Scribd
Upload
38 views2 pages

Fundamental Operation: Block Diagram

A PID controller uses proportional, integral and derivative terms to calculate an error value between a desired setpoint and measured process variable. It applies a correction to a control variable, like valve position or heating element power, to minimize the error over time. The proportional term accounts for present error, integral term accounts for past error, and derivative term accounts for possible future trends. By tuning the three parameters, a PID controller can handle different process requirements, though optimal control is not guaranteed. Variations include PI, PD, P and I controllers by omitting certain terms.

Uploaded by

Sandip Mehta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views2 pages

Fundamental Operation: Block Diagram

A PID controller uses proportional, integral and derivative terms to calculate an error value between a desired setpoint and measured process variable. It applies a correction to a control variable, like valve position or heating element power, to minimize the error over time. The proportional term accounts for present error, integral term accounts for past error, and derivative term accounts for possible future trends. By tuning the three parameters, a PID controller can handle different process requirements, though optimal control is not guaranteed. Variations include PI, PD, P and I controllers by omitting certain terms.

Uploaded by

Sandip Mehta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

Fundamental operation

A block diagram of a PID controller in a feedback loop. r(t) is the desired process value or "set
point", and y(t) is the measured process value.

A PID controller continuously calculates an error value as the difference between a desired
setpoint and a measured process variable and applies a correction based on proportional, integral,
and derivative terms. The controller attempts to minimize the error over time by adjustment of a

control variable , such as the position of a control valve, a damper, or the power supplied to
a heating element, to a new value determined by a weighted sum:

where , , and , all non-negative, denote the coefficients for the proportional,
integral, and derivative terms, respectively (sometimes denoted P, I, and D). In this model:

P accounts for present values of the error. For example, if the error is large and positive,
the control output will also be large and positive.
I accounts for past values of the error. For example, if the current output is not
sufficiently strong, the integral of the error will accumulate over time, and the controller
will respond by applying a stronger action.
D accounts for possible future trends of the error, based on its current rate of change.[1]

As a PID controller relies only on the measured process variable, not on knowledge of the
underlying process, it is broadly applicable.[2] By tuning the three parameters of the model, a PID
controller can deal with specific process requirements. The response of the controller can be
described in terms of its responsiveness to an error, the degree to which the system overshoots a
setpoint, and the degree of any system oscillation. The use of the PID algorithm does not
guarantee optimal control of the system or even its stability.

Some applications may require using only one or two terms to provide the appropriate system
control. This is achieved by setting the other parameters to zero. A PID controller is called a PI,
PD, P or I controller in the absence of the respective control actions. PI controllers are fairly
common, since derivative action is sensitive to measurement noise, whereas the absence of an
integral term may prevent the system from reaching its target value.
For discrete-time systems, the term PSD (proportional-summation-difference) is often used.[3]

You might also like