ADVANCED ELEMENTS

OF LANDSCAPE

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPE

DESIGN
ELEMENTS OF LANDSCAPE
PAVINGS
RETAINING WALLS
FENCES,SCREENS & WALLS
SITE FURNITURE
POOLS & FOUNTAINS
EARTHFORMS
LANDSCAPING AT VARIOUS
LEVELS

Presented by:
ABHAY
CHANDEL
RASHMI
KUTLEHRIA
 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
LANDSCAPE DESIGN

Simplicity is the essence of design. How a designer

creatively combines plant material and other design
components into a simple, unified scheme is always
an exciting challenge.
LINE
Effective use of circulinear line
formVancouver Parks Board

Through skillful use of lines in the

landscape, the designer is able to direct
the attention of the viewer to a focal
point.
FOCAL POINT
Through the use of emphasis, eye
movement is directed towards a
center of interest that takes a
position of prominence in the
landscape.
Sculpture / maze garden in Japan.
Elevated pieces of sculpture create
emphasis in the landscape.

TEXTURE
Texture relates to the
coarseness or fineness of a leaf,
roughness or smoothness of the
bark, heaviness or lightness of
the foliage or other components
used in the landscape plan.
Texture must balance in
relationship to the axis. Weight
on one side should equal the Ornamental grasses and herbs are
mass on the other side of the
axis. complimentary in texture.

COLOUR
Colour theory is a very complex
and very personal matter that
expresses individual taste and
feelings.

BALANCE
Balance is either formal
(symmetrical) or informal
(asymmetrical) in nature.
 REPETITION

Repetition of diamond flagstones The repetitious use of paving stone

creates movement in paving creates unity in the landscape.
pattern.

PAVINGS
Materials used for pavings:

o Concrete
o Asphalt
o Unit paving brick
o Tiles
o Adobe blocks
o Flagstones
o Granite
o Limestone
o Sandstone
o Slate
o Soft paving aggregates
o Turf glass
o Turf blocks
PAVINGS

Buff, random flagstone Red, random cut Slate, mortared patio

with brick border flagstone, drylaid

Red, random drylaid Stamped concrete patio Cut stone pattern

PRECAST PAVINGS
A highly versatile, yet reasonably priced paving
unit. Widely used for public footpaths, as well as
for patios, drives and just about anywhere else a
simple, reliable and effective pavement is required.
The standard units are not designed to be
particularly attractive, utilitarian is the best way to
describe them, although there are now textured,
exposed aggregate and polished versions available,
albeit at a premium.aa
 Half-bonded Flagging
600x600 mm flags mixed with blocks

450x450mm flags laid in on the left, a olde-

a chequerboard pattern worlde block paver
with, on the left a edging, and on the
200mm wide block paver right, a 160mm wide
edging, and on the right, edging formed from 2
a 100mm wide block rows of 80x80mm clay
paver edging. cobbles
A random pattern
450x450mm flags created from 5
laid in a 3.0x3.0m different sizes of
chequerboard flags. This pattern
pattern with a 2.4m looks best when
diameter circular used with riven-type
feature. paving.

Sweeps and curves

created using Diamond pattern
radial sections, in a created using
background panel 450x450mm flags
of 400mm with 100mm wide
hexagons with floral brick edging
motif between each flag.
RETAINING WALLS
They are used to create relatively level
areas at different elevations, where changes
in elevation cant be accomplished by
grading because of limited horizontal
distances or where changes of grade must
be accomplished with least disturbance to
topography.
 Retaining Walls
used to level or retain slopes and give them a
more vertical character.
provide usable space for landscape purpose
to maintain an existing grade around a tree or
some other landscape feature you're trying to
save
to support a level area such as a patio or
driveway.
for visual effect in the landscape,

they feature an informal shape and irregular

placement of wall materials.
more pronounced in visual character than
functional retaining walls. complement other
landscape elements such as plants, paving
and mulches.
used as a
bench wall,
base for a fence,
an accent element in the landscape.

the materials
used to build decorative retaining walls --
native stone, timbers and colored concrete
bricks and blocks

Factors
Materials.
best suited for the desired result.
flagstone rock, recycled concrete paving
treated timbers, vertical poles, precast
concrete modular units, poured
concrete, and brick veneer.

Stone retaining wall

(dry-stone dyke, or rock fence)
constructed from stones
without any mortar
have a large contact surface
area with their neighbors and
so do not slip.
Drainage.
should provide for the back-of-wall water to
freely drain down and away from the wall.
accomplished with gravel backfill, or
manufactured drainage blankets and drain pipes.
"weep" holes to allow water to drain from behind
the wall.

Foundations.
compacted foundation sub-base material.
Leveled and compacted earth or gravel fill are
acceptable. The foundation material should
extend at least one foot beyond the front and
back of the base width of the wall.

Cant or batter.
Walls are more stable and structurally secure
if they slope back or "lay back" into the
retained slope.
FENCES, SCREENS & WALLS
Fences, screens & walls are used for
a variety of reasons:
o Visual privacy
o Physical inclusion
o Control of people & animals
o Modification of environmental
factors like noise, wind, sunlight
etc.
o Purely aesthetic reasons
DESIGN INFORMATION
an integral part of the architecture of the
entire site.
should be compatible with adjacent
buildings and fences or walls.
should be of durable material such as
brick, wood, wrought iron, decorative
concrete block or similar
Fences should generally be stepped up
or down to accommodate changes in
topography rather than sloping with the
ground.
Fences adjacent to sidewalks should be
at least 12 from the sidewalk.
INSTALLATION MATERIAL
Limited Solid Material. All fences
which have 50% or less solid
material will be considered limited
solid material fences.
Less than 50% solid material may
be spaced eight feet (8) on center.
Example: chain link or split rail
fences.
Solid Material. All fences which have
more than 50% solid materials will
be considered solid material fences.
LOCATION
All fences must be installed within or on the
property lines. It is the property owners
responsibility to locate the property lines.
A fence, a hedge or a wall located in a side
yard or rear yard area adjacent to a
driveway, alley or street, must comply with
the visibility triangle requirements.

Types of fences
Decorative wire fence monumental fence

Vinyl fence Wood fence

 Chain link fence

SITE FURNITURE
Elements placed in a
landscape for:
Comfort
Convenience
Circulation
Control
Informatioon
Protection
User enjoyment
SEATING
Principles of design should emphasize:
1. Comfort
2. Simplicity of form
3. Simplicity of detail
4. Ease of maintenance
5. Durability of finish
6. Resistance to vandalism

Seating should be sited so as to:

Be sheltered from wind
Take advantage of site views
Be situated back of circulation paths
Provide a variety of options for
pedestrians such assunlight, shade,
quetitude, activity, formality, informality
etc.

They include benches, stoops, ledges, seat

walls, steps etc.

BENCHES
Benches, in the cityscape, are a
focus of activity and welcome
relief for those who wish to sit
and relax or simply pass their
time between various activities.
 To absorb in the beauty of a nice garden, you
need a decent garden bench.
The stone and wood benches may be
intricately carves and artistically shaped.
The metal benches can be done in different
traditional and contemporary styles.
The presence of back and arm rests depend
upon the style, usage, placement and art work.
Wooden benches with carvings and fine polish
are more suitable for the covered areas. Metallic bench
Redwood and teak can be used for outdoor
settings.
The stone, concrete and metal benches are
durable in any setting.

The material.---
cedar, cypress or redwood, with teak
Metal benches are exceptionally durable, as
long as they feel heavy and solidly
constructed, but are less comfortable.
Stone and concrete are the most durable of
all, but are usually the least comfortable

Western red cedar

Private garden benches

Made up of bamboo
LIGHTING
The height of light standards is
the single factor that most
directly determines the quality
of the light and the consequent
ambience of the site.

Exterior lighting can be generally

categorised as:
1. Decorative lighting
2. Vehicular use lighting
3. General site lighting
4. Pedestrian use lighting
5. Feature lighting
LIGHTING
 SHELTER
Shelters are often major elements of a
site. They can be used as a visual
reference to the historical or cultural
character of a place. The choice of an
appropriate design idiom should reflect
an understanding of the social and
cultural forces that have given the
place its unique identity.
Because shelters often serve as focal
points of a site they should be:
1. Readily visible
2. Easily accessible
3. Sited to take advantage of views
4. Sited adjacent to major pedestrian
routes

BOLLARDS
Bollards are low profile sturdy posts
embedded in the floor to protect some
other fragile structures or to exclude
vehicles from pedestrian precincts.
The message they convey here is not of
`STAY OUT' but that of `COME IN ON
YOUR FEET'.
Where vehicular traffic is to be restricted
for a few hours only, light weight
temporary bollards are also used.
Bollards unlike railings do not form visually
continuous horizontal barriers
TRAFFIC CONTROL AND ROTECTION
UTILITIES
TREE RINGS
FOUNTAINS:
In the urban situation the sight and
sound of water is much appreciated
because it is distinct from the hard
concrete surfaces. If used properly
in fountains and water bodies, act
as a source of attraction for people
to come, sit around and chat.
formed by water throwing jets. The
type of the jets and their
combinations decide the
quality/nature of the fountain. .

SIZE AND SCALE:

It is not important for a water body
to be very elaborate, as it can take
up any size and shape. It is, however
important that the fountain and the
throw of the jets must relate in scale
to the surrounding built and open
spaces.

POOLS & FOUNTAINS

 POOLS & FOUNTAINS
o Its sound , motion and cooling
effect give it a universal appeal.
o Water features at garden scale
can be of infinite variety shallow
pools, still surfaces etc.
o Pools ,ponds and lakes in many
forms enhance the planned
community.

Still or moving water combined with architectural or sculptural features

can intensify the quality of each.
FREE FALLING
WATER EFFECTS

CASCADING
WATER EFFECTS
 EARTH
It is the basic component
of landscape architecture
1. Hills and valleys are
formed on it
2. Grass ,shrubs, bushes
and trees etc. grow on
it
These may be in the form of:
LOWLANDS
RIDGES
SLOPES
SWALES
SCENIC HIGHWAYS

EARTH FORMS
For many thousands of years
our predecessors have
gathered the bounty of the
Grasslands, Waterways, and
forest without causing
significant damage.
Earth forms are the eloquent
statements of the constraints
and possibilities
Earth forms can be extended
visually and functionally by
plantings, walls, or other THE SIGNIFICANT RISE AND DEPRESSION IS A
structures LIMIT
OF VISUAL SPACE
 STEPPED FARMING
SLOPE FORM
VALLEYS AND RIDGES
Like other land forms, river valleys
are always changing. At the same time
that the river is deepening its bed,
other forces
rain,
frost,
wind,
and the atmosphere
are loosening material on the GORGE:
valley walls.
Not all valleys are formed by
The form of a valley depends upon
rivers. Those that are typically
the rate at which deepening and
are V-shaped
widening go on
. Other valleys were formerly
occupied by glaciers and are
characteristically U-shaped. As
the huge bodies of ice moved
along, they carved the valleys
as they passed, carrying away
giant boulders and huge
amounts of debris.
WATERSHED
A river collects water from a broad area around it called a
watershed.

Some rainwater evaporates back into the atmosphere. Some sinks

into the ground and travels underground to a river. But a large
proportion of the rainwater flows over the Earth's surface.

All moving water, the garden rivulet as well as the mighty river,
carries sand and soil that it picks up from the land through which it
moves. In this way, land is gradually worn away and carried out to
sea.

Water that moves rapidly erodes the land much more quickly than
does water that moves slowly. The swift mountain streams are much
more efficient in moving the soil than are the slow-moving rivers in
flatlands
ROCKS,STONES
Every stone is a part of the great
stone, THE GLOBE, it has
been broken by the effect of
weathering or by man.
They are seen as :
Walls made into buildings
Stone furniture, bed,
Roads
Tools
Boundaries
Precious stones ETC.
One of the best examples of
use of stone as a
landscape element is
THE ROCK GARDEN
,CHANDIGARH.

LANDSCAPE CHARACTER
Minor landscape features:
Include many features which can be changed over the time. They can be
dealt with in various ways:
Preservation of the natural form
Destruction of the natural form
Alteration of the natural form
Accentuation of the natural form

NEED

TO ADAPT TO LANDFORMS
To diminish landscape disruption
To reduce cost of earth work
To prevent the wasting of top soil
To preclude the need for erosion control and replanting
To make use of existing drainage ways
To blend into the natural scene
The natural forms are best accepted as given to adapt to them is to
harmonize with the forces and conditions by which they have evolved.
ADVANCED LANDSCAPING AT VARIOUS
LEVELS
COMMUNITY

C
I
T
Y
 REGION

AVENUE DES CHAMPS ELYSEES

PARIS- FRANCE
REFERENCES
o Time Savers Standards for Landscape
Architecture-Charles W. Harris & Nicholas T.
Dines
o Landscape Architecture by Francisco Asensio
Cerver.
o Elements of landscape
o Urban landscapes
o INTERNET