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Chapter 4

This document discusses fluid kinematics concepts including velocity fields, streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines. It provides examples of how to visualize these concepts using online resources and MATLAB code. It also discusses the differences between Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives, experimental fluid measurements, the material derivative, control volumes, and the Reynolds Transport Theorem.

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syedmuhammadtarique
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34 views

Chapter 4

This document discusses fluid kinematics concepts including velocity fields, streamlines, streaklines, and pathlines. It provides examples of how to visualize these concepts using online resources and MATLAB code. It also discusses the differences between Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives, experimental fluid measurements, the material derivative, control volumes, and the Reynolds Transport Theorem.

Uploaded by

syedmuhammadtarique
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 4

Fluid Kinematics
CE30460 - Fluid Mechanics
Diogo Bolster
Velocity Field

How could you visualize a velocity field in a real


fluid?
Streamlines, Steaklines and
Pathlines
A streamline is a line that is everywhere tangent to
the velocity field dy/dx=v/u (governing equation)

A streakline consists of all particles in a flow that


have previously passed through a common point

A pathline is the line traced out by a given particle


as it flows

For a steady flow they are all the same. For an


unsteady flow they are not.
Example
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~wassgren/
applet/java/flowvis/

http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/
enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_only/aero/fprops/
cvanalysis/node8.html

Look at these yourself we will demonstrate an


example using Matlab in a few slides.
Streamlines
Streamlines around a Nascar
Streaklines
Pathlines
Example Problem
Flow Above an Oscillating Plate with a vertical
blowing is given by
u = e "y cos(t " y) v =1

Draw the streamlines at various times


!
Draw pathlines !

Draw streaklines
Compare to the steady case where u = e "y cos("y)

See Matlab code


!
Eulerian vs. Lagrangian
Perpsective
Eulerian
Sit and observe a fixed area from a fixed point

Lagrangian
Travel with the flow and observe what happens
around you

Mixed something that sits between the two


Eulerian vs. Lagrangian
Perpsective
Eulerian vs. Lagrangian
Perpsective Which is which?
Experimental
Measurements
Fixed Measurement System

A floating gauge
The Material Derivative
Consider a fluid particle moving along its pathline
(Lagrangian system)
The velocity of the particle is given by

It depends on the x,y, and z position of the particle


Acceleration
aA=dVA/dt
It is tough to calculate this, but if we have
an Eulerian picture
The Material Derivative

The material derivative (you can see it called the


substantial derivative too) relates Lagrangian and
Eulerian viewpoints and is defined as

Or in compact notation
The Material Derivative

Unsteady local Convective Effects


Time derivative

Example convection of heat or a contaminant.


Control Volumes
A system is a collection of matter of fixed identity
(always the same packets)
A Control Volume (CV) is a volume in space through
which fluid can flow (it can be Lagrangian, i.e.
moving and deforming with flow or Eulerian, i.e.
fixed in space)
CVs can be fixed, mobile, flexible, etc.
All laws in continuum mechanics depart from a CV
analysis (i.e. balance mass, momentum, energy etc
in a sufficiently small control volume).
Sample Problem to distinguish System
from Control Volume
Control Volumes
Reynolds Transport
Theorem
A tool to relate system concepts to control volume
concepts
Let B be a fluid parameter (e.g. mass, temperature,
momentum)
Let b represent the amount of that parameter per
unit mass

e.g. Momentum B=mV => b=V


Energy B=1/2mV2 => b=1/2 V2
Reynolds Transport
Theorem
Reynolds Transport
Theorem
Generally written as
Sample Problem
Sample Problem

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