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A SURVEY ON MULTIVARIATE IMAGE SEGMENTATION USING SEMANTIC

REGION GROWING WITH ADAPTIVE EDGE PENALTY
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Abstract- Multivariate image segmentation is a challenging task,
affected by substantial intraclass variety that reduces class
distinguishability and additionally expanded component space
sparseness and solution space complexity that impose computational
cost and degrade algorithmic robustness.

To manage these issues, a Markov random field (MRF) based

multivariate segmentation algorithm called multivariate iterative
region developing utilizing semantics" (MIRGS) is introduced. In MIRGS,
the effect of intraclass variety and computational cost are decreased
utilizing the MRF spatial setting model incorporated with adaptive edge
penalty and applied to regions.

Semantic region growing beginning from watershed over-division and

performed alternatively with segmentation gradually decreases the
arrangement space estimate, which enhances division viability. As a
multivariate iterative calculation, MIRGS is very touchy to starting
conditions. To suppress initialization sensitivity, it employs a region-
level k-means (RKM) based introduction strategy, which reliably gives
precise starting conditions at low computational cost. Tests
demonstrate the prevalence of RKM relative over two generally utilized
initialization techniques.

Segmentation tests on a variety of synthetic and natural multivariate

images exhibit that MIRGS reliably outflanks three other distributed
algorithms. Technical Keyword: Initialization sensitivity, Markov random
field (MRF), multilevel logistic (MLL) model, multivariate segmentation,
region adjacency graphs (RAG), semantic region growing, vector-valued
image, watershed.

INTRODUCTION Image segmentation is a procedure that breaks down a

image into disjoint areas and is a principal venture for some image-
processing tasks for example, picture understanding and content-
based image retrieval. PC vision applications frequently require
segmentation of digital imagery into semantically important areas. The
fragmented locales can give a basis for subsequent tasks for example,
object detection and recognition, scene understanding and content-
based image retrieval.

In this manner, extreme execution depends upon segmentation

precision. Rapid advances in image innovations prompt to different
types of digital images. Multivariate (vector-valued) imagery (e.g.,
color images) depicts each site utilizing a vector that describes a
similar scene from distinct aspects, where the number of vector
elements is known as the element space measurement. Univariate
imagery (e.g., grayscale images) can be viewed as an extraordinary
multivariate case in which each site is delineated by a scalar.

This paper concentrates on multivariate 2-D case in which each site is

delineated by a scalar. This paper concentrates on multivariate 2-D
imagery which is defined on a discrete 2-D rectangular lattice.
Multivariate image segmentation has been generally connected in
different fields.

Although theoretically feasible to extend numerous univariate

segmentation systems to their multivariate partners, functional
execution is impacted by the multivariate nature of the image.
Intraclass variety is regularly showed since semantically important
regions (classes) are often inhomogeneous because of scene qualities,
imaging environment, and image noise. Large intraclass variation
usually reduces class distinguishability and, thus, degrades
segmentation performance. III.

LITERATURE SURVEY An image segmentation method named iterative

region growing using semantics (IRGS), which is characterized by two
aspects. First, it uses graduated increased edge penalty (GIEP)
functions within the traditional Markov random field (MRF) context
model in formulating the objective functions. Second, IRGS uses a
region growing technique in searching for the solutions to these
objective functions.

The proposed IRGS is an improvement over traditional MRF-based

approaches in that the edge strength information is utilized and a more
stable estimation of model parameters is achieved. Moreover, the IRGS
method provides the possibility of building a hierarchical
representation of the image content and allows various region features
and even domain knowledge to be incorporated in the segmentation
process.

The algorithm has been successfully tested on several artificial images

and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images [1]. A joint segmentation
and classification system for SAR sea-ice analysis. The segmentation
algorithm is based on a region-growing technique, and the
classification is a region-based MRF approach.

The two processes are integrated under the Bayesian framework, with
both aiming at reducing a defined energy. The interactions between
the two are bidirectional by letting the classification result to have
some degree of control on the region-growing process. Various low
level features and high-level knowledge can hence be efficiently
combined, and the system performs successfully with the tested SAR
sea-ice images.
The proposed system performs the solution searching in a bottom-up
manner on the hierarchical structure established during the process.
More accurate results could also be obtained with a subsequent top-
down searching and adaptive updating of the structure. Also, the ice-
floe-shape descriptor may be improved by a more general class of
curves [2].

An unsupervised multiscale color image segmentation algorithm that

enables accurate boundary localization across all scales. The basic idea
is to apply mean shift clustering to obtain an over-segmentation and
then merge regions at multiple scales to minimize the MDL criterion.
Two different merging algorithms have been proposed, with the second
one enabling the construction of a tree-structured hierarchy of
segmentation results across all scales. The performance on the
Berkeley segmentation benchmark compares favorably with some
existing approaches [3].

Proposed a unified framework for video segmentation based on

graphical models. The spatiotemporal consistency of segmentation is
expressed in terms of interactions among the motion field, the
intensity segmentation field, and the video segmentation field.

The solution is obtained by the MAP estimate, and an optimization

procedure that iteratively maximizes the conditional probability density
of the three fields is proposed. There are three main contributions
within the paper. The first is building a Bayesian network based
framework that combines both the spatial and temporal information in
the video segmentation process.

The second is formulating the spatiotemporal constraints by utilizing

Markov random fields, distance transformation, and multivariate
normal distribution. The third is the theoretical compromise of previous
motion based approaches and region merging approaches. The
approach deals with video segmentation from a relatively
comprehensive and general viewpoint and, thus, can be universally
applied.

Our method exhibits good robustness and spatiotemporal coherence

[4]. By introducing a variable weighting parameter to combine the
region labeling component and the feature modeling component in a
simple MRF based segmentation model, an unsupervised segmentation
can be achieved.

Experiments demonstrated that the new implementation scheme can

enable the simple MRF model to work more consistently than a
constant weighting parameter. The developed technique can be
efficiently applied to SAR sea ice imagery segmentation, color image
segmentation and segmentation of images with textures [5]. A new
automatic image segmentation algorithm is proposed in this paper.

The color edges are first obtained by an improved isotropic color-edge

detector and the centroids between the adjacent edge regions are
taken as the initial seeds for region growing. Moreover, the results of
color-edge extraction and SRG are integrated to provide more accurate
segmentation of images. Application of the proposed image
segmentation algorithm to automatic face detection is also discussed.

Moreover, a novel semantic object generation scheme is proposed

using a seeded region aggregation procedure. By including a temporal
tracking procedure, semantic video objects can also be supported.
Such a semantic object generation scheme should be very attractive
for content-based multimedia database applications [6].

novel hierarchical approach to color image segmentation. In the first

phase, uniform regions are identified via a thresholding operation on a
newly defined homogeneity histogram. While the homogeneity is
calculated for an image pixel, both local information and global
information are considered.

This is pragmatically helpful in recognizing small objects and local

standard deviation of color images. The output regions of the color
segmentation tend to include more detailed local information
important to distinguish different objects in a color image. The quality
of the segmentation result is much improved by identifying significant
local information more efficiently.

While performing histogram thresholding, an effective peak-finding

algorithm is employed to identify most significant peaks in a
histogram. The color feature hue is proved to be more efficient than
RGB color features by this research. RGB requires more computational
time. The advantages and disadvantages of different color spaces, hue
and RGB, are also given. The proposed approach can be useful for color
image segmentation [7].

Designed a novel algorithm, region competition, for image

segmentation by minimizing a generalized MDL criterion. This
algorithm combines some of the most attractive features of
snakes/balloons and region growing. We have successfully
demonstrated our approach on gray level images, color images, and
texture images [9]. An analogy between images and statistical
mechanics systems.
Pixel gray levels and the presence and orientation of edges are viewed
as states of atoms or molecules in a lattice-like physical system. The
assignment of an energy function in the physical system determines its
Gibbs distribution. Because of the Gibbs distribution, Markov random
field (MRF) equivalence, this assignment also determines an MRF
image model.

The energy function is a more convenient and natural mechanism for

embodying picture attributes than are the local characteristics of the
MRF. For a range of degradation mechanisms, including blurring,
nonlinear deformations, and multiplicative or additive noise, the
posterior distribution is an MRF with a structure akin to the image
model. By the analogy, the posterior distribution defines another
(imaginary) physical system.

Gradual temperature reduction in the physical system isolates low

energy states ("annealing"), or what is the same thing, the most
probable states under the Gibbs distribution. The analogous operation
under the posterior distribution yields the maximum a posteriori (MAP)
estimate of the image given the degraded observations. The result is a
highly parallel "relaxation" algorithm for MAP estimation.

We establish convergence properties of the algorithm and we

experiment with some simple pictures, for which good restorations are
obtained at low signal-to-noise ratios [10]. IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM / Fig
1: block diagram Multivariate image segmentation is a challenging
task, influenced by large intraclass variation that reduces class
distinguishability as well as increased feature space sparseness and
solution space complexity that impose computational cost and degrade
algorithmic robustness.

Multivariate image segmentation has been widely applied in diverse

fields. Although theoretically feasible to extend many univariate
segmentation techniques to their multivariate counterparts, practical
performance is influenced by the multivariate nature of the image.
Multivariate imagery is especially sensitive to large intraclass variation
since every component image is a variation contributor.

Markov random field (MRF) based image segmentation is advocated for

its intrinsic capability of reducing the impact of intraclass variation
using spatial context information. A MRF-based multivariate
segmentation algorithm named MIRGS, which extends the applicability
of IRGS to multivariate images while inheriting the merits of IRGS.

To suppress initialization sensitivity, MIRGS uses a RKM-based

initialization method, which consistently provides accurate initial
conditions at low computational cost. V. CONCLUSION Introduce a MRF-
based multivariate division calculation named MIRGS, which extends
the appropriateness of IRGS to multivariate images while inheriting the
benefits of IRGS.

To suppress initialization affectability, MIRGS utilizes a RKM-based

introduction technique, which reliably gives precise starting conditions
at low computational cost. The prevalence of RKM with respect to two
commonly utilized introduction plans has been shown on images with
different feature space dimensions. For a variety of synthetic and
natural multivariate images, MIRGS reliably accomplishes the most
noteworthy division exactness contrasted with three other distributed
algorithms. Calculation time of MIRGS is closely identified with the
development time of the various leveled RAG.

Subsequently, quick techniques to set up the progressive RAG are

imperative for future examination. Besides, to consequently decide the
quantity of classes as opposed to prespecifying it as an algorithmic
parameter is desirable. Some past endeavors made with regards to the
MRF-based segmentation deserve being investigated under the MIRGS
system. REFERRENCES [1] Q. Yu and D. A.

Clausi, IRGS: Image segmentation using edge penalties and region

growing, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 30, no. 12, pp.
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analysis based on iterative region growing using semantics, IEEE
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color image segmentation based on MDL principle, IEEE Trans. Image
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vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 27552761, Sep. 2006. [4] Y. Wang, K. F. Loe, T. Tan,
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[6] J. P. Fan, D. K. Y. Yau, A. K. Elmagarmid, and W. G. Aref, Automatic

image segmentation by integrating color-edge extraction and seeded
region growing, IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1454
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