Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.

Sc & BS Mathematics

UNIT # 04

GRADIANT DIVERGENCE AND CURL

Introduction:

In this chapter, we will discuss about partial derivatives, differential operators Like Gradient of a scalar

,Directional derivative , curl and divergence of a vector .

Partial Derivative:

Let be a vector function of independent scalar variable as

= ( ) ( ) ( )
Then 1st 0rder partial derivatives w .r . t are define as

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( behave as a constant)

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( behave as a constant)

= ( ) ( ) ( ) ( behave as a constant)

Higher order partial derivatives of w .r . t are define in a similar way.

The vector Differential Operator Del ( ) :

A vector = is called Differential Operator Del ( ) .

Gradient of a scalar :

Let ( ) is a scalar function in a space. Then Gradient of a scalar is define as ;

= ( ) =

Properties of Gradient :

If and are scalar function and c is constant then

( ) ( ) = c

Proof: We know that =

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Then ( )=( )( )=c ( ) = c

( ) ( ) =

Proof: We know that =

Then ( )=( )( )= ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) =

( ) ( )=

Proof: We know that =

Then ( )=( )( )= ( ) ( ) ( )

=[ ] [ ] [ ]

= ( ) ( )=

( ) ( ) =

Proof: Let

( ) ( ) ( ) = ( ) = =

Laplacian Operator:

If Then = is called Laplacian Operator.

{ ( ) ( ) }

Laplacian Equation:

If f ( ) is function then Laplacian Equation is written as =0 0r =0.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Theorem: Prove that the gradient is a vector perpendicular to the level surface. ( )

Proof: Let = be a position vector of any point P on the given surface. Then

=d is a tangent vector to surface at point P ( ).

We have to prove

Now as ( )

Then d =0

By using calculus d z= 0

( ) ( )

This show that

Hence , Show that the gradient is a vector perpendicular to level surface at point P( )

Theorem: Prove that the gradient of a scalar function ( ) is a directional derivative of

perpendicular to the level surface at point P.

Proof: Let P & Q be the two neighboring points in a region of space.

Consider the level surfaces ( ) & ( ) through P & Q respectively. Let the

normal to the level surface through P intersect the level surface through Q at point P. Let & unit

vectors along & .

We have to prove =

Let & then

Since = =

Applying limit when P then

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
= = |||| ( . ) = . = = .

Here . It is clear that lies in the directional of normal to the level surface

and measure the rate of change of in that direction.

= =( ) ( ) =

Let

Hence proved that the gradient of a scalar function ( ) is a directional derivative of

perpendicular to the level surface at point P.

Example#01: If . Find | | at ( ).

Solution: Given function

We know that = ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

At ( ): ( ( )( ) ) ( ) ( )=

Now | | ( ) ( ) ( ) = = =

( )
Example#02: Prove that ( ) use above result to evaluate the following.

( ) (ii) (iii) ( )

Solution: Let then -----(i)

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

()
=[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] { }

( )[ ]
=

( )
( ) Hence proved.

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

( )

Solution: Let ( )= then ( )

( ) ( )
Using given equation. ( )

( )

Solution: Let ( )= then ( )

( ) ( )
Using given equation. ( )

( ) ( )

Solution: Let ( )= then ( ) ( )

Using given equation

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) = ( )=

Now

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )= [ ( ) ( ) ( )]

= [( ) ( ) ( )]

= [ ]

= [ { } ]

()
= [ {( ) ( ) () } ] { }

= [ { } ]= [ { } ]

= [ { } ]= [ ]= [ ]= [ ]

( )

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Example#03:If is a function of u and u is a function of then show that

Solution: We know that

By using chain rule of differentiation

; &

Then ( ) ( ) ( ) = ( )

= Hence proved.

Example#04: Find the scalar function such that (i) = (ii) =2

( ) =

Solution: We know that then =

Comparing coefficients of ,

= ( ) --------(i)

2 = ( ) --------(ii)

= ( )--------(iii)

Adding (i) ,(ii) & (iii) :

= ( ) ( ) ( )

Hence =[ ]

( ) =2

Solution: Let then -----(i)

We know that then

=2 =2 ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Comparing coefficients of ,

( )
( ) ( ) = ( )-----(i)

( )
( ) ( ) = ( ) -----(ii)

( )
( ) ( ) = ( )----(iii)

( )
From (i) ,(ii) & (iii) =

Example#05: If = .Then show that =( ) .

Solution: Let then -----(i)

We know that =

= ( ) ( ) ( )

=[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

=[ ] [ ] [ ]

()
=( ) [ ] { }

=( ) [ ]

=( ) [ ]

=( )

Hence proved.

Example #06: If Then show that ( ) ( ) at ( )

Solution: Let then ( ) -----(i)

We know that then

= = = ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Comparing coefficients of ,

( )
( ) ( ) = ( )------(i)

( )
( ) ( ) = ( ) -----(ii)

( )
( ) ( ) = ( )-------(iii)

( )
From (i) ,(ii) & (iii): = = ( ) =

Hence ( )= ------------(a)

At ( )=0 =0 =0
( )

Hence equation (a) will become

( )=

( ) ( )

Hence proved.

Example# 07: Show that = (n+2) .

Solution: Let then ------(i)

Now

= [( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ]

= [( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ]

()
=( ) [ ] { }

=( ) [ ]

=( ) [ ]

=( ) Hence proved.

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Example#08: Find a unit vector perpendicular to the surface at ( ).

Solution: Given function

We know that is perpendicular to the given surface. Therefore

= ( ) ( ) ( )

At ( )

= ( ) ( ) =

Now

Unit vector of = = = =
| | ( )

Example#09:Find the directional derivative of at ( ) in the direction of

Solution: Given

Then

= = ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

At P( )

=[ ( ) ( )( ) ] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( )( ) ]

=[ ] [ ] [ ]

Let = Then =| | = = = =
( ) ( ) ( )

Thus

)
Directional derivative of at Point P in the of = =( ) . (

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
=

Example #10: Find the Laplacian equation if f if ( )=

Solution: Given function ( )=

We know that Laplacian Equation is =0 0r =0

( ) ( ) ( )=0

[ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )] = 0

[ ] [ ] [ ]=0

or

This is required equation .

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Exercise# 4.1
Q#01: Find . (i) (ii)

(iii) at ( ) ( ) ( ) at (1,1,1)

(i)

Solution: Given function

We know that = ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Solution : Given function

We know that

= ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) at ( )

Solution : Given function

We know that

= ( ) ( ) ( )

[ ]

At ( ):

[( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ] =

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
( ) ( ) at (1,1,1)

Solution : Given function ( )

We know that x

= ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

( )[ ]

At ( ) : ( )[ ]= ( )[ ]

Q#02: Find .Where ( )

( )
Solution: Given function

We know that

= ( )
( )
( )

=[ ( )
]

( )
[ ]

[ ( )
]

= [

] [

]

[

]

=
[ ]
[ ]

[ ]

( )[ ]

Let Then = & Thus

( )

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#03: If . Find & | | ( )

Solution: Given function

We know that = ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

At( ) = [ ( ) ( )( )] [ ( ) ] [ ( )( ) ] =[ ] [ ] [ ]

Now | | = ( ) ( ) ( ) = =

Q#04: Find the Laplacian equation if ( )= z

Solution: Given function ( )= z

We know that Laplacian Equation is =0 0r =0

( ) ( ) ( ) =0

[ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )] = 0

[ ] [ ] [ ] =0

=0

=0 0r =0 This is required equation.

Q#05 : Find the scalar function such that (i) = (ii) =

() =

Solution: We know that then =

Comparing coefficients of ,

= ( ) ---------(i)

= ( ) --------(ii)

= ( )----------------(iii)

Adding (i) ,(ii) & (iii) : = ( ) ( ) ( ) =[ ]

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
( ) =

Solution: We know that then =

Comparing coefficients of ,

3 = ( ) ----------------(i)

= ( ) --------------(ii)

= ( )----------------(iii)

Adding (i) ,(ii) & (iii) : = ( ) ( ) ( )

Hence =[ ]

Q#06 : Find the scalar function such that = where

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) at ( ) (v) ( ) ( ) ( )

(i)

Given such that = The

We know that

Then =

Comparing coefficients of ,

= ( ) --------(i)

2 = ( ) --------(ii)

= ( )--------(iii)

Adding (i) ,(ii) & (iii) : = ( ) ( ) ( )

Hence =[ ]

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

(ii)

Given such that =

Then =

We know that

Then =

Comparing coefficients of ,

= ( ) ( ) --------(i)

= ( ) ( ) -------(ii)

From (i) & (ii)

= ( )

(iii)

Given such that =

Then

We know that

Then =

Comparing coefficients of ,

= ( ) --------(i)

= ( ) -------(ii)

From (i) & (ii)

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

(iv) at ( ) (Example #06)

Solution: Let then ( ) -----(i)

Given such that = Then

= = = ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

Comparing coefficients of ,

( )
( ) ( ) = ( )-------(i)

( )
( ) ( ) = ( ) -----(ii)

( )
( ) ( ) = ( )-------(iii)

( )
From (i) ,(ii) & (iii): =

= ( )

Hence ( )= ---------- --(a)

At ( )=0 ( )
=0 =0

Hence equation (a) will become

( )= ( ) ( )

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
(v) ( ) ( ) ( )

Given ( ) ( ) ( ) such that =

Then ( ) ( ) ( )

We know that

Then =( ) ( ) ( )

Comparing coefficients of ,

( ) ( ) = ( ) ----------(i)

( ) ( ) = 3y+ ( ) ---(ii)

( ) ( ) = ( )--------(iii)

Adding (i) ,(ii) & (iii)

= ( ) ( ) ( )

=[ ]

=[ ]

Q#07: Evaluate the directional derivative of at ( ) in the direction of where Q

has coordinates ( )

Solution: Given Then

= = ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

At P( ) = [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]

Let = = ( ) ( ) =( ) ( ) ( )=

Then = | | = = =
( ) ( ) ( )

Thus

Directional derivative of at Point P in the of =

=( ). = =

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#08: Find the directional derivative of at P in the direction of where

(i) ( ) and =

(ii) ( ) and =

(iii) ( ) and =

() ( ) and =

Solution: Given Then

= = ( ) ( ) ( )

At P( ) =

Let = Then = | | = = =
( ) ( ) ( )

Thus

Directional derivative of at Point P in the direction of = =( ) . = =

( ) ( ) and =

Solution: Given Then

= = ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

At P( ) = [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )] =

Let = Then = | | = = =
( ) ( ) ( )

Thus

Directional derivative of at Point P in the direction of =

=( ). =

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
( ) ( ) and =

Solution: Given Then

= = ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

= [ ]

At P( ) = ( ) ( ) ( )
[ ]= [ ]

Let = Then = | | = = =
( ) ( ) ( )

Thus Directional derivative of at Point P in the direction of =

= [ ].

[ ]
=

Q#09: Find the directional derivative of

() ( ) in the direction of

( ) ( ) in the direction of

( ) ( ) along z-axis.

(i) ( ) in the direction of

Solution: Given Then

= = ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

At P( ) = [( ) ] [ ( )( ) ( ) ] [ ( )( )] = Let

= Then = | | = = = =
( ) ( ) ( )

Thus Directional derivative of at Point P in the direction of =

=( ) . = = =

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
(ii) ( ) in the direction of

Solution: Given Then

= = ( ) ( ) ( )

At P( ) = [( )( )] [( )( )] [( )( )] =

Let = Then = | | = = = =
( ) ( ) ( )

Thus Directional derivative of at Point P in the direction of = =( ) .

= = =

(iii) ( ) along z-axis.

Solution: Given Then

= = ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

At P( )

=[ ( ) ( )( ) ] [ ( )( ) ] [ ( )( ) ( )( )( )]

=[ ] [ ] [ ] =

Let = (along z-axis) Then =

Thus

Directional derivative of at Point P in the direction of = =( ) . = 36

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#10: Prove that

(i) =n (ii) ( )= (iii) ( )

(i) =n

Solution: We know that ------(i)

Then [ ] =

=[ ] [ ] [ ]

= [ ]

= [ ]

= () Hence proved.

(ii) ( ) =

Solution: We know that = then

( )=[ ]( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

= [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

=[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [( ) ( ) ] [ ]

( ) = Hence proved.

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
(iii) ( )

Solution: We know that = then

[ ] = [ ] [ ] [ ]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

=n { ( ) ( ) ( )}

= [{( ) } {( ) } {( ) }]

= [( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

= [( ) {( ) ( ) ( ) } { }]

= [( ) {( ) ( ) () } { } ] ---------------(a)

Let then ------(i)

( ) Differentiate w. r. t x 2r = 2x Similarly

( ) ( )
Again differentiate w. r. t x = = =

Similarly

= [( ) { } { }]

= [( ) { } { }]

( )
= [( ) { } { }]

= [( ) ( ) { }]

= [( ) { }]

= [( ) ]= [( ) ]

( ) Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#11: Prove that (i) = 3r (ii) =2

(i) = 3r

Solution: Let then ------(i)

We know that

Then [ ] =

=[ ] [ ] [ ]

()
=[ ] [ ] [ ] { }

=[ ]

= [ ]

= 3r ()

Hence proved.

(ii) =2

Solution: Let then ------(i)

We know that

Then [ ] =

=[ ] [ ] [ ]

()
[ ] [ ] [ ] { }

=[ ]

= [ ]

=2 ()

Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Q#12: Prove that (i) = (ii) ( ) =

(i) =

Solution: Let then ------(i)

We know that

Then [ ] =

()
= { }

= =

= =

Hence proved.

( ) ( ) =

Solution: Let then ------(i)

We know that

Then ( ) [ ] ( )= ( ) ( ) ( )

=( ) ( ) ( )

()
= { }

= [ ]= [ ]

= Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#13: Let be a constant vector show that ( ) = where is a position vector.

Solution: Let &

Then = ( ) ( ) =

We know that

Then ( ) [ ] ( )= ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) =

( ) = Hence proved.

Q#14: Find f(r) where =

Solution: Given that then ------(i)

Then f(r) = ( ) [ ] ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

()
= ( )[ ] { }

=[ ] ( )

f(r) = ( )

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#15: If ( )

Solution: : Given that If

We know that

Then [ ] =

= ( ) ( ) ( )

Now ( ) ( )

( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

At )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) =

Now | |= | | | | | |

= ( ) ( ) ( )

At )

= [ ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#16: If

Solution: Given that Let then ------(i)

We know that

Then [ ] ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

=[ ] [ ] [ ]

Now ( ) ([ ] [ ] [ ] )

= =n[ ]

Hence proved.

Q#17: If ( )

Solution: Given that We know that

Then [ ] ( )= ( ) ( ) ( )

& [ ] ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( )

Now taking dot product of .

=[ ] [ ( ) ]= 6xy

Now applying operator

( ) ( ) [ ] ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( )=( ) ( ) ( )

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#18: ( )

Solution: Let then ------(i)

Then ( ) [ ] ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

()
= ( )[ ] { }

( )[ ]

( ) = ( )

Now taking cross product with

( ) ( )
( ) = ( ) == ( )= ( )

( ) =0 Hence proved.

Q#19: ( )

Solution: Let &

We know that

Then = ( ) ( ) =

Now ( ) [ ]( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) =

( )

Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Divergence of a Vector:

Le ( ) is a vector .Then Divergence of a vector is defined as; Div = .

Solenoid Vector:

A vector is said to be Solenoid, if Div = .

Properties of the Divergence:

If & are two vector & is a scalar function then

(i) Div ( ) = ( ) =

(ii) Div ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( )

Curl of a Vector:

Le ( ) is a vector .Then Curl of a vector is defined as; Curl = .

Irrotational Vector:

A vector is said to be Irrotational, if Curl = .

Properties of the Curl:

If & are two vector & is a scalar function then

(i) Curl ( ) = ( ) =

(ii) Curl ( ) = ( ) = ( ) ( )

(iii) Curl ( ) Curl ( ) ( ) 0

(iv) Curl ( ) Curl ( ) ( ) 0

Theorems: If are two vector functions. Then prove that

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

Proof: We know that

( ) ( ) ( )

Then ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) Here

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Example#01: Find the divergence of
( )

Solution: Given ( )
=( ) ( ) ( )

We know that Div

=( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
= ( ) ( ) ( )

( )
=( [ ]
)

( )
=( [ ]
)

Hence Div 0

Example#02: If = ; and

Find (i) ( ) (ii) ( ) (ii) (iv) ( )

Solution: Given = ; and

(i) ( )

( ) = [( ) ( )]( )

=( )( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) = )

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
(ii) ( )

( ) =| | =[ | | | | | |]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

[ ( ) ( )]

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

( ) = [ ] [ ] [ ]

( )

[ ] [ ]

=[ ] [ ( ) ( ) ( )]

=[ ] [ ]=| |

[ | | | | | |]

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

( )( )

( ) = | | = [ | | | | | |]

={ [ ] [ ] [ ]}

={ [ ] [ ] [ ]}

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
={ [ ] [ ] } { }

=| |=[ | | | | | |]

[( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ]
={ }
[ ( ) ( ) ]

={ [ ] [ ] [ ]}

[ ] [ ] [ ]

Example#03: If 2 , Find Div( )

Solution: We know that

= ( ) ( ) ( )

Now

Div( ) =( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

Div( ) =

Example#04:Show that Div = 10

Solution: Let Then r = | | = or = ------------(i)

Now Div = ( ) ( ) ( [ ] )

=( ) ( )= ( ) ( ) ( )

=[ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

=[ ]

=[ ( )]

()
=[ ( )] { }

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

=[ ( )]

=[ ( )]

=[ ]

=[ ]

Div =

Hence proved.

Example#05: Show that Div = 0.

Solution: Let Then r = | | = or = ----------(i)

Now

Div = Div = ( ) ( ) ( [ ] )

=( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

=[ ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ]

=[ ]

=[ ( )]

=[ ( )]

=[ ( )]

=[ ( )]

=[ ]

=[ ]

Div = 0 Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Example#06: If . Show that Curl( ) = 3 .

Solution: = | | =[ | | | | | |]

= [ ( )] [ ] [ ( ) ]

= [ ( )] [ ] [ ]

= [ ] [ ]

Now Curl( ) =| |

=[ | | | | | |]

= [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]= 0 [ ]

Curl( ) = 3 Hence proved.

Example#08: If then prove that

Solution: Let &

Then | | =[ | | | | | |]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

Now = = | |

=[ | | | | | |]

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

[ ( ) ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

=2

= 2( )

= 2

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Exercise# 4.2
Q#01: Fin the divergence & curl of the vector functions.

(i) = ( ) ( ) ( ) (ii) =( ) ( ) ( )

(i) = ( ) ( ) ( )

Solution: We know that

Div = ( ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ]

= ( ) ( ) ( )

Div = 2x +2y+2z

= = | | =[ | | | | | |]

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

( ) =( ) ( ) ( )

Solution: We know that

Div = ( ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ]= ( ) ( ) ( )

Div =

& = = | | =[ | | | | | |]

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= [ ( )] [( ) ] [ ( )]

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#02: Find Div & where

(i) = grad( ) (ii) =( ) ( ) ( )

(i) = grad( )

Solution: Given = ( )=( )( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

We know that

Div = ( ) [( ) ( ) ( )]

= ( ) ( ) ( )

Div =

& = = | |

= [ | | | | | |]

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
( ) =

Solution: We know that

Div = ( ) [ ]= ( ) ( ) ( )

Div =

= = | |=[ | | | | | |]

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

=( ) ( )

Q#03: Find m , so that the vector( ) ( ) ( ) has its curl equal to zero .

Solution: Let = ( ) ( ) ( )

Given condition : =0 = 0 | |=0
( ) ( )

[ | | | | | |]=0
( ) ( )

[ (( ) ) (( ) )] [ (( ) ) ( )] [ (( ) ) ( )] = 0

[ ] [( ) ( )] [ ( ) ]

[( ) ] [ ( ) ]=0

Putting coefficients of is equal to zero.

( )

By using cancelation Property

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#04: (i) Show that Div =n (ii) show that ( )

(i) Show that Div =n

Solution: Let Then r = | | = or = ------------(i)

Now Div = ( ) ( ) ( [ ] )

=( ) ( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

=[ ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ]

=[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

()
=[ ( ) ( )] { }

=[ ( ) ( )]

=[ ( ) ( )]

=[ ( ) ( ) ]

= [ ( ) ]

=[ ]

= [( ) ]

Div = Hence proved.

( ) ( )

Solution: We know that = then

[ ]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

= [( ) ] [( ) ] [( ) ]

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
=( ){ ( ) ( ) ( )}

=( ) [{( ) } {( ) }

{( ) }]

=( ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

) ( ) ]

=( ) [( ) {( ) ( ) ( ) } { }]

=( ) [( ) {( ) ( ) () } { } ] ---------------(a)

Let then ------(i)

( ) Differentiate w. r. t x 2r = 2x Similarly

( ) ( )
Again differentiate w. r. t x = = =

Similarly

Putting values in Equation (a)

=( ) [( ) { } { }]

=( ) [( ) { } { }]

( )
=( ) [( ) { } { }]

=( ) [( ) ( ) { }]

=( ) [( ) { }]

=( )[( ) ]= ( )[( ) ]

( )

Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#05: If = & . Find (i) (ii) at point ( ).

Solution: Given = & then

= ( ) ( ) ( )

(i) =( ) ( )

=( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

At ( ) = ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

( ) = | |=[ | | | | | |]

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

At ( ) = [ ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ] [ ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ] [ ( ) (( ) ( ) ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ] =

Q#06: If = ( ) ( ) . Show that curl

Solution: Given = ( ) ( )

Now Curl =| |= [ | | | | | |]
( ) ( )
( )

= [ ( ( )) ( )] [ ( ( )) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

Now curl [( ) ( )] [ ] = ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

curl = 0

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Q#07: If . Show that (i) = (ii)

(i) =

Solution: Given =

= ( ) ( )=

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
= +
( ) ( ) ( )

[ ] [ ] [ ]

=
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
= = =
( ) ( ) ( )

= Hence proved .

(ii)

Solution: Given =

| |= | | { }
| |

= [ | | | | | |]

= { [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]}

= { [ ] [ ] [ ]} = { }=

Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#08:If Then show that Div( ) 5

Solution: Given

Div ( ) ( ) [( )( )]

( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

( ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ]

( ) ( ) ( )

Div( ) 5( )

Div( ) 5 Hence proved.

Q#09:If is a constant vector and .Show that

(i) ( ) (ii) ( ) ( ) [( ) ] = ( ) [( ) ] = 4( )

Solution: Given & Let

Then ( )( ) =

& =| |= | | | | | |

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

(i) ( )

Let ( ) ( )( )

= ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) Hence proved.

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
( ) ( )

Let ( ) ( ) ( [ ] [ ] [ ])

[ ] [ ] [ ]

( ) Hence proved

( ) [( ) ] =

( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Now

[( ) ] [( ) ] | |
( ) ( ) ( )

= | | | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

| |
( ) ( )

= [ ( ) ( )]

[ ( ) ( )]

[ ( ) ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

[( ) ] = Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
( ) [( ) ] = 4( )

Let ( ) ( )( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Now

[( ) ] = [( ) ]

=( ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ]

= ( ) ( ) ( )

= ( )

[( ) ] = 4( ) Hence proved.

Q#10:If ( ) ( ) then evaluate Curl

Solution: Given ( ) ( )

Then Curl | |= | | | | | |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

= [ ( ) ] [ ] [ ( ) ]

= ( ) [ ( ) ]

Curl = ( ) [ ( ) ]

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Q#11: Evaluate [ ( )]

Solution: Let = ------(i)

()
Now [ ( )] [ ( )] { }

= [ ( )( )]

= [ { ( ) ( ) ( ) } ]

= [ {( ) ( ) ( ) } ]

= [ {( ) ( ) ( ) } ]

= [( ) ( ) ( ) ]

=( ) [( ) ( ) ( ) ]

= ( ) ( ) ( )

=( )[ ( ) ( ) ( )]

=( ) [{ ( ) } { ( ) } { ( ) }]

=( ) [{ ( ) } { ( ) } { ( ) }]

=( )[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]

=( )[ ]

=( )[ ( )]

=( )[ ]

=( )[ ]

=( )[ ]

Hence [ ( )]

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#12:If and is a constant vector then show that

(i)Curl ( ) ( )= 0 (iii) Curl ( ) = 2 (iv) ( )

Let

(i) Curl

Solution: Let

Curl | |= | | | | | |

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

Curl =0

(ii) ( ) = 0

Solution: = ( )

Now ( ) ( ) | | | | ( )

= [ | | | | | |]

= { [ ] [ ] [ ]}

= { [ ] [ ] [ ]}

= { }

( )=0

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
(iii) Curl ( ) = 2

Solution: =| |= | | | | | |

= [ ] [ ] [ ]= [ ] [ ] [ ]

Now Curl ( ) = ( ) = | |

= | | | | | |

= [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )]

= [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]

= [ ] [ ] [ ]

= ( )

Curl ( ) = 2

(iv) ( )

Solution : let

= ( )

Now ( ) ( ) | | | | ( )

= [ | | | | | |]

= { [ ] [ ] [ ]}

= {[ ] [ ] [ ]} = { }

( ) =0 Hence proved.

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 Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Q#13: Show that is an Irrotational vector also find , when = such that ( ) (a>0)

Solution: : Let & =

= ( )

For Irrotational vector, we have to prove Now Curl

Curl ( ) ( ) | | | | ( )

= [ | | | | | |]

= { [ ] [ ] [ ]}

= {[ ] [ ] [ ]} = { } =

Curl = 0

Hence prove that is an Irrotational vector .

Now we have find for this given condition is = Then

Comparing coefficients of ,

= ( ) ( )-------(i)

= ( ) ( ) -----(ii)

= ( ) ( )-------(iii)

From (i) ,(ii) & (iii): = ( )

= ( ) = = ( )= -----(a)

At ( )=0 =0

Hence equation (a) will become ( )= ( ) ( ) ( )

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics
Q#14: Find a, b, c so that ( ) ( ) ( ) is Irrotational

vector.

Solution: Given ( ) ( ) ( )

By using Given condition that

Curl

| |
( ) ( ) ( )

| | | | | |= 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] [ (

) ( )]

[ ( )] [ ] [ ]

[ ] [ ] [ ]

Comparing coefficients of & .

c= 1

a= 4

b=2

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Vector Analysis: Gradient, Divergence and Curl B.Sc & BS Mathematics

Q#15: Prove that . ( )

Solution: We know that = then

( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= [ ( )] [ ( )] [ ( )]

= [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ] [ ( ) ]

= [{ ( ) ( ) } { ( ) ( ) } { ( ) ( ) }]

=[ ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ]

=[ ( ) {( ) ( ) ( ) } ( ){ } ] ---------------(a)

Let then ------(i)

( ) Differentiate w. r. t x 2r = 2x Similarly

( ) ( )
Again differentiate w. r. t x = = =

Similarly

Putting values in Equation (a)

( )= ( ){ } ( ){ }

( )= ( ){ } ( ){ }

( )
( ) = ( ){ } ( ){ }

( )= ( )( ) ( ){ }

( )= ( ) { } ( )

( ) Hence proved.

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