B1 Part 1

Classification (How Scientists put animals Kingdoms

into groups) Key words:
The order of Classification is: Kingdom, -multicellular made up of many cells
Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus -unicellular made up of ONE cell
and Species (Remember -Heterotrophic feeders eating and digesting food
K.P.Crisps.Offer.Fairly.Good.Snacks -Autotrophic feeders using an energy source to make food e.g.
There are five kingdoms of organisms: photosynthesis
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protoctista -Saprophytic feeders digesting food outside the body and then
and Prokaryotae (be careful with absorbing it
spelling) Animalia Plantae Fungi Protoctista Prokaryotae
Scientists write the Kingdoms in Latin
Multicellular
Unicellular A few
so it is not translated wrongly e.g.
Heterotrophic
French Scientists also use the term Autotrophic
Animalia when classifying organisms. Saprophytic
Nucleus
Cell wall
Viruses There is no kingdom for viruses as Complex
structure
scientists do not think of them as being alive; they Simple
are not living until they are in a host cell. The virus structure
doesnt show all the life process such as growth or
feeding.

Problems with classification

Vertebrates (Chordata) and Invertebrates An axolotl (an amphibian) has gills even when it is an adult
(non chordata) (back bone and no back Sharks are fish but use internal fertilisation and some give
birth to live young.
bone)
M.R F.A.B Mammals, Reptiles, Fish,
Amphibians and Birds
---------------------------------------------------------------
Oxygen Absorption methods Species
Lungs Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and adult Definition: When to organisms can interbreed to produce FERTILE
amphibians offspring.
Gills Fish Two organisms with similar characteristics can reproduce
Moist skin young amphibians but do not belong to the same species these are called
--------------------------------------------------------------- HYBRIDS
Reproduction E.g. donkey + zebra = Zedonk
Lion + tiger = Liger
Viviparous (internal fertilisation/live birth)
Most hybrids are infertile e.g. zedonk however ligers are fertile
mammals
and can reproduce to form liligers
Oviparous (external fertilisation/lay eggs)
HYBRIDS DO NOT BELONG TO ANY SPECIES
Reptiles, Fish, Amphibians, Birds
---------------------------------------------------------------
Naming Species
Thermoregulation (how they regulate heat) An organism has two Latin words
E.g. Erithacus rubecula
Homeotherm (warm blooded) mammals and
The first name is the GENUS - Erithacus
birds
The second name is the SPECIES - rubecula
Poikilotherm (cold blooded) reptiles, fish,
The system is agreed by scientists all over the word to allow
amphibians
them to communicate clearly, whatever their language
 Genetic variation variation caused by information inside cells
Variation Differences in characteristics (genes)
All organisms are adapted to their Environmental variation differences in characteristics caused b the
surroundings e.g. a dessert fox does environment
not look the same as an artic fox. Discontinuous variation e.g. rolling your tongue, blood group and
Polar bears have: gender (you can only ever be one) caused by genetic variation
Thick layer of blubber for insulation
White fur for camouflage Continuous variation e.g. height, weight (you can change) caused
Thick fur for insulation by genetic and environmental variation
Small ears to stop it losing heat
Large feet to spread out its weight to
stop it sinking in the snow
Deep-sea Pompeii worms (live in deep-sea
hydrothermal vents, up to 350 degrees):
The body of the worm is covered in a
thick layer of bacteria that helps
protect it from the heat
It is adapted to withstand high
pressures
It has no eyes (as it is dark) but has
sensitive tentacles
This graph shows continuous variation the shape of the graph (bell
shape) is called normal distribution curve.
It shows that most individuals measure within the middle part of the
range in variation and there are fewer individuals within the
Evolution measurements at the extremes of the range.
Organisms generally produce far more
offspring than the environment can support. Genes
Most will die before adulthood because there
DNA is found in the nucleus of a cell.
are not enough resources for all of them (e.g.
Lots of DNA makes up a chromosome
food and space)
There are 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes in the human body
Chromosomes are divided up into genes
Organisms have different
Genes carry instructions for out characteristics e.g. eye
characteristics and they are in
colour
competition for resources.
Alleles are alternate forms of a gene e.g. blue eyes or
The organisms that have the best
brown eyes
suited characteristics for the
Phenotype Physical appearance e..g brown eyes or tall
environment will survive survival of
Genotype Genetic makeup e.g. BB or Bb
the fittest
Homozygous dominant BB, TT, RR
The organisms that survive pass on
Homozygous recessive bb, tt, rr
their genes to their offspring.
Heterozygous Bb, Tt, Rr
The organisms that didnt survive will
eventually become extinct

Genetic disorders
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by a recessive allele, cc.
The lungs get clogged with thick mucus which makes it difficult to breathe and causes chest infections. The mucus also
blocks tubes to the small intestine and stops the enzymes that digest food therefore this can result in weight loss

Sickle cell anaemia

This is also caused by a recessive allele.
People with the disease can become tired and short of breath. Their joints can also become painful as blood cells stick
together and block blood vessels