging of fibres or yarns in the fabrics by needle is the

entire defects of mechanical damage. The followings are the steps to be taken to
keep the fabrics free from this type of defect:

By using perfect size & shape of the needle & needle point without any defect.
By reducing the speed of sewing machine.
By using lubricant.
By testing sewability before sewing fabrics.

2) Needle heating damage: The damage of fabric due to friction occurring between
the needle & fabrics. The resulting temperature due to friction in the needle is very
high. The fabric can get damaged in that temperature. There is less damage in case
of fabrics made from natural fibres. The following are the steps to be taken to keep
the fabrics free from this type of defect:

By reducing sewing speed, generation of heat to the needle will be less. But it
affects production speed and does not suit for large production.
By changing needle Size & shape so that there is less generation of heat to the
needle.
By sewing smaller length at higher speed.
By blowing cool air on the needle during sewing so that the temperature can be
controlled.
By using lubricant to the needle.
By using Teflon coated needle.

Defects occurring due to handling, for instance spoilage, staining etc.

Defects occurring due to oil mark.
Defects occurring due to dirty spot.

Size Measurement Faults: During manufacturing of garments size of some parts

are measured as per requirement. After assembling full garments also dimensions
are measured to ensure that the dimension of garments is as per specifications.
Faults occurring at this stage is can be reduced very much. During size
measurement the parts which are measured are 1) Chest 2) Waist 3) Shoulder 4)
Sleeve length 5) Sleeve opening 6) Body length 7) Neck width 8) Front neck drop 9)
Back neck drop 10) Collar Height 11) Arm hole 12) Placket length 13) Pocket length
14) Pocket width 15) Bottom part and 16) Hem opening etc.,

Garment Twist A rotation, usually lateral, between different panels of a garment

resulting from the release of latent stresses during laundering of the woven or knitted
fabric forming the garment. Torque or spirality may also be used to refer twist.

Sewing thread shrinkage:

Causes:
Due to variable shrinkage % of sewing thread & fabric, Seam pucker will create after
washing or ironing.
Cotton threads develop puckering when wet or after wash.
Remedies:
To use synthetic thread.
It is good to know about the shrinkage % of fabric & thread before selection to
sew.

Structural jamming of fabric:

Causes:
When sewing is done by needle to densely woven fabrics or in which no. of warp &
weft yarns are more in one inch, seam pucker happens due to shrinkage of fabric.
Remedies:
By using finer thread & needle.
By minimising stitch density.
By cutting & sewing on bias angle.
By using chain stitch instead of lock stitch.
To change fabric (if necessary).

Mismatched patterns:

Causes:
Seam pucker will create when two different size of patterns are sewn together.
The designer is responsible for this. It can also occur due to wrong selection of
patterns.
Remedies:
Experienced pattern designer is needed.
Change or rectify the pattern.
14. SAFETY MEASURES:

The machine Mechanic working in factories, must follow the following points
and adopt safe working practices.

Disconnect the sewing machine by pulling out the plug from the wall outlet,
not by jerking the cord. Jerking the cord can cause the cord to become worn
or frayed.
Disconnect the plug from the wall outlet first then the plug from the machine.
Otherwise, electricity continues going through the cord and you could receive
an electrical shock.
Always unplug the machine from the electrical outlet when removing covers,
lubricating, or when making any other user servicing adjustments
Place pins, needles and tools in a container when not using them. Do not
leave them loosely on the table or on the floor.
Pins and needles should never be placed in your mouth.
When not in use, pointed tools should be left closed.
Handle sharp tools with the handle first.
When in doubt, ask the instructor.
Report any injuries or accidents immediately to the instructor. Also, Report a
breakage to a tool or m/c to the instructor.
Wipe up any oil spillage on the floor immediately to prevent anyone from
slipping. Keep aisles clear at all times.
Operate only the machines you have been trained to operate
Make only adjustments you have been trained to perform
When on duty wear low shoes & close-fitting clothing. Avoid loose fitting
sleeves, sweaters, jewellery, ties, and ribbons when operating the machine. If
your hair is long, tie it back.
Always practice proper posture to reduce fatigue, help prevent accidents and
increase efficiency.
Use both hands to raise & lower the machine head.