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Use of computer systems to

assist in the creation,
modification, analysis, and
optimization of a design
Typical tools:
Tolerance analysis
Mass property calculations
Finite-element modeling and
visualization
Defines the geometry of the
design
 Use of computer systems to
plan, manage, and control
manufacturing operations
Direct or indirect computer
interface with the plants
production resources
Numerical control of
machine tools
Programming of robots
 Use of computer systems
to analyze CAD geometry
Allows designer to
simulate and study how
the product will behave,
allowing for optimization
Finite-element method
(FEM)
Divides model into
interconnected elements
Solves continuous field
problems
 Two types of activities: synthesis and analysis
Synthesis is largely qualitative and hard to
capture on computer
Analysis can be greatly enhanced with
computers
Once analysis is complete, design evaluation-
rapid prototyping
Software packages for design optimization
 Major component is
hardware and software
allowing shape
manipulation
Hardware includes graphic
devices and their
peripherals for input and
output operations
Software includes packages
that manipulate or analyze
shapes according to user
interaction
 Graphic device is composed of a display
processing unit, a display device, and
one or more input devices
Input devices:
Mouse
Space ball
Data tablet with a puck or stylus
Keyboard
Output Devices:
Plotters
Color laser printers
 CAD software allows the designer to create
and manipulate a shape interactively and
store it
CAM software plans, manages and controls
the operations of a manufacturing site
CAE software analyzes design geometry,
allowing designer to study product behavior
 User interface is similar to Windows
Employs component technology, in which
best key software elements are selected from
among available software
Use object-oriented technology, which
modularizes the program
Capable of either parametric or variational
modeling
Internet support
 CAD/CAM = Computer Aided Design and
Computer Aided Manufacturing. It is the
technology concerned with the use of
computers to perform design and
manufacturing functions.

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 CAD can be defined as the use of computer
systems to perform certain functions in the
design process.
CAM is the use of computer systems to
plan, manage and control the operations of
manufacturing plant through either direct
or indirect computer interface with the
plants production resources.

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 Layer by layer fabrication
of three-dimensional
physical models from CAD
Fast and inexpensive
alternative for producing
prototypes and functional
models
Rapid Prototyping Build parts in thin layers
Minimum operation time;
has surgical
applications
typically runs unattended
 .STL is standard file
format for all U.S. rapid
prototyping systems
Preprocessing prepares
.STL file for various
rapid prototyping
systems
Build process can last
from a few hours to
several days
Post processing:
removal of part from
machine, support
removal, sanding
A computer-controlled laser beam is scanned across the surface
of a vat of liquid photopolymer, instantly solidifying the liquid at
each point of contact. Using data generated from a CAD file,
individual cross-sections of the three-dimensional geometry are
solidified in turn to build up a solid part layer by layer. In this
way even highly complex geometries can be built in a few hours
without requiring any tools.
From CAM definition, the application of
CAM falls into two broad categories:
1. Computer monitoring and control .

Process
Computer Process
data

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2. Manufacturing support application .

Process data Mfg

Computer
Control signals operatio
ns

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 In order to establish the scope and
definition of CAD/CAM in an engineering
environment and identify existing and future
related tools, a study of a typical product
cycle is necessary. The following Figure
shows a flowchart of such a cycle.

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 Typical Product Life Cycle
The Design Process
Design Collecting
Design definitions, relevant design
needs specifications, information and
and requirements feasibility study
Synthesis
Analysis The CAD Process
Design Design
Design Design Design Design
documentation and modeling and
evaluation optimization analysis conceptualization
communication simulation

The Manufacturing Process

Production
planning The CAM Process
Design and
procurement of
Process
new tools Quality Packaging
planning Production Shipping
control
Order
materials

NC, CNC, DNC

programming

Marketing

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 The product begins with a need which is
identified based on customers' and markets'
demands.
The product goes through two main
processes from the idea conceptualization
to the finished product:
1. The design process.
2. The manufacturing process.

The main sub-processes that constitute the

design process are:
1. Synthesis.
2. Analysis.

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Delineation of Design changes Design and
geometric Analysis
model algorithms
Definition Drafting and
translator detailing

Geometric
model Documentation

Interface
algorithms To CAM Process

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 Design phase Required CAD tools
Design conceptualization Geometric modeling techniques;
Graphics aids; manipulations; and
visualization
Design modeling and simulation Same as above; animation; assemblies;
special modeling packages.
Design analysis Analysis packages; customized
programs and packages.
Design optimization Customized applications; structural
optimization.
Design evaluation Dimensioning; tolerances; BOM; NC.
Design communication and Drafting and detailing
documentation

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 Geometric Inspection
model

Interface
algorithms Assembly

Process Packaging
planning

NC programs
To shipping and marketing

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CAM Tools Required to Support the Design Proc
Manufacturing phase Required CAM tools

Process planning CAPP techniques; cost

analysis; material and
tooling specification.
Part programming NC programming

Inspection CAQ; and Inspection

software
Assembly Robotics simulation and
programming

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Automation can be defined as the
technology concerned with the application
of complex mechanical, electronic, and
computer-based systems in the operation
and control of manufacturing systems.

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 TTypes of Manufacturing Systems
1. Continuous-flow processes. Continuous dedicated production of
large amount of bulk product. Continuous manufacturing is
represented by chemicals, plastics, petroleum, and food industries.
2. Mass production of discrete products. Dedicated production of
large quantities of one product (with perhaps limited model
variations). Examples include automobiles, appliances and engine
blocks.
3. Batch production. Production of medium lot sizes of the same
product. The lot may be produced once or repeated periodically.
Examples: books, clothing and certain industrial machinery.
4. Job-shop production. Production of low quantities, often one of a
kind, of specialized products. The products are often customized
and technologically complex. Examples: prototypes, aircraft,
machine tools and other equipment.

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 Continuous-
flow
production Mass
production
Production Batch
quantity production

Job shop
production

Product variety

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 Category Automation achievements
Continuous-flow process Flow process from beginning to end
Sensors technology available to measure
important process variables
Use of sophisticated control and optimization
strategies
Fully computer automated lines
Mass production of discrete products Automated transfer machines
Dial indexing machines
Partially and fully automated assembly lines
Industrial robots for spot welding, part handling,
machine loading, spray painting, etc.
Automated material handling systems
Computer production monitoring
Batch production Numerical control (NC), direct numerical
control (DNC), computer numerical control
(CNC).
Adaptive control machining
Robots for arc welding, parts handling, etc.
CIM systems.
Job shop production Numerical control, computer numerical control
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Computer Technology in Automation
Most of the automated production systems implemented today
make use of computers. CAD/CAM in addition to its particular
emphasis on the use of computer technology, is also
distinguished by the fact that it includes not only the
manufacturing operations but also the design and planning
functions that precede manufacturing.

To emphasize the differences in scope between automation and

CAD/CAM, consider the following mathematical model:

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 Greater flexibility. Better product design.
Reduced lead times. Greater manufacturing
Reduced inventories. control.
Increased Productivity.
Supported integration.
Improved customer
service. Reduced costs.
Improved quality. Increased utilization.
Improved Reduction of machine
communications with tools.
suppliers.
Less floor space.

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