se at a specific flow rate, expressed in gallons per minute (gpm), liters per second (L/sec), or liters per minute (L/min) of flow. Residual water pressure (pressure available at the outlet before 4 fixture) affects the flow rate of a fixture, A higher residual pressure results in a greater flow rate, and thus, more water con- sumption. Approximate flow rates by fixture type are shown in Table 2.3. Water Consumption ‘Water use in many homes is lowest from about midni AM. averaging less than one gallon per person per hour. Use climbs sharply in the morning around 6,2... to about 3 gallons Per person per hour. During the day, water use drops off moder ately and rises again in the early evening hours. Weekly peak lows may occur in some homes on weekends, especially when all adults work during the week. In U.S. homes, average water tse is approximately 45 gallons per person per day, b ange from 30 to 60 gallons or more. TABLE2.9. APPROXIMATE FLOW RATES AND TYPICAL CONSUMPTION BY TYPE OF PLUMBING FIXTURE AND LOCATION. FLOW Ru ARIES SIGNIFICANTLY BY RESIDUAL PRESSURE (WATER PRESSURE BEFOME THE PiCTunEY om Peak flows at retail stores and other businesses typic ‘occur during business hours. Peak flow occurs during times at restaurants. Rental properties, resorts, and commer establishments in tourist areas typically have flow rates vary by season. Approximate water requirements for sel buildings are shown in Table 2.4. Water Demand The instantaneous peak demand for water in a pipe servi hhumber of plumbing fixtures or serving an entire building is ferred to us the design load. The design load is the maxima Probable or peak instantaneous demand for domestic water group of fixtures. The design load is typically expressed in g Limin or Lise The design load of a pipe serving a group of plumbi fixtures or for the total fixtures installed on a project will ‘pend not only on the number and type of fixtures installed fon the operation of the fixtures, Some fixtures may, atti ‘Approximate Flow Rates by Fature Type Bathiub faucet 4108 9pm 1810.30 Umin 0.25 1005 Us CCotnes washer (auncry) 3105 9pm 1116 19 Umin 0.18 10032 Us Dishwasher (domestic) 3105 9pm 1110 19 Umin 0.18100.2 Drinking fountain 0.75 gpm 3Umin 0.05 Use Hose bib (in) 310 12 gom 1110 27 Umin 01810048 Us Kitchen sink 2108 gpm 810 57 Umin 0.13 100.95 Us Lavatory faucet 210.3 gpm B10 11 Umin 013%00.18 Lawn sprinkler (domestic) 3107 gom 1110.27 Umin 0.180.045 U ‘Snowemoad (low flow design) 210.3 gpm 810 11 Umin 013t00.18Us ‘Showerhead (standara low design) 310.6 gpm 111023 Umin 0.1810 0.98 U Tol, ugh tank 3105 gpm 1110 19 Umin 0.1810 0.22% Toit or urinal, 1 in fush valve (15 to 30 psi) 2710.35 gpm 103 10138 Umin 17210222 ‘Typical Consumption for Urban or Suburban Resigenco Per person per day, forall purposes 30 1060 gal 1140228 Per shower, peruse 25106098 95 10225 it bathtub, per fl 35 gal 133 Fil snk, per fit 1102 gal toa Flush tle, per tush 1807 gal B.027L lnrigate wth in of water, por 1000 fof lawn, 160 gal 600 Dishwasher, per load 1010.20 gat 3810764 : Washing machine, per oad 30 1050 gal 114104501, Domestic water softener regeneration cycle 50 10150 gal 19010570. Typical Consumption for Rural Residence - Per person per day or al purposes 60 ga 228 Per horse, dry cow. or beet animal per day 12 01 a6 er miking cow por day 35 gal 133 er nog per day gal 1L Per snoop per day 29a aL Per 100 chickens per day 6 ga 2aiuwoine waren supeLy SYSTEM DESIGN 59 TABLE 2.4 APPROXIMATE WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR SELECTED BUILDINGS. Number of Fixtures “Typical Flow Rate ae Pearcy Tyre _anéDemandtoad __0-50__51-100__101-200__201-400__401-800 601-1200 owrizo0 ‘ow rate, pitt 50 35 30 28 25 24 24 sartmonts* ——minirum capacity, gpm 16 20 “0 65 120 210 300 maximum capaciy.gom 25, 35 60 ns 200 200 flow ate. gprvtixcure 10 Cy 60 50 40 40 40 ed ital minimum capacity, gom 25 55 85 125 210 330 500 es maximum eapaciy.gpm 50 20 120 200 320 80 _ 7 flow rate, omiure a 55 45 35 27 25 20 minimum capacity, gem 25 3s 60 100 150 25 300 va maximum capaciy. gpm 33 55 90 140 210 300 om, flow rate, gomtixure 13 75 70 0 55 50 50 lene ‘minimum capacity, gom 40, 7 80 150 250 480 20 ing ‘maximum capacity. om 65 7s 140 240 440 600 de- ow rte, gpmititure 1a 70 60 0 37 30 2 but ‘minimum capacty, gom 35 cy 80 140 210 320 380 ca maximum cepaciy. gpm 55 70 120 200 00 360 flow rate. opmvfinture 10 50 50 40 40 40 0 Is" minimum capacty, gam 20 50 70 110 180 340 500 maximum capacty, gpm 50 60 100 160 20 480 | continuous flow (e.g.. faucets, hose bibbs, and shower ), while other fixtures have an intermittent flow (e.g, wa- closets and urinals). Nevertheless, it would be highly un- ly that every sink, dishwasher, water closet, bathtub, er, clothes washer, and garden hose in a building would be operating at one time. So, simply totaling fixture flow rates, all fixtures in an entire building distribution system would ve the total demand for water usage only if all fixtures were at one time. In most instances, totaling fixture require- ts provides a very high estimate that results in overdesign the piping LISS oR SESS £8 8 le Empirical Design Method ie sizes forthe water supply system of a single-family house similar simple structures can be determined on the basis of ience and pertinent code requirements, Detailed analysis Hot necessary in the design of simple systems. The fixture fed the branch will influence branch pipe diameter. Pipe diame. is determined by the pipe size serving the fixture. In the empirical design method, piping is sized with es of thumb based upon observation and experience. For ex: ple, the mains that serve fixture branches can be sized as lows *+ Upto three in branches can be served by a % in main, *+ Upto three in branches or up to six in branches can be served by a I in main, ine are based on an qual naber of men and women occupants Ihe ma Hoare laundry i operated in connection withthe building. intease the capely by ee ales do nat include water for special process work. Te extra Sunt should be determined and eo etl capacity jority of occopas ave women, neeave the capacity by 15 *+ Up to five % in branches or up to ten “in branches can be served by a 1/4 in main, Branch pipes can be sized from minimum branch requirements cited in the building code, such as those provided in Tabl The empirical approach is used in design of plumbing systems for residences and similar buildings with simple plumbing systems. Typically a qualified plumber does design during rough in ofthe piping. This approach can lead to system problems in complex piping arrangements, Fixture Units ‘A method of estimating the design load fora group of plumbing fixtures is typically based upon a quantity called the fixture unit ‘The fixture unit is an arbitrarily chosen measure that allows all types of plumbing fixtures to be expressed in common terms; that is, a fixture having twice the instantaneous flow rate of a second fixture would have a fixture unit value twice as large. ‘The sole purpose of the fixture unit concept is to make it poss ble to calculate the design load on a system composed of differ ent types of fixtures, each having different flow rates. Fixture unit values are assigned to the different types of plumbing fixtures, The total number of fixture units is then used to establish the maximum probable water supply load and drainage load. (Drainage fixture unit load is discussed in (Chapter 3.) Dr. Roy Hunter ofthe National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)Minimum Branch Water Supply Fixture _Ppe Si Unit Load (WSFU) Fixture Type Occupancy ‘Suply Control in om Tota Bathtub Private Faueet 7 18 2 % Bathtub Pubic Fauest 4 15 4 3 Clothes washer Private Faucet % 15 2 4 Clothes washer Pubic Faucet ‘ 15 4 3 Dishwasher Domestic Faucet 15 1 Drinking fountain Puble ‘Shutott * 10 % % Kitchen sink Private Faucet * 15 2 1 Kitchen sink Publ Faucet x 20 _4 3 Laundry trays Private Faucet % 15 3 24 Lavatory Private Faucet * 10 1 * Lavatory Public Faucet x 10 2 1% Shower Private Ning valve % 15 2 1% Service sink Public Faucet - 15 3 2 ‘Showerhead Private Mixing valve % 15 2 1% Showerhead Pubte Mixing valve & 15 4 3 Urinal Public Flush valve 25 10 10 Urinal Pubic Flush valve 20 5 5 Usinat Pubic Flush tank % 15 3 3 Water closet Private Flush valve 1 25 6 6 Water closet Private Flush tank x 10 3 3 Water closet Public Flush valve 1 2s 10 10 Water closet Pubic Flush tank * 10 5 5 Tap size ‘in la Private x 10 1 Publ % 10 2 1% india Private 4 5 i 1 Pubic * 15 4 8 sin dia Provate x 20 3 2 Pubic x 20 6 4 Vin dia Private 1 25 6 a6 Public 1 8 10 7% ‘The listed WSFU values represen thir oa load on he Cold war service "Cod water and hot water branches sein developed this method over a half century ago and it still serves as the basis For estimating the design load of a plumbing system The water supply fixture unit (WSFU) is an arbitrarily chosen measure that represents each fixture connected to the water supply system. Table 2.5 provides typical WSFU load re- Quirements for common plumbing fixtures. The total WSFU {Quantity listed in the table relates to the WSFU load for that fix ‘ure. For example, a kitchen sink in a private residence (2 WSFU) has twice the flow rate in comparison to a lavatory in a Private residence (1 WSFU), Most plumbing fixtures are connected to both cold water and bot water branches. Water is typically drawn from both the cold water and hot water supply lines, The fixture unit value for fixtures having both cold and hot water connections are taken as be taken as three-quarters) ofthe listed total WSFU value ofthe fixture three-quarters (%~ of the listed total value of the finture. Thus, if both hot and cold branches supply a fixture (which, except for uri nals, water closets, dishwashers and hose bibs, is nearly always the case), then the WSPU for the fixture is reduced by a factor of 0.75. These reduced WSFU values are provided in Table 25 ‘A standard one-bath home with kitchen sink, dishwasher) water heater, clothes-washer, flush tank toilet, lavatory, {ub/shower combo, and two hose bibs would be counted as 18 WSFU. Most standard two-bath homes would be counted as ‘about 24 WSFU. Most standard three-bath homes would be counted as 34 WSFU, ‘The design load, in gpm or L/min, is determined based upon the number of WSFU using the Hunter method. (See Table 2.6.) The design load is different depending upon whetherree ee ENT SHO or RE UNT WSF) LOAD AND RELATED DESIGN LOAD, IN GPM. LMIN AND LSEC, BASED UPON HUNTER'S WORK ON INSTANTANEOUS DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND fe System with Predominantly ‘System with Pradominantiy i Flush Tanks i! Flush Valves Miter Supaly Faure Water Supply Focure Unt Load (WSFU) ‘som min see om Lin Usec UnitLoad (WSFU) 6 50 19 03 : : 6 8 65 25 oa 8 10 80 30 os 270 103 w 10 2 92 35 06 286 109 1 2 “4 10.4 40 o7 302 15 19 4 5 110 2 o7 310 118 20 15 16 ne “4 o7 318 121 20 18 18 128 ey 08 334 127 21 8 a 140 53 08 3 133 22 20 2 170 65 1 x 144 24 25 20 200 7 43 a 158 26 0 35 225 85 4 4 167 28 35 40 25 95, 16 7 179 30 0 “6 7 103 47 0 185 31 45 50 2 no 13 51 194 32 50 60 33 125 21 55 209 35 60 7 36 137 2a 59 223 37 70 80 39 148 25 62 236 39 80 0 a 156 26 65 2er 4 90 100 a 167 2a 68 258 43 100 120 “9 186 a4 7 281 47 120 140 5a 201 34 78 296 a9 140 160 57 217 36 83 315 53 160 180 6 232 39 a7 331 55 160 200 65 par an ot 346 58 200 2s 7 266 44 9 361 80 225 250 75 285 48 100 380 63 250 275 80 308 51 105 300 67 275 300 85 323 54 110 418 70 +300 400 105 398 67 125, 475 79 ‘400 5300 125 475 79 140 532 89 500 750 170 645 108 175 665 a 750 1000 210 795 133, 218 828 138 1000 — 1250 240 912 152 240 ore 152 1250 1500 270 1026 m4 270 1028 173 1500 1750 300 1140 190 300 1140, 190 1750 2000 325 1235 206 325 1235 206 2000 2250 348 1322 220 350 1330 222 2250 if 2500 380 aaa 241 380 1446 2a4 2500 ni 2750 402 1520 255 405 1529 257 2750 3000 495 1653 276 435 1653 276 3000 wy ‘000 525 1905 333 525 1905 333 4000 of 5000 600 2260 380 500 2200 380 +5000 000 850 2870 412 850 2470 412 6000 er, ‘000 700 2650 443 700 2660 443 7000 8000 730 ara 462 730 2774 462 +3000 7 8000 780 2888 481 760 2888 481 ‘9000 10000 730 3002 500 790 3002 50.0 10.000 61Hae TAGLED SATER SURELY EIXTURE UNIT (WSFU) LOAD AND RECOMMENDED DESIGN LOAD, IN GPM, LAIN AND Uses Foal SELECTED BUILDING TYPES. Water Supply Fixture - Umin see Office Buisings Institutional Butaings Water Supp Fi UnitLoad WSFU) gpm gem __Umin___Usee gpm __Limin see unm oer 200 2 32 s2 7 46 9561 200 250 8 3235428 480 98a 250 300 9 egy ag 51 300 400 9 roa 54 ‘400 500 9% 832 «62 57 oS 500 00 100 38063100 63 456 00 900 125475 120 768 513, 900 1200 135551 135 86 589 1200 1500 165627 150 95185703 +500 2000 200 760 «127 100 120 © 200 760 2000 2500 2400 9121522 139 260 as 2500 5000 4001520253350 222 490 1604 000 the system consists of water closets and urinals in the system are predominantly flush tank or flush valve, Syste sist of water closets and urinals with flush valves have a higher flow rate and thus a higher design load, below about 1000 WsFu, Table 2.7 provides water supply fixture unit (WSFU) loads and recommended design load, in gpm, L/min and Lisec for selected building types. It is based upon a modification of Hunter's method. 8 that con, Velocity Design Method The velocity design method entails selecting the smallest pipe diameter without exceeding a pre-established maximum veloc ity for the design load in the pipe. It works well in preliminary design of a plumbing system provided system layout is reason. ably symmetrical. This method does requite an investigation of Dressure loss to ensure that residual pressure at the most remote fixture is adequ: The velocity design method involves computing the num ber of WSFU served by a pipe, converting total WSFU to + de sign load (in gpm or Limin), and then sizing pon a maximum velocity. Maximum velocities in plumbing systems typically range trom 5 to 10 fu/see (1.5 to 3.1 m/see), Pipe sizes are calculated at strategic points in the system (ce wherever the WSFU served and, therefore, the design load change), ‘The procedure is outlined here. he pipe based 1. Sum the total number of water supply fixture units OWSFU) for hot water and cold water. (See Table 2.5.) 2 Determine maximum probable Table 2.6.) demand in gpm, (See 3. Based upon the maximum desired velocity (e.g., 8 fi or 2.4 mv/s) and design load (Q), solve for the minim required diameter (D, In customary units, minimum required diameter (D, Of the pipe. in inches, is based upon the maximum desd velocity (¥) of a fluid flowing through a pipe, in Us the volumetric flow rate (Q), in gpm. ey b, nin = V0409Q/y In SI (metric) units, minimum required diameter (D, of the pipe, in mm, is based upon the maximum dess velocity (v) of a uid flowing through a pipe, in mvs the volumetric flow rate (Q), in L/min: 4. Select a pipe size (from design tables such as Tables | through 1.13, and 1.16 through 1.19 in Chapter 1) with inside diameter equal to or greater than the minimum uited diameter, D, np Example 2.3 Using the velocity design method, determine the minimu} required size of hot and cold water supply pipes serving tw apartments, each containing a kitchen sink and a bathroog velocity of 6 fU/sg, OUP as noted below. Use a maximum due t0 noise limitations nantly flush tanks and ‘Type L Chapter 1). From Table 2.5, the WSFU loads for hot and cold supply Pipes are determined! Assume a system with predomi copper tube (Table 1.7 inIOING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN Cold Hot bath tubs (1 WSFU each for hot andcold) 33. ater closets — flush tank (3 WSFU for fold only) 6 - tories (1 WSFU each for hot and cold) 1S 15 lichen sinks (1) WSFU each for hot ad cold) a. 3 “Tal WSFU BS 7, cod water supply pipe: 135 WSFU = 10 ppm (Table 2.6 em with predominantly Mash tanks) = V0a0@Q]¥ = VOabH(TO gpm) TTse5) 0826 in dameter d, Table 1.8 in Chapter 1, a1 in diameter type L copper tube an inside diameter of 1.025 in is acceptable. Forhot water supply pipe: 7.5 WSFU = 6 gpm (Table 2.6, Bystem with predominantly flush tanks) D, = Voamigjy = VoaomGepmy/(6 /se) = 0.640 indameter Table 1.8 in Chapter 1, % in diameter type L copper tube jan inside diameter of 0.785 in is acceptable imple 2.4 the velocity design method, determine the minimum re- size of cold water supply pipe serving two apartments {design load of 10 gpm and a system with predominantly flanks and Type L copper tube (same as previous exercise). maximum velocity of 8 fusec (rather than the 6 fUsec used ious example), V0.409Q/v = V0.409(10gpm)/(8 fi/sec) 0.715 in diameter in diameter type L copper tube inside diameter of 0.785 in is acceptable. ring the cold water supply pipe sizes determined in the two examples, itis evident that the velocity limitation 8 pipe size. Selection of a pipe size is a balance be- economy (a smaller pipe diameter is less expensive) and fand erosion (a smaller pipe diameter is nosier and will the velocity design method, determine the minimum re- sizeof hot and cold water supply pipes serving 16 apart each containing a kitchen sink and a bathroom group as 6 hoted below: Use a maximum velocity of 8 fUsec. Assume a sys- tem with predominantly fush tanks and Type L copper tube (Table 1.8 in Chapter 1). Cold Hot 16 bath tubs (1 WSFU each for hot and cold) 24 24 16 water closets ~ flush tank (3 WSFU for cold only) 48 16 lavatories (% WSFU each for hot and cold) 12.12 16 kitchen sinks (1% WSFU each for hot and cold) 24 4 Total WSFU: 108 60 For cold water supply pipe: 108 WSFU = 46 gpm (Table 2.6, for system with predominantly flush tanks) d, V0.4099/v = V/0.409(4 gpm) /(8 fi/sec) 1.53 in diameter A 2 in diameter type L copper tube with an inside diameter of 1.985 in (from Table 1.8 in Chapter 1) is acceptable. For hot water supply pipe: 60 WSFU = 33 gpm (Table 2.6, for system with predominantly flush tanks) V0.409Q/v = = 1.30 in diameter D, (0:409(33 epm)/(8 ft/sec) A isin diameter type L copper tube with an inside diameter of 1.508 in (from Table 1.8 in Chapter 1) is acceptable. In Example 2.5, the designer should select a2 in diameter cop: Per tube for the cold water pipe based upon the 8 ft/see veloc ity limitation. If this velocity limitation is arbitrary (e.g., not precisely required by design constraints or code requirements), the designer may chose to select a 1 in diameter tube. The 1 in diameter tube has an inside diameter slightly smaller than the minimum required diameter (D,_q)- As shown in the next example, if the smaller pipe is selected, the water velocity will exceed 8 filsec slightly. The smaller pipe may not present a concern unless design or code velocity limits are exceeded. Example 2. Determine the water velocity in the following pipes based upon flow rate of 46 gpm a. A2 in diameter type L copper tube (inside diameter of 1.985 in) 409Q/1D? = 0.409(46 gpm)/(1.985 in)? = 4.8 fusec . A 1 in diameter type L copper tube (inside diameter of 1.508 in) ¥ = 0.409Q/D? = 0.409646 gpmy/(.505 in)? = 8.3 fUsee