Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.

Sc & BS Mathematics

UNIT # 01
VECTOR ALGEBRA
Introduction:

In this chapter, we will discuss about the basic concepts of vectors.

Scalars:

Scalars are physical quantities, which are described completely by its magnitude and units.

Examples: Mass, length, time, density, energy, work, temperature, charge etc.

Scalar can be added, subtracted and multiplied by the ordinary rule of algebra.

Vectors:

Vectors are the physical quantities which are described completely by its magnitude, unit and its direction.

Examples: Force, velocity, acceleration, momentum, torque, electric field, magnetic field etc.

Vectors are added, subtracted, multiplied by using vector algebra.

Representation of vector:

A vector quantity is represented by two ways.

1. Symbolically 2. Graphically

1. Symbolic Representation:

A vector quantity is represented by a bold letter such as F, a, d. or

It is represented by a bar or an arrow over their symbols. Such as .

2. Graphical Representation:

A vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head as shown in figure.

A B
Let a line with arrow head at B represent a vector . The length of line AB gives the magnitude of

vector on a selected scale. While the direction of the line A to B gives the direction of vector .

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Position vector:

A vector, whose initial point is origin O and whose terminal point is P, is called position vector of point P

and it is written as .

Vector representation in two and three dimensions coordinate system:

Let R be set of real numbers.

The Cartesian plane is define as = { (x,y) : x,y R} and it is written as = x i+ yj

Similarly, in three dimension coordinate system. It is define as = { (x,y,z) : x,y,z R}

And it is written as = x i+ yj + zk

Magnitude ( length or norm):

Magnitude ( length or norm) of a vector is its absolute value and it is written as | |.

As | |=

Null or zero vector:

A vector having zero magnitude is called Null or zero vectors.

Unit vector:

A vector having unit magnitude and having direction along the given vector is called unit vector. These are

usually represented by , , or , , .

If we consider a vector , then its unit vector can be written as =
| |

Direction cosines:

Az
Let = Ax +Ay + &

If a vector makes angles with x,y and z-axis. Then Direction cosines are define as

Cos = ; Cos = ; Cos =

| | | | | |

Vector addition:

A process in which two or more vectors can be added in the form of single vector is called vectors addition.

For vector addition, we use a graphical method called Head To Tail Rule.

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Resultant vector:

It is the sum of two or more than two vectors called resultant vector.

Rectangular components:

The components of a vector perpendicular to each other are called rectangular components.

Collinear vectors:

Let and be the two vectors. They are said to be collinear if = .where is a scalar number.

(a) If > 0 then and are said to be parallel vectors.

(b) If < 0 then and are said to be anti-parallel vectors.

(c) If = 0 then and are said to be equal vectors. In this case = .

Free vectors:

A vector whose position is not fixed in the space is called free vector.

Example: displacement

Localized vector:

A vector which cant be shifted to parallel to itself and whose line of action is fixed is called localized vector

(bounded vector).

Examples: Force and Momentum.

Parallel vectors:

If two or more than two vectors having same direction are called parallel vectors.
Let = i+ j+ k & = i+ j+ k
They are said to be parallel if their directional component are proportional to each other as

Perpendicular vector:

If two or more than two vectors making an angle of with each other are called perpendicular vectors.

Let = i+ j+ k & = i+ j+ k

They are said to be perpendicular if the sum of product of their directional component is equal to zero.

+ =0

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Properties of vectors addition:

(i) Commutative property:

If , be the two vectors. Then = is called commutative property.

(ii) Associative property:

If , and be the three vectors. Then is called associative property.

(iii) Scalar multiplication with vectors:

Let be a vector and be a scalar number then is called Scalar multiplication with vector.

If and be the vectors and and be the two scalar numbers then

(a) ( + ) = + (b) ( + = +

Theorem#01: If , and are three given non coplanar vectors ,then any vector can be expressed

uniquely as linear combination of , and i.e. = + y +z where x, y and z are scalars.

Proof: Let = , = , = and = as shown in the figure.

Let us complete the parallelepiped with as its diagonal whose edges , and are along the

vectors , and .

and , and , and

are coplanar and parallel. Then there exist

Three scalars x, y and z respectively.

= ; = & =

By using head to tail rule

In

= + = ( + ) + =

= + + but = and =

= + +

= + + ------------------(i)

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Uniqueness

Let = + + ----------------(ii)

Comparing (i) and (ii)

+ + = + +

+ + =0

( +( +( =0

Since, , and are non coplanar Therefore

; ;

= ; = ; =

Hence, uniqueness proved.

Theorem#02: Find the position vector of a point which divides the join of two given points whose position

vectors are and in the given ratio : .

Proof: Let and be the position vector of point A and B referred to point O and let be the position

vector of point P which divide AB internally in ratio : .

As : = : or
= -------------(i)

Now = p.vs of P p .vs of A =

= p.vs of B p .vs of P =

Using values in equation ( i)

( ) = )

+ = +

( ) = +
+

= +

Special Case:

If = Then P is the mid-point of AB and its position vector = .

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Example # 01- Find the sum of vectors ; and

Also calculate the magnitude and direction cosines of each.

Solution: Let = ; = and =

Let be the sum of given vectors .

= + + = + + =10 + 0 + 0 =10

Magnitude of vector , and are

| | = = =

| | = = =

| | = = =

Direction cosines of vector are , ,

Direction cosines of vector are , ,

Direction cosines of vector are , ,

Example #02: Find the value of m .if the vector and have the same direction.

Solution: Let = & =

According to given condition =

Comparing coefficients of unit vector

Taking square on both sides =

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
9( = 50

72+ = 50

72 = 50 9

72 = 41

Taking square root on both sides

m= or m=

Example# 03:The unit vector i , j ,k are represented respectively by the three edges , and of a unit

cube , write down the expression for the vector represented by the diagonals , and of the cube ,

find the length of and direction cosines of these diagonals also.

Solution: Let a unit cube whose origin is at point O as shown in figure. Point of each corner of a cube are

represented in the figure as O(0,0,0) ,P(1,1,1) , A( 1,0,0), B( 0,1,0) ,C (0,0,1), ( 0,1,1) , ( 1,0, 1) and

(1,1,0). Required diagonals of a unit cube are , and . Then

= P.vs of P.vs of A = (0,1,1) A(1,0,0)

= P.vs of P.vs of B = (1,0,1) B(0,1,0)

= P.vs of P.vs of C = (1,1,0) C(0,0,1)

Lengths of above diagonals are | |=| |=| |= =

Now

Direction cosines of vector are , ,

Direction cosines of vector are , ,

Direction cosines of vector are , ,

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Example#04: Given the vectors = 3 2 +4 and = 2 + 3 find the magnitude and direction cosines
+

of (i) and (ii) 3 2 .

Solution: Given = 3 2 +4 and =2+ 3

+

2 + + 3 2 3

Magnitude: | |= = =

Direction Cosines: , ,

(ii) 2 ( )

Magnitude: | |= = = = 5

Direction Cosines: , , Or , ,

Example#05: Prove that the points are collinear.

Solution

( )

According to above condition , this shows that the given points are collinear .

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics

EXERCISE: 1.1
Q#01: Find magnitude ( length or norm) of vectors (i) (ii) ( ) 6
( ) +

(i)

Solution: Let =

Magnitude of = | |= = = | |= 3

(ii) ( ) ( ) + 6

Solution: Let =( ) 6 = ( )
( ) + ( ) + 6

Magnitude of = | | = ( ) ( ) =( ) ( ) = = | | =

Q#02: Given the points A ( 1,2,- 1) : B(-3, 1, 2) and C (0, -4, 3)

(i)Find , , , , , (ii) Prove that + =

(i)Find , , , , ,

Solution: = P.vs of B P.vs of A = P.vs of A P.vs of B

= P.vs of C P.vs of B = P.vs of B P.vs of

= P.vs of C P.vs of A = P.vs of A P.vs of C

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Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
(ii)Prove that + =

Solution: = P.vs of B P.vs of A =

= P.vs of C P.vs of B =

= P.vs of C P.vs of A =

Now + =

+ = Hence proved

Q#03: Given = ; = and = then find the magnitude of

(a) (b) + + (c ) 3 5

(a)

Solution: Let

Magnitude of = | | = = = | | = 3

(b) + +

Solution: Let = + + = =4

Magnitude of = | |= = = | | = 4

(c ) 3 5

Solution: Let = 3 5 = ( ) ( ) ( )

Magnitude of = | | = = | |=

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#04: if Given =2 ; = and = and =3

Find scalar a, b, c such that = + +

S0lution: Since given condition = + +

Putting values

Comparing coefficients of i, j, k from both sides

Adding equation (ii) and (iii)

Multiplying equation (ii) by 2 and adding in equation(i)

b=1

Putting b=1 in equation (iv)

Putting and c in equation (i)

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Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#05: Find a unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors = ; =

Solution: let be resultant of & . Then

= + =

Let be unit vector in the direction of resultant vector . since

= = = = = =

Q#06: If .Find unit vector parallel to 3a 2b+ 4c.

Solution: Let =

Let be unit vector in the direction of vector . Since

= = = =

Q#07: The position vectors of four points P, Q, R and S are respectively. Express

, , in terms of a and b.

Solution: Given P.v of P = a

P.v of Q = b

P.v of R = 2a+ 3b

P.v of S = a 2b

Now

= P.v of Q P.v of P =

= P.v of Q P.v of S = b (a 2b) = b a+ 2b =

= P.v of R P.v of Q = 2a+3b b =2a+2b

= P.v of R P.v of P = 2a+3b a =a+3b

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#08:Find the value of m and n so that the vector have same

magnitude and direction.

Solution: Let = & =

According to given condition and are parallel vectors.

Thus

1= =

1= & 1=

Q#09 : Three edges of a unit cube through the origin O represent the vector i , j , k respectively. Write the

diagonal expression for the vectors represented by

(i) The diagonal of the cube, through O.

(ii) The diagonals of the three faces passes through O.

Solution: Let a unit cube whose origin is at point O as shown in figure.

Point of each corner of a cube are represented in the figure

as O(0,0,0) ,P(1,1,1) , A( 1,0,0), B( 0,1,0) ,C (0,0,1),

L( 1,0,1) , M ( 0,1,1) and N(1,1,0).

(i) The diagonal of the unit cube is

Then

= P.vs of P P.vs of O = P(1,1,1) O(0,0,0) =

(ii) The diagonal of three faces of a cube are , and .

Then

= P.vs of L P.vs of O = L(1,0,1) O(0,0,0) =

= P.vs of M P.vs of O = L(0,1,1) O(0,0,0) =

= P.vs of N P.vs of O = N(1,1,0) O(0,0,0) =

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#10:Find the lengths of the sides of a triangle , whose vertices are

and show that the triangle is a right angle triangle.

Solution: Let whose corner points are A

The length of sides of are :

= P.vs of B P.vs of A =

| | = = =

| | = 3 -------------------------------------(i)

= P.vs of C P.vs of B

| | = =

| | = ----------------------------------(ii)

= P.vs of A P.vs of C

| |= = =

| |= 3 -------------------------------------(iii)

From equ. (i) ,(ii) and (iii)

| | +| | = + = 9+9 = 18 = = | |

| | +| | = | |

This show that given triangle is a right angle triangle at point A. because .

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#11:Find a vector whose magnitude is 5 and is in the direction of vector

Solution: Let be a vector whose magnitude is 5.

| | = 5

let

According to given condition, be a vector whose magnitude is 5 in the direction of vector is written

as, = | | .

= | | . =

=5.

= 5.

Q#12:Find a vector whose magnitude is 2 and is parallel to vector 5i+3j+2k.

Solution: Let be a vector whose magnitude is 2

| | = 2

let

According to given condition, be a vector whose magnitude is 2 is parallel to vector is written as,

= | | .

= | | . =

= ( 2) .

= ( 2).

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#13:Find a vector whose magnitude is that of the vector i 3j+9k and is in the direction of vector

4i 3j+k.

Solution: Let = i-3j+9k ; = 4i-3j+k

Let be the required vector whose magnitude is that of the vector in the direction of .

= | | .

= | | . =

= .

= .

= . = ( )

= ( )

Q#14: (i) if vectors 3i + j k and i 4j + 4k are parallel , find the value of .

(ii)If vectors 3i + 6j + k and i mj + k are parallel , find the value of m.

(i) if vectors 3i + j k and i 4j + 4k are parallel , find the value of .

Solution: Let = 3i + j k & = i 4j + 4k
Since and are parallel , therefore their directional components are proportional as
3( 4)=

(ii)If vectors 3i + 6j + k and i mj + k are parallel , find the value of m.

Solution: let = 3i + 6j + k & = i mj + k

Since and are parallel , therefore their directional components are proportional as

( )

m= ( 6)/3

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#15: Show that the vectors and are collinear.

Solution: Let = & =

Multiplying with

= ( )

= or =

This shows that vectors and are collinear. ( = )

Q#16:Three vectors of magnitude a, 2a, 3a, meet in point and their direction are along the diagonals of

adjacent faces of a cube . Determine their resultant and direction cosines.

Solution: Let i, j ,k be the unit vectors represented by along , and and given vectors , ,3

acting along the diagonal of faces of a cube , and

making an angle of with x,y,z axis.

= a cos j + a sin k = k -----------(i)

2 =2 a cos i + 2a sin k= k ------------(ii)

3 = 3a cos i + 3a sin j= j ------------(iii)

Let be the resultant of , and 3 .then

= +3

= k+ k+ j

= j+

| | =( ) ( ) ( ) = = = =

| | = 5a

Direction cosines of vector are

( ) ( ) ( )

, , , ,

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#17: Find the angles which the vector makes with the coordinate axes.

Solution: Let vector makes makes an angle with x, y and z-axes.

Given vector
| | = = =
| | = 7 and =3 , = , =2
By using direction cosines
Cos = | |
= = ( ) =

Cos = | |
= = ( ) =

Cos = | | = = ( ) =

Q#18: Prove that the sum of three vectors determined by the diagonal of the three faces of a cube passing

through the same corner, the vector being directed from the corner ,is twice the vector determined by the

diagonal of the cube passing through the same corner.

Solution: Let a cube whose length of each side is a . ,

and are the diagonal of the faces of cube and be the

diagonal of cube passing through point O.

We have to prove + + = 2

From figure P(a,a,a) , A( a,0,0), B( 0,a,0) ,C (0,0,a),

L( a,0,a) , M ( 0,a,a) and N(a,a,0).

The diagonal of the unit cube is

Then = P.v of P P.v of O = P(a ,a ,a) O(0,0,0) = a i+ a j +a k -------------------------------------(i)

The diagonal of three faces of a cube are , and .

Then = P.v of L P.v of O = L(a,0,a) O(0,0,0) = ai+0j+ak = a i+ a k ------------------------------(ii)

= P.v of M P.v of O = M(0,a,a) O(0,0,0) = 0i+a j+ a k = a j+ a k --------------------------(iii)

=P.v of N P.v of O= N(a,a,0) O(0,0,0) = a i+ a j+0k = a i+ a j -----------------------------(iv)

According to given condition, adding (ii),(iii) and (iv)

+ + = a i + a k + a j +a k+ a i+ a j =2a i +2a j+ 2a k =2( ai + aj +a k)

+ + = 2 Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#19: (i) Find direction cosines of line joining the points ).

(ii)Prove that the points are collinear .

(i) Find direction cosines of line joining the points ).

Solution: Given points .

Let vector makes an angle with x, y and z-axes.

=P.vs of B P.vs of A =

& | |= = =

| | = 7 and = , = , =6

Direction cosines:

Cos = | |
= : Cos = | |
= : Cos = | | =

(ii)Prove that the points are collinear.

Solution: Let A be three points.

Take A be the initial point of B and C.

Now =

= 3

According to above condition , this shows that the given points are collinear .

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 Vector Analysis: Chap # 1. Vector Algebra B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#20: Find the value of x and y. If x 5 = 3 + y . where and are two collinear vectors.

Solution: Given statement x 5 = 3 + y

Comparing coefficients of vector and from both sides

Q#21: Under what condition do the vectors have same magnitude ?

Solution: Let = & =

According to given condition and have same magnitude

| | | |

Taking square on both sides

=0

This is the required condition.

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