NOTES AND FORMULAE

SPM MATHEMATICS
FORM 1 3 NOTES Cone
1. SOLID GEOMETRY
(a) Area and perimeter V= 1
3 rh
2
Triangle

A = 12 base height Sphere

1
= 2
bh
V= 4
3 r
3

Trapezium
Pyramid
A = 12 (sum of two
V= 1
3
base area
parallel sides) height
height
= 12 (a + b) h
Prism
Circle
V = Area of cross section
Area = r2 length
Circumference = 2r
2. CIRCLE THEOREM

Sector
Angle at the centre
Area of sector = = 2 angle at the
360
circumference
r2
x = 2y
Length of arc =

2r
360
Angles in the same
Cylinder segment are equal
x=y
Curve surface area
= 2rh

Sphere Angle in a
semicircle
Curve surface area =
4r2 ACB = 90o

(b) Solid and Volume

Cube: Sum of opposite
angles of a cyclic
V = x x x = x3 quadrilateral = 180o

a + b = 180o

Cuboid: The exterior angle

of a cyclic
V=lbh quadrilateral is
= lbh equal to the interior
opposite angle.
b=a
Cylinder

V = r2h Angle between a

tangent and a radius
= 90o

OPQ = 90o

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 1

 The angle between a
tangent and a chord
is equal to the angle 2x2 6x + x 3 = 2x2 5x 3
in the alternate
segment. (b) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 2 3 x + 32
x=y = x2 + 6x + 9
(c) (x y)(x + y) = x2 + xy xy y2 = x2 y2
If PT and PS are
tangents to a circle, 6. LAW OF INDICES
PT = PS (a) xm x n = xm + n
TPO = SPO
TOP = SOP (b) xm xn = xm n

3. POLYGON (c) (xm)n = x m n

(a) The sum of the interior angles of a n sided polygon
= (n 2) 180o
1
(d) x-n =
(b) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon = 360o xn
(c) Each exterior angle of a regular n sided polygon = 1

360 0
(e) xn n
x
n m
(d) Regular pentagon (f) x n (n x ) m

(g) x0 = 1

7. ALGEBRAIC FRACTION
Each exterior angle = 72o 1 10 k
Each interior angle = 108o Express as a fraction in its simplest
2k 6k 2
form.
(e) Regular hexagon Solution:
1 10 k 1 3k (10 k )

2k 6k 2 6k 2
3k 10 k 4k 10 2(k 5) k 5
=
6k 2 6k 2 6k 2 3k 2
Each exterior angle = 60o
Each interior angle = 120o 8. LINEAR EQUATION
1
(f) Regular octagon Given that (3n + 2) = n 2, calculate the value
5
of n.
Solution:
1
(3n + 2) = n 2
Each exterior angle = 45o 5
Each interior angle = 135o 1
5 (3n + 2) = 5(n 2)
4. FACTORISATION
5
3n + 2 = 5n 10
2 + 10 = 5n 3n 2n = 12 n=6
(a) xy + xz = x(y + z)
9. SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS
(b) x2 y2 = (x y)(x + y)
(a) Substitution Method:
y = 2x 5 --------(1)
(c) xy + xz + ay + az
2x + y = 7 --------(2)
= x (y + z) + a (y + z)
Substitute (1) into (2)
= (y + z)(x + a)
2x + 2x 5 = 7 4x = 12 x=3
Substitute x = 3 into (1), y=65=1
(d) x2 + 4x + 3
(b) Elimination Method:
= (x + 3)(x + 1)
Solve:
3x + 2y = 5 ----------(1)
5. EXPANSION OF ALGERBRAIC
x 2y = 7 ----------(2)
EXPRESSIONS
(1) + (2), 4x = 12, x=3
(a)

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 2

 Substitute into (1) 9 + 2y = 5 Represents 50 books
2y = 5 9 = 4
y = 2 3. A bar chart uses horizontal or vertical bars to
represent a set of data. The length or the height of
10. ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE each bar represents the frequency of each data.
Given that k (m + 2) = 3m, express m in terms of
k.
Solution:
k (m + 2) = 3m k m 2 = 3m
k 2 = 3m + m = 4m
k 2
m=
4

11. LINEAR INEQUALITIES

1. Solve the linear inequality 3x 2 > 10.
Solution: 4. A pie chart uses the sectors of a circle to represent
3x 2 > 10 3x > 10 + 2 the frequency/quantitiy of data.
3x > 12 x>4
2. List all integer values of x which satisfy the
linear inequality 1 x + 2 < 4
Solution:
1x+2<4
Subtract 2, 12x+22<42
1 x < 2
x = 1, 0, 1
A pie chart showing the favourite drinks of a group
3. Solve the simultaneous linear inequalities of students.
1
4p 3 p and p + 2 p
2 FORM FOUR NOTES
Solution: 1. SIGNIFICANT FIGURES AND STANDARD
4p 3 p 4p p 3 3p 3 FORM
p1 Significant Figures
1. Zero in between numbers are significant.
1 Example: 3045 (4 significant figures)
p+2 p 2, 2p + 4 p
2 2. Zero between whole numbers are not
2p p 4 p 4 significant figures.
The solution is 4 p 1. Example: 4560 (3 significant figures)
3. Zero in front of decimal numbers are not
significant.
12. STATISTICS
Example: 0.00324 ( 3 significant figures)
sum of data 4. Zero behind decimal numbers are significant.
Mean =
number of data Example: 2.140 (4 significant figures)
sum of(frequency data) Standard Form
Mean = , when the data Standard form are numbers written in the form A
sum of frequency
10n, where 1 A < 10 and n are integers.
has frequency.
Example: 340 000 = 3.4 105
Mode is the data with the highest frequency
0.000 56 = 5.6 10-4
Median is the middle data which is arranged in
2. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND
ascending/descending order.
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. 3, 3, 4, 6, 8
1. Solve quadratic equations by factorization.
33 4 68
Mean = 4.8 5k 2 8
5 Example: Solve 2k
3
Mode = 3 2 2
5k 8 = 6k 5k 6k 8 = 0
Median = 4
(5k + 4)(k 2) = 0
2. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, there is no middle number,
4
the median is the mean of the two middle k= ,2
numbers. 5
2. Solve qudratic equation by formula:
68
Median = =7 Example: Solve 3x2 2x 2 = 0
2 2
2 4 4(3)(2)
2. A pictograph uses symbols to represent a set of x = b b 4ac =
2a 6
data. Each symbol is used to represent certain
frequency of the data. 2 28
= x = 1.215, 0.5486
January 6
February 3. SET
(a) Symbol
March - intersection - union

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 3

 - subset - universal set Premise 1: If A, then B
- empty set - is a member of Premise 2: A is true
n(A) number of element in set A. Conclusion: B is true.
A Complement of set A.
Type III
(b) Venn Diagram Premise 1: If A, then B
Premise 2: Not B is true.
Conclusion: Not A is true.

5. THE STRAIGHT LINE

(a) Gradient

AB

AB
Gradient of AB =
y 2 y1
m =
x 2 x1

(b) Equation of a straight line

A

Example:

Gradient Form:
n(A) = 7 + 6 = 13 y = mx + c
n(B) = 6 + 10 = 16
n(A B) = 6 m = gradient
n(A B) = 7 + 6 + 10 = 23 c = y-intercept
n(A B) = 7
n(A B) = 10
n(A B) = 7 + 10 + 2 = 19
n(A B) = 2

4. MATHEMATICAL REASONING
(a) Statement
A mathematical sentence which is either true or Intercept Form:
false but not both. x y
1
(b) Implication a b
If a, then b
a antecedent a = xintercept
b consequent b = yintercept

p if and only if q can be written in two y -int ercept

implications: Gradient of straight line m =
x-intercept
If p, then q
If q, then p b
=
a
(c) Argument 6. STATISTICS
Three types of argument: (a) Class, Modal Class, Class Interval Size, Midpoint,
Type I Cumulative frequency, Ogive
Premise 1: All A are B Example :
Premise 2 : C is A The table below shows the time taken by 80
Conclusion: C is B students to type a document.
Type II

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 4

 Time (min) Frequency
10-14 1
15-19 7
20-24 12
25-29 21
30-34 19
35-39 12
40-44 6
45-49 2
For the class 10 14 :
Lower limit = 10 min
Upper limit = 14 min

Lower boundary = 9.5 min 7. TRIGONOMETRY

Upper boundary = 14.5 min Opposite AB
sin o =
hypotenuse AC
Class interval size = Upper boundary lower
boundary = 14.5 9.5 = 5 min adjacent BC
cos o = hypotenuse AC
Modal class = 25 29 min
25 29 opposite AB
Midpoint of modal class = = 27 tan o =
2 adjacent BC
To draw an ogive, a table of upper boundary and
cumulative frequency has to be constructed.
Time Upper Cumulative
Frequency
(min) boundary frequency
5-9 0 9.5 0
10-14 1 14.5 1
15-19 7 19.5 8
20-24 12 24.5 20
25-29 21 29.5 42
30-34 19 34.5 60
35-39 12 39.5 72
40-44 6 44.5 78 Acronym: Add Sugar To Coffee
45-49 2 49.5 80
Trigonometric Graphs
1. y = sin x

2. y = cos x

From the ogive :

Median = 29.5 min
First quartile = 24. 5 min
Third quartile = 34 min
Interquartile range = 34 24. 5 = 9.5 min. 3. y = tan x

(b) Histogram, Frequency Polygon

Example:
The table shows the marks obtained by a group of
students in a test.

Marks Frequency
1 10 2
11 20 8 8. ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION
21 30 16 (a) Angle of Elevation
31 40 20
41 50 4

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 5

 (a) Convert number in base 10 to a number in base 2, 5
or 8.
Method: Repeated division.
Example:
2 34
2 17 0
The angle of elevation is the angle betweeen the 2 8 1
horizontal line drawn from the eye of an observer 2 4 0
and the line joining the eye of the observer to an 2 2 0
object which is higher than the observer . 2 1 0
The angle of elevation of B from A is BAC 0 1

(b) Angle of Depression 3410 = 1000102

8 34
8 4 2
0 4

3410 = 428
The angle of depression is the angle between the
horizontal line from the eye of the observer an the (b) Convert number in base 2, 5, 8 to number in base
line joining the eye of the observer to an object 10.
which is lower than the observer. Method: By using place value
The angle of depression of B from A is BAC. Example: (a) 110112 =
24 23 22 211
9. LINES AND PLANES 1 1 0 1 12
(a) Angle Between a Line and a Plane = 24 + 2 3 + 2 1 + 1
= 2710
(b) 2145 =
52 51 1
2 1 45
= 2 52 + 1 51 + 4 1
= 5910

(c) Convert between numbers in base 2, 5 and 8.

Method: Number in base m Number in base
10 Number in base n.
In the diagram,
(a) BC is the normal line to the plane PQRS. Example: Convert 1100112 to number in base 5.
(b) AB is the orthogonal projection of the line
AC to the plane PQRS. 25 24 23 22 21 1
(c) The angle between the line AC and the plane 1 1 0 0 1 12
= 25 + 2 4 + 2 + 1
PQRS is BAC
= 5110
5 51
(b) Angle Between Two Planes 5 10 1
5 2 0
0 2
Therefore, 1100112= 2015

(d) Convert number in base two to number in base

eight and vice versa.
Using a conversion table

In the diagram, Base 2 Base 8

(a) The plane PQRS and the plane TURS 000 0
intersects at the line RS. 001 1
(b) MN and KN are any two lines drawn on each 010 2
plane which are perpendicular to RS and 011 3
intersect at the point N. 100 4
The angle between the plane PQRS and the plane 101 5
TURS is MNK. 110 6
111 7
FORM 5 NOTES
Example :
10. NUMBER BASES

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 6

 10 0112 = 238

(b) Reflection
458 = 100 1012 Description: Reflection in the line __________

11. GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS Example: Reflection in the line y = x.

(a) Linear Graph
y = mx + c

(b) Quadratic Graph (c) Rotation

y = ax2 + bx + c Description: Direction ______rotation of
angle______about the centre _______.

Example: A clockwise rotation of 90o about the

centre (5, 4).

(c) Cubic Graph

y = ax3+ c

(d) Enlargement
Description: Enlargement of scale factor ______,
(d) Reciprocal Graph with the centre ______.
a
y
x

12. TRANSFORMATION Example : Enlargement of scale factor 2 with the

centre at the origin.
(a) Translastion
h Area of image
k2
Description: Translastion Area of object
k
4 k = scale factor
Example : Translastion
3 (e) Combined Transformtions
Transformation V followed by transformation W is
written as WV.

13. MATRICES
a c a c
(a)
b d b d

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 7

 a ka Total distance
(b) k Average speed =
b kb Total time
(b) Speed-Time Graph

a b e f ae bg af bh
(c)
c d g h ce dg cf dh

a b
(d) If M = , then
c d
1 d b
M-1 =
ad bc c a Gradient = Rate of change of speed
vu
=
(e) If ax + by = h t
cx + dy = k = acceleration
a b x h

c d y k Distance = Area below speed-time graph

x 1 d b h 16. PROBABILITY

y ad bc c a k (a) Definition of Probability
Probability that event A happen,
a c n( A)
(f) Matrix has no inverse if ad bc = 0 P ( A)
b d n( S )
S = sample space
14. VARIATIONS
(a) Direct Variation
If y varies directly as x, (b) Complementary Event
Writtn in mathematical form: y x, P(A) = 1 P(A)
Written in equation form: y = kx , k is a constant.
(c) Probability of Combined Events
(b) Inverse Variation (i) P(A or B) = P(A B)
If y varies inversely as x,
1 (ii) P(A and B) = P(A B)
Written in mathematical form: y
x 17. BEARING
k Bearing
Written in equation form: y , k is a Bearing of point B from A is the angle measured
x clockwise from the north direction at A to the line
constant.
joining B to A. Bearing is written in 3 digits.
(c) Joint Variation
If y varies directly as x and inversely as z,
x
Written in mathematical form: y ,
z
kx
Written in equation form: y , k is a
z
constant. Example : Bearing B from A is 060o

15. GRADIENT AND AREA UNDER A GRAPH 18. THE EARTH AS A SPHERE
(a) Distance-Time Graph (a) Nautical Miles
1 nautical mile is the length of the arc on a great
circle which subtends an angle of 1 at the centre
of the earth.

(b) Distance Between Two Points on a Great Circle.

Distance = 60 nautical miles

= angle between the parallels of latitude
measured along a meridian of longitude.
distance
Gradient = = speed
time

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 8

 (ii) the elevation of the combined solid on the
vertical plane parallel to GPS as viewed from
D.

= angle between the meridians of longitude

measured along the equator.

Solution:
(a)

(c) Distance Between Two Points on The Parallel of

Latitude.
Distance = 60 cos o
= angle of the parallel of latitude.

Plan
(b) (i)

(d) Shortest Distance

The shortest distance between two points on the
surface of the earth is the distance between the two
points measured along a great circle.
C-elevation
(ii)
(e) Knot
1 knot = 1 nautical mile per hour.

19. PLAN AND ELEVATION

(a) The diagram shows a solid right prism with
rectangular base FGPN on a horizontal table. The
surface EFGHJK is the uniform cross section. The
rectangular surface EKLM is a slanting plane.
Rectangle JHQR is a horizontal plane. The edges
EF, KJ and HG are vertical.
Draw to full scale, the plan of the solid. D-elevation

(b) A solid in the form of a cuboid is joined to the solid

in (a) at the plane PQRLMN to form a combined
solid as shown in the diagram. The square base
FGSW is a horizontal plane.
Draw to full scale
(i) the elevation of the combined solid on the
vertical plane parallel to FG as viewed from C,

Note prepared by Mr. Sim KY 9