Chapter 4
Chapter 4
DEFORMATION OF STATICALLY
DETERMINATE STRUCTURE
OBJECTIVES:
This chapter will discuss various methods for determining the
deflection and slope at specific points on determinate beam. The
methods include the Double Integration method and Macaulay
method. Also a graphical technique called the moment area
method.
3.1 Introduction
When the load applied on the beam, it is often helpful to sketch the
deflected shape before the slope or displacement at any point on a beam
can be determined.
A B
y :displacement
y=? : slope
=?
Figure 4.1
d4y
(1) EI = q( x ) Force-deflection equation
dx 4
d3y
(2) EI 3 = V ( x ) = q( x )dx + C1 Shear-deflection equation
dx
d2y
(3) EI 2 = M ( x ) = q( x )dx 2 + C1 x + C2 Bending moment-deflection
dx
equation
dy
EI = EI ( x ) = M ( x )dx + C3
(4) dx Slope-deflection equation
= q( x )d x + C1 x + C2 x + C3
3 2
EIy ( x ) = M ( x )dx 2 + C3 x + C4
(5) Deflection equation
= q( x )d x 4 + C1 x 3 + C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4
1)
P
2) w
L
x
Identification of the boundary
x=0 x=L condition is based on the shape
y=0 y=? y=0 of the deflection.
=? =? At x = 0, y = 0
At x = L, y = 0
3)
P
Identification of the boundary
condition is based on the shape
of the deflection.
At x = L, y = 0
At x = L+L1, y = 0
L L1
EXAMPLE 4.1
yA
A
x
Solution;
P
= -Mx-P(x)
Mx = -Px
Mx
V
d2y
x EI =M
dx 2
d2y
EI = Px....................................(1)
dx 2
dy Px1+1 Px 2
EI = = + C1 ............( 2)
dx 1+1 2
Px 2+1 Px 3
EIy = + C1 x = + C1 x + C2 ...............(3)
2( 2 + 1) 6
dy
=0 at x=L y=0 at x=L
dx
Px 2 Px 3
from ( 2)...... + C1 = 0 from (3)...... + C1 x + C2 = 0
2 6
PL2 PL3
+ C1 = 0 + C1 L + C2 = 0
2 6
PL2 PL3 PL2
C1 = C2 = L
2 6 2
PL3
=
dy 3
Subs the result into (2) and (3) with =
dx
Px 2 PL2
EI = +
2 2
From (3)
y=
P
6
( x 3 + 3L2 x 2 L3 )x
1
EI
=
P
6 EI
[
x 3 + 3L2 x 2 L3]
Maximum slope and displacement occur at x = 0,
A =
P 2
2 EI
[ ]
L x 2 at x = 0 yA =
P
[ ]
x 3 + 3L2 x 2 L3 at x = 0
6 EI
PL2 PL3
= =
2 EI 3EI
EXAMPLE 4.2
Determine the slope and deflection at 1m and 3m from A for beam in the figure by
using the double integration method.
10kN/m
A B
C
2m 2m
Solution;
x=0 x=L Identification of the boundary
y=0 y=? y=0 condition is based on the shape
=? =? of the deflection.
At x = 0, y = 0
x =0 At x = 2, yAC = yCB
At x = 2, [dy/dx] AC=[dy/dx] CB
At x = 4, yCB = 0
Step 1: Determine the support reaction
V A + VB = 10( 2) = 20kN
+ M =0B
V A ( 4) 10( 2)(1) = 0
4V A = 20
V A = 5kN ,VB = 15kN
AC
= - MAC + 5(x)
MAC = 5x
MAC
x d2y
5 EI =M
dx 2
d2y
EI = 5 x ...................(1)
dx 2
dy 5 x 1+1
EI = + C1
dx 1 + 1
5x 2
= + C1 ...........( 2)
2
5 x 2+1
y= + C1 x + C 2
2( 2 + 1)
5x 3
= + C1 x + C 2 .........(3)
6
CB
= - MCB + 5(x)-10(x-2)[x-2]
10kN/m
2
A B
MCB = 5x-5(x-2)2
MCB
2
5 x d2y
EI =M
dx 2
d2y
EI 2
= 5 x 5( x 2) 2 ...................( 4)
dx
dy 5 x 1+1 5( x 2) 2+1
EI = + C3
dx 1 + 1 2 +1
5 x 2 5( x 2) 3
= + C3 ...........(5)
2 3
5 x 2+1 5( x 2) 3+1
y= + C3 x + C4
2( 2 + 1) 3(3 + 1)
5 x 3 5( x 2) 4
= + C3 x + C 4 .......(6)
6 12
at x = 2, y AC = yCB
5x 3 5 x 3 5( x 2) 4
+ C1 x + C 2 = + C3 x + C4
6 6 12
5( 2 3 ) 5( 2 3 )
+ 2C1 = + 2C3 + C 4
6 6
6.7 + 2C1 = 6.7 + 2C3 + C 4 2C1 = 2C3 + C 4 ...(c )
at x = 4, y CB = 0
5 x 3 5( x 2) 4
from (6) = + C3 x + C 4
6 12
5( 4 3 ) 5( 2 4 )
= + 4C3 + C 4
6 12
= 46.7 + 4C3 + C 4 4C3 + C 4 = 46.7...(d )
C4 = 0
dy
For segment CB, the slope, = and deflection,y are;
dx
5 x 2 5( x 2) 3 5 x 3 5( x 2) 4
EI = + C3 EIy = + C3 x + C4
2 3 6 12
5 x 2 5( x 2) 3 5 x 3 5( x 2) 4
EI CB = 11.68 EIy CB = 11.68 x
2 3 6 12
5x 2
EI AC = 11.68
2
= -9.18 rad
EI
5x 3
EIy AC = 11.68 x
6
10.85
=
EI
5 x 2 5( x 2) 3
EI CB = 11.68
2 3
9.15
= rad
EI
5 x 3 5( x 2) 4
EIy CB = 11.68 x
6 12
12.96
=
EI
Determine the maximum deflection and slope at A by using the double integration
method.
15kN/m
A B
10m
EXERCISE 4.2
A C
Note that the distributed loadings must extend all the way to the beams
right end to be valid.
EXAMPLE 4.3
Determine the deflection at x = 5m from the support A and the slope at point A for
the given beam shown below. Solve the problem by using the Macaulay Method.
Given E = 5 x 106 N/mm2 and I = 9x106 mm4.
5 kN
2 kN/m
10kNm
A C D E F B
2 2 2 2 2
(all in m)
Solution;
A B B.C; x = 0, y= 0
x = 10, y =0
x
The support reaction at A and B must be determined. Since the UDL in figure
does not extend to B as required, the superposition method can be used to
represent the same effect.
2kN
x
Cut the beam at last segment of FB. The beams moment is therefore;
x 4 x 6
= M X + 2( x ) + 10( x 2) 0 2( x 4) + 2( x 6) 5( x 8)
1
2 2
M X = 2( x ) + 10( x 2) 0 ( x 4) 2 + ( x 6) 2 5( x 8)1
d2y
EI = M X = 2( x ) + 10( x 2) 0 ( x 4) 2 + ( x 6) 2 5( x 8)1 ............(1)
dx 2
1
dy 2 x 2 10( x 2) ( x 4) 3 ( x 6) 3 5( x 8) 2
EI = + + + C1 ................( 2)
dx 2 1 3 3 2
2
2 x 3 10( x 2) ( x 4) 4 ( x 6) 4 5( x 8) 3
EIy = + + + C1 x + C2 ...........(3) 2
6 2 12 12 6
1) at x = 0, y=0;
From (3), C2 = 0
2) at x = 10, y = 0;
2
2 x 3 10( x 2) ( x 4) 4 ( x 6) 4 5( x 8) 3
EIy = + + + C1 x + 0
6 2 12 12 6
2
2(10) 3 10(8) (6) 4 ( 4) 4 5( 2) 3
= + + + C1 (10)
6 2 12 12 6
= 333.33 + 320 108 + 1.33 6.67 + 10C1
C1 = -54
2
2 x 3 10( x 2) ( x 4) 4 ( x 6) 4 5( x 8) 3
EIy = + + 54 x
6 2 12 12 6
2
2(5) 3 10(3) (1) 4
EIy = + + 0 0 54(5)
6 2 12
= 41.67 + 45 0.083 270
EIy = -183.41 kNm3
183.42 x1012
y= = 4.1mm
(5 x10 6 )(9 x10 6 )
x = 0, dy/dx =?;
1
dy 2 x 2 10( x 2) ( x 4) 3 ( x 6) 3 5( x 8) 2
EI = + + 54
dx 2 1 3 3 2
EI = 0 54 = 54
54 x103 Nm 2
y= 12 2 6 4
= 1.24 x10 3 rad
(5 x10 ) N / m (9 x10 )m
Determine the slope and deflection at 1m and 3m from A for beam in the figure by
using Macaulay method.
10kN/m
A B
C
2m 2m
Solution;
The loads cause the beam to deflect as shown in figure.
A B B.C; x = 0, y= 0
x = 4, y =0
x
The support reaction at A and B must be determined. Since the UDL in figure
does not extend to B as required, the superposition method can be used to
represent the same effect.
Mx
5kN x-2
Cut the beam at last segment of CB. The beams moment is therefore;
x 2
= M X + 5( x ) 10( x 2)
2
MX = 5( x ) 5( x 2) 2
d2y
EI 2
= M X = 5( x ) 5( x 2) 2 ............(1)
dx
dy 5 x 2 5( x 2) 3
EI = + C1 ............(2)
dx 2 3
5 x 3 5( x 2) 4
EIy = + C1 x + C2 ............(3)
6 12
From (3), C2 = 0
2) at x = 4, y = 0;
5( 4) 3 5( 2) 4
EIy = + C1 ( 4) + 0
From (3); 6 12
= 53.33 6.67 + 4C1
C1 = -11.7
dy 5 x 2 5( x 2) 3
EI = 11.7
dx 2 3
5 x 3 5( x 2) 4
EIy = 11.7 x
6 12
dy 5(1) 2
EI = 0 11.7
dx 2
9.2
= rad
EI
5(3) 3 5(1) 4
EIy = 11.7(3) 13.02
6 12 y= m
EI
= 22.5 0.42 35.1
Compare the result to the previous example which is used the Double Integration
Method. Is the result similar?
It can be observed that x direction is also can be taken at the right section. How?
A B
C
x-2 2 Identification of the boundary
15kN condition is based on the shape
of the deflection.
x At x = 0, y = 0
At x = 4, y = 0
x ( x 2)
= M 15( x ) 1 + 10( x ) 10( x 2)
2 2
M = 15( x ) 5 x + 5( x 2)
1 2 2
d2y
EI = M = 15( x )1 5 x 2 + 5( x 2) 2 .......(1)
dx 2
dy 15 x 2 5 x 3 5( x 2) 3
EI = + + C1 .........( 2)
dx 2 3 3
15 x 3 5 x 4 5( x 2) 4
EIy = + + C1 x + C 2 ....(3)
6 12 12
15 x 3 5 x 4 5( x 2) 4
EIy = + + C1 x + C 2
6 12 12
5( 2) 4
0=00+ + 0 + C2
12
C2=0 -ve value is considered as 0
C1 = 15
15 x 3 5 x 4 5( x 2) 4
EIy = + 15 x
6 12 12
15(1) 3 5(1) 4 5( 1) 4
EIy = + 15(1)
6 12 12
= 2.5 0.42 + 0 15
13
y=
EI
dy 15 x 2 5 x 3 5( x 2) 3
EI = + 15
dx 2 3 3
15(3) 2 5(3) 3 5(1) 3
= + 15
2 3 3
= 67.5 45 + 1.67 15
= -9.2/EI rad
EXERCISE 4.3
10kN/m
A
B C
8kN
2m 1m
The method works well for M/EI diagrams composed of simple shapes
which produced by concentrated loads and couple moments.
The procedure for beam analysis using the moment area method can be
summarized as follows;
a) Calculate the support reactions
b) Draw the M/EI diagram
c) Select the reference tangent, t either
- a known point with zero slope
- determine tangential deviation of one support and the other
and finding the angle.
EXAMPLE 4.5
Determine the deflection and slope at point C for the steel beam in figure. Take E
= 200GPa and I = 17 x 106 mm4.
16kN
A C B
2m 4m 2m
Solution;
VA = 4kN, VB = 12kN
MB
A C B
12
4 2m Take moment at B,
2 8 1 -32
= 1st :Consider point load;
y1 32 (-) = - MB - 16(2)
y1 = 8 MB = - 32kNm
(+)
y1 = 8/EI 2nd :Consider support reaction;
2
32 = - MB + 4(8)
y2 = 24/EI
MB = - 32kNm
Draw displacement diagram.
C
yC
tCA
yc = CC tCA Eqn 1
C tBA
tBA = Area of 2 Area of 1
EI
Eqn 2
Draw slope diagram.
A A C B
C
tBA
CA
8m
1 1 1 1 1 1
t BA = (8 )(32 ) (8 ) (2 )(32 ) (2 )
EI 2 3 EI 2 3
CC = 320 2 80
= = distance C from A
EI 8 EI
total span
1 1 1 5.33
tCA = (2 )(8 ) (2 ) =
EI 2 3 EI
Deflection at C;
yc = CC tCA
80 5.33 74.67
yC = = ( kNm 3 )
EI EI EI
74.67
yC = ( kNm 3 )
EI
74.67 x10 3
= = 0.022 m
(200 x10 9 )(17 x10 6 )
+ve sign indicated that deflection at C is directed downward.
CA = (2 )
1 8 8
= kNm 2
2 EI EI
Slope at C;
C = A CA
t BA
= CA
8
1 320 8 32
= = kNm 2
8 EI EI EI
32
= kNm 2
EI
32 x10 3
= = 0.0094 rad
(200 x10 9 )(17 x10 6 )
EXERCISE 4.4
60kN
cross sectional area of
beam
250mm
A C B
3m 3m 3m 250mm
1)
A cantilever beam ABC with 6m span carries a uniformly distributed load
of 25kN/m along 3m span from end of A and point load of 15kN and 10kN
at point B and C, respectively.
a) Determine an expression for the deflection by considering x be any
distance from C.
b) Calculate the magnitude of deflection at 3m span from A.
c) Calculate the magnitude of maximum deflection of the beam.
2)
A beam AB as shown in figure below of span 8m is simply supported at
the ends. It carries a uniformly distributed load of 30kN/m over its entire
length and a concentrated load of 60kN at 3m from the support A. Using
Macaulays Method;
3) A cantilever 12cm wide and 20cm deep is 2.5m long. What uniformly
distributed load should the beam carry to produce a deflection of 0.5cm at
the free end? Solve the problem by using Double Integration Method. Take
E = 2.1 x 106 kN/cm2.
12cm
W kN/m
A B
20cm
2.5m
4)
The figure shows a beam subjected to point load, distribution load and
moment. Given Modulus of Elasticity, E = 5 x 106 N/mm2 and inertia moment,
I = 9 x 106 mm4.
a) Calculate support reaction at A and B
b) Derive general equation of deflection and slope the beam using Mac
Caulay Method
15kN/m 20kN
8kNm
C D
A B
5.0m 2.0m 2.0m
All units in mm
20kN
1.2m 30
30 120
20kN
2m 30
120
6)
(a) Based on a cantilevered beam shown in figure, derive the equation related
to the slope and deflection using Double Integration Method.
PL2
(b) Show that the maximum slope at A is A = .
2 EI
PL3
(c) Prove that the maximum deflection at A is A = .
3EI
(d) Determine the moment of inertia, I for the cross section area.
A
B
vA
A
x
200
10
All units in mm
150