% Program for Newton-Raphson Load Flow Analysis

nbus = 14; % IEEE-14, IEEE-30, IEEE-57..

Y = ybusppg(nbus); % Calling ybusppg.m to get Y-Bus Matrix..
busd = busdatas(nbus); % Calling busdatas..
BMva = 100; % Base MVA..
bus = busd(:,1); % Bus Number..
type = busd(:,2); % Type of Bus 1-Slack, 2-PV, 3-PQ..
V = busd(:,3); % Specified Voltage..
del = busd(:,4); % Voltage Angle..
Pg = busd(:,5)/BMva; % PGi..
Qg = busd(:,6)/BMva; % QGi..
Pl = busd(:,7)/BMva; % PLi..
Ql = busd(:,8)/BMva; % QLi..
Qmin = busd(:,9)/BMva; % Minimum Reactive Power Limit..
Qmax = busd(:,10)/BMva; % Maximum Reactive Power Limit..
P = Pg - Pl; % Pi = PGi - PLi..
Q = Qg - Ql; % Qi = QGi - QLi..
Psp = P; % P Specified..
Qsp = Q; % Q Specified..
G = real(Y); % Conductance matrix..
B = imag(Y); % Susceptance matrix..

pv = find(type == 2 | type == 1); % PV Buses..

pq = find(type == 3); % PQ Buses..
npv = length(pv); % No. of PV buses..
npq = length(pq); % No. of PQ buses..

Tol = 1;
Iter = 1;
while (Tol > 1e-5) % Iteration starting..

P = zeros(nbus,1);
Q = zeros(nbus,1);
% Calculate P and Q
for i = 1:nbus
for k = 1:nbus
P(i) = P(i) + V(i)* V(k)*(G(i,k)*cos(del(i)-del(k)) +
B(i,k)*sin(del(i)-del(k)));
Q(i) = Q(i) + V(i)* V(k)*(G(i,k)*sin(del(i)-del(k)) -
B(i,k)*cos(del(i)-del(k)));
end
end

% Checking Q-limit violations..

if Iter <= 7 && Iter > 2 % Only checked up to 7th iterations..
for n = 2:nbus
if type(n) == 2
QG = Q(n)+Ql(n);
if QG < Qmin(n)
V(n) = V(n) + 0.01;
elseif QG > Qmax(n)
V(n) = V(n) - 0.01;
end
end
end
end
 % Calculate change from specified value
dPa = Psp-P;
dQa = Qsp-Q;
k = 1;
dQ = zeros(npq,1);
for i = 1:nbus
if type(i) == 3
dQ(k,1) = dQa(i);
k = k+1;
end
end
dP = dPa(2:nbus);
M = [dP; dQ]; % Mismatch Vector

% Jacobian
% J1 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with Angles..
J1 = zeros(nbus-1,nbus-1);
for i = 1:(nbus-1)
m = i+1;
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
n = k+1;
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J1(i,k) = J1(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J1(i,k) = J1(i,k) - V(m)^2*B(m,m);
else
J1(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) -
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end

% J2 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with V..

J2 = zeros(nbus-1,npq);
for i = 1:(nbus-1)
m = i+1;
for k = 1:npq
n = pq(k);
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J2(i,k) = J2(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J2(i,k) = J2(i,k) + V(m)*G(m,m);
else
J2(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
end
end

% J3 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with Angles..

J3 = zeros(npq,nbus-1);
for i = 1:npq
m = pq(i);
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
n = k+1;
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
 J3(i,k) = J3(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J3(i,k) = J3(i,k) - V(m)^2*G(m,m);
else
J3(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) -
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end

% J4 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with V..

J4 = zeros(npq,npq);
for i = 1:npq
m = pq(i);
for k = 1:npq
n = pq(k);
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J4(i,k) = J4(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) -
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J4(i,k) = J4(i,k) - V(m)*B(m,m);
else
J4(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
end
end

J = [J1 J2; J3 J4]; % Jacobian Matrix..

X = inv(J)*M; % Correction Vector

dTh = X(1:nbus-1); % Change in Voltage Angle..
dV = X(nbus:end); % Change in Voltage Magnitude..

% Updating State Vectors..

del(2:nbus) = dTh + del(2:nbus); % Voltage Angle..
k = 1;
for i = 2:nbus
if type(i) == 3
V(i) = dV(k) + V(i); % Voltage Magnitude..
k = k+1;
end
end

Iter = Iter + 1;
Tol = max(abs(M)); % Tolerance..

end
loadflow(nbus,V,del,BMva); % Calling Loadflow.m..
% Program to for Admittance And Impedance Bus Formation....

function Y = ybusppg(num) % Returns Y

linedata = linedatas(num); % Calling Linedatas...

fb = linedata(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = linedata(:,2); % To bus number...
r = linedata(:,3); % Resistance, R...
x = linedata(:,4); % Reactance, X...
b = linedata(:,5); % Ground Admittance, B/2...
a = linedata(:,6); % Tap setting value..
z = r + i*x; % z matrix...
y = 1./z; % To get inverse of each element...
b = i*b; % Make B imaginary...

nb = max(max(fb),max(tb)); % No. of buses...

nl = length(fb); % No. of branches...
Y = zeros(nb,nb); % Initialise YBus...

% Formation of the Off Diagonal Elements...

for k = 1:nl
Y(fb(k),tb(k)) = Y(fb(k),tb(k)) - y(k)/a(k);
Y(tb(k),fb(k)) = Y(fb(k),tb(k));
end

% Formation of Diagonal Elements....

for m = 1:nb
for n = 1:nl
if fb(n) == m
Y(m,m) = Y(m,m) + y(n)/(a(n)^2) + b(n);
elseif tb(n) == m
Y(m,m) = Y(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end
%Y; % Bus Admittance Matrix
%Z = inv(Y); % Bus Impedance Matrix
% Returns Initial Bus datas of the system...
function busdt = busdatas(num)

% Type....
% 1 - Slack Bus..
% 2 - PV Bus..
% 3 - PQ Bus..
% |Bus | Type | Vsp | theta | PGi | QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax |
busdat14 = [1 1 1.060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 2 1.045 0 40 42.4 21.7 12.7 -40 50;
3 2 1.010 0 0 23.4 94.2 19.0 0 40;
4 3 1.0 0 0 0 47.8 -3.9 0 0;
5 3 1.0 0 0 0 7.6 1.6 0 0;
6 2 1.070 0 0 12.2 11.2 7.5 -6 24;
7 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
8 2 1.090 0 0 17.4 0.0 0.0 -6 24;
9 3 1.0 0 0 0 29.5 16.6 0 0;
10 3 1.0 0 0 0 9.0 5.8 0 0;
11 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.5 1.8 0 0;
12 3 1.0 0 0 0 6.1 1.6 0 0;
13 3 1.0 0 0 0 13.5 5.8 0 0;
14 3 1.0 0 0 0 14.9 5.0 0
% |Bus | Type | Vsp | theta | PGi | QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax |
busdat30 = [1 1 1.06 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;
2 2 1.043 0 40 50.0 21.7 12.7 -40 50;
3 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.4 1.2 0 0;
4 3 1.06 0 0 0 7.6 1.6 0 0;
5 2 1.01 0 0 37.0 94.2 19.0 -40 40;
6 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
7 3 1.0 0 0 0 22.8 10.9 0 0;
8 2 1.01 0 0 37.3 30.0 30.0 -10 40;
9 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
10 3 1.0 0 0 19.0 5.8 2.0 0 0;
11 2 1.082 0 0 16.2 0.0 0.0 -6 24;
12 3 1.0 0 0 0 11.2 7.5 0 0;
13 2 1.071 0 0 10.6 0.0 0.0 -6 24;
14 3 1.0 0 0 0 6.2 1.6 0 0;
15 3 1.0 0 0 0 8.2 2.5 0 0;
16 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.5 1.8 0 0;
17 3 1.0 0 0 0 9.0 5.8 0 0;
18 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.2 0.9 0 0;
19 3 1.0 0 0 0 9.5 3.4 0 0;
20 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.2 0.7 0 0;
21 3 1.0 0 0 0 17.5 11.2 0 0;
22 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
23 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.2 1.6 0 0;
24 3 1.0 0 0 4.3 8.7 6.7 0 0;
25 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
26 3 1.0 0 0 0 3.5 2.3 0 0;
27 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
28 3 1.0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0 0;
29 3 1.0 0 0 0 2.4 0.9 0 0;
30 3 1.0 0 0 0 10.6 1.9 0 0 ];

% |Bus | Type | Vsp | theta | PGi | QGi | PLi | QLi | Qmin | Qmax |
busdat57 = [1 1 1.040 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
2 2 1.010 0 3.0 88.0 0.0 -0.8 50.0 -17.0;
3 2 0.985 0 41.0 21.0 40.0 -1.0 60.0 -10.0;
4 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
5 3 1.000 0 13.0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
6 2 0.980 0 75.0 2.0 0.0 0.8 25.0 -8.0;
 7 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
8 2 1.005 0 150.0 22.0 450.0 62.1 200.0 -140.0;
9 2 0.980 0 121.0 26.0 0.0 2.2 9.0 -3.0;
10 3 1.000 0 5.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
11 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
12 2 1.015 0 377.0 24.0 310.0 128.5 155.0 -150.0;
13 3 1.000 0 18.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
14 3 1.000 0 10.5 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
15 3 1.000 0 22.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
16 3 1.000 0 43.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
17 3 1.000 0 42.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
18 3 1.000 0 27.2 9.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
19 3 1.000 0 3.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
20 3 1.000 0 2.3 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
21 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
22 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
23 3 1.000 0 6.3 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
24 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
25 3 1.000 0 6.3 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
26 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
27 3 1.000 0 9.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
28 3 1.000 0 4.6 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
29 3 1.000 0 17.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
30 3 1.000 0 3.6 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
31 3 1.000 0 5.8 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
32 3 1.000 0 1.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
33 3 1.000 0 3.8 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
34 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
35 3 1.000 0 6.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
36 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
37 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
38 3 1.000 0 14.0 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
39 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
40 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
41 3 1.000 0 6.3 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
42 3 1.000 0 7.1 4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
43 3 1.000 0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
44 3 1.000 0 12.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
45 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
46 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
47 3 1.000 0 29.7 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
48 3 1.000 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
49 3 1.000 0 18.0 8.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
50 3 1.000 0 21.0 10.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
51 3 1.000 0 18.0 5.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
52 3 1.000 0 4.9 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
53 3 1.000 0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
54 3 1.000 0 4.1 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
55 3 1.000 0 6.8 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
56 3 1.000 0 7.6 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0;
57 3 1.000 0 6.7 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0];
switch num
case 14
busdt = busdat14;
case 30
busdt = busdat30;
case 57
busdt = busdat57;
end
% Returns Line datas of the system...
function linedt = linedatas(num)

% | From | To | R | X | B/2 | X'mer |

% | Bus | Bus | pu | pu | pu | TAP (a) |
linedat14 = [1 2 0.01938 0.05917 0.0264 1
1 5 0.05403 0.22304 0.0246 1
2 3 0.04699 0.19797 0.0219 1
2 4 0.05811 0.17632 0.0170 1
2 5 0.05695 0.17388 0.0173 1
3 4 0.06701 0.17103 0.0064 1
4 5 0.01335 0.04211 0.0 1
4 7 0.0 0.20912 0.0 0.978
4 9 0.0 0.55618 0.0 0.969
5 6 0.0 0.25202 0.0 0.932
6 11 0.09498 0.19890 0.0 1
6 12 0.12291 0.25581 0.0 1
6 13 0.06615 0.13027 0.0 1
7 8 0.0 0.17615 0.0 1
7 9 0.0 0.11001 0.0 1
9 10 0.03181 0.08450 0.0 1
9 14 0.12711 0.27038 0.0 1
10 11 0.08205 0.19207 0.0 1
12 13 0.22092 0.19988 0.0 1
13 14 0.17093 0.34802 0.0 1 ];

% | From | To | R | X | B/2 | X'mer |

% | Bus | Bus | pu | pu | pu | TAP (a) |
linedat30 = [1 2 0.0192 0.0575 0.0264 1
1 3 0.0452 0.1652 0.0204 1
2 4 0.0570 0.1737 0.0184 1
3 4 0.0132 0.0379 0.0042 1
2 5 0.0472 0.1983 0.0209 1
2 6 0.0581 0.1763 0.0187 1
4 6 0.0119 0.0414 0.0045 1
5 7 0.0460 0.1160 0.0102 1
6 7 0.0267 0.0820 0.0085 1
6 8 0.0120 0.0420 0.0045 1
6 9 0.0 0.2080 0.0 0.978
6 10 0.0 0.5560 0.0 0.969
9 11 0.0 0.2080 0.0 1
9 10 0.0 0.1100 0.0 1
4 12 0.0 0.2560 0.0 0.932
12 13 0.0 0.1400 0.0 1
12 14 0.1231 0.2559 0.0 1
12 15 0.0662 0.1304 0.0 1
12 16 0.0945 0.1987 0.0 1
14 15 0.2210 0.1997 0.0 1
16 17 0.0824 0.1923 0.0 1
15 18 0.1073 0.2185 0.0 1
18 19 0.0639 0.1292 0.0 1
19 20 0.0340 0.0680 0.0 1
10 20 0.0936 0.2090 0.0 1
10 17 0.0324 0.0845 0.0 1
10 21 0.0348 0.0749 0.0 1
10 22 0.0727 0.1499 0.0 1
21 23 0.0116 0.0236 0.0 1
15 23 0.1000 0.2020 0.0 1
22 24 0.1150 0.1790 0.0 1
23 24 0.1320 0.2700 0.0 1
24 25 0.1885 0.3292 0.0 1
 25 26 0.2544 0.3800 0.0 1
25 27 0.1093 0.2087 0.0 1
28 27 0.0 0.3960 0.0 0.968
27 29 0.2198 0.4153 0.0 1
27 30 0.3202 0.6027 0.0 1
29 30 0.2399 0.4533 0.0 1
8 28 0.0636 0.2000 0.0214 1
6 28 0.0169 0.0599 0.065 1 ];

% | From | To | R | X | B/2 | X'mer |

% | Bus | Bus | pu | pu | pu | TAP (a) |
linedat57 = [ 1 2 0.0083 0.0280 0.0645 1
2 3 0.0298 0.0850 0.0409 1
3 4 0.0112 0.0366 0.0190 1
4 5 0.0625 0.1320 0.0129 1
4 6 0.0430 0.1480 0.0174 1
6 7 0.0200 0.1020 0.0138 1
6 8 0.0339 0.1730 0.0235 1
8 9 0.0099 0.0505 0.0274 1
9 10 0.0369 0.1679 0.0220 1
9 11 0.0258 0.0848 0.0109 1
9 12 0.0648 0.2950 0.0386 1
9 13 0.0481 0.1580 0.0203 1
13 14 0.0132 0.0434 0.0055 1
13 15 0.0269 0.0869 0.0115 1
1 15 0.0178 0.0910 0.0494 1
1 16 0.0454 0.2060 0.0273 1
1 17 0.0238 0.1080 0.0143 1
3 15 0.0162 0.0530 0.0272 1
4 18 0.0 0.5550 0.0 0.970
4 18 0.0 0.4300 0.0 0.978
5 6 0.0302 0.0641 0.0062 1
7 8 0.0139 0.0712 0.0097 1
10 12 0.0277 0.1262 0.0164 1
11 13 0.0223 0.0732 0.0094 1
12 13 0.0178 0.0580 0.0302 1
12 16 0.0180 0.0813 0.0108 1
12 17 0.0397 0.1790 0.0238 1
14 15 0.0171 0.0547 0.0074 1
18 19 0.4610 0.6850 0.0 1
19 20 0.2830 0.4340 0.0 1
21 20 0.0 0.7767 0.0 1.043
21 22 0.0736 0.1170 0.0 1
22 23 0.0099 0.0152 0.0 1
23 24 0.1660 0.2560 0.0042 1
24 25 0.0 1.1820 0.0 1
24 25 0.0 1.2300 0.0 1
24 26 0.0 0.0473 0.0 1.043
26 27 0.1650 0.2540 0.0 1
27 28 0.0618 0.0954 0.0 1
28 29 0.0418 0.0587 0.0 1
7 29 0.0 0.0648 0.0 0.967
25 30 0.1350 0.2020 0.0 1
30 31 0.3260 0.4970 0.0 1
31 32 0.5070 0.7550 0.0 1
32 33 0.0392 0.0360 0.0 1
34 32 0.0 0.9530 0.0 0.975
34 35 0.0520 0.0780 0.0016 1
35 36 0.0430 0.0537 0.0008 1
36 37 0.0290 0.0366 0.0 1
37 38 0.0651 0.1009 0.0010 1
 37 39 0.0239 0.0379 0.0 1
36 40 0.0300 0.0466 0.0 1
22 38 0.0192 0.0295 0.0 1
11 41 0.0 0.7490 0.0 0.955
41 42 0.2070 0.3520 0.0 1
41 43 0.0 0.4120 0.0 1
38 44 0.0289 0.0585 0.0010 1
15 45 0.0 0.1042 0.0 0.955
14 46 0.0 0.0735 0.0 0.900
46 47 0.0230 0.0680 0.0016 1
47 48 0.0182 0.0233 0.0 1
48 49 0.0834 0.1290 0.0024 1
49 50 0.0801 0.1280 0.0 1
50 51 0.1386 0.2200 0.0 1
10 51 0.0 0.0712 0.0 0.930
13 49 0.0 0.1910 0.0 0.895
29 52 0.1442 0.1870 0.0 1
52 53 0.0762 0.0984 0.0 1
53 54 0.1878 0.2320 0.0 1
54 55 0.1732 0.2265 0.0 1
11 43 0.0 0.1530 0.0 0.958
44 45 0.0624 0.1242 0.0020 1
40 56 0.0 1.1950 0.0 0.958
56 41 0.5530 0.5490 0.0 1
56 42 0.2125 0.3540 0.0 1
39 57 0.0 1.3550 0.0 0.980
57 56 0.1740 0.2600 0.0 1
38 49 0.1150 0.1770 0.0015 1
38 48 0.0312 0.0482 0.0 1
9 55 0.0 0.1205 0.0 0.940];

switch num
case 14
linedt = linedat14;
case 30
linedt = linedat30;
case 57
linedt = linedat57;
end

% Polar to Rectangular Conversion

% [RECT] = RECT2POL(RHO, THETA)
% RECT - Complex matrix or number, RECT = A + jB, A = Real, B = Imaginary
% RHO - Magnitude
% THETA - Angle in radians

function rect = pol2rect(rho,theta)

rect = rho.*cos(theta) + j*rho.*sin(theta);

\
% Program for Bus Power Injections, Line & Power flows (p.u)...
function [Pi Qi Pg Qg Pl Ql] = loadflow(nb,V,del,BMva)

Y = ybusppg(nb); % Calling Ybus program..

lined = linedatas(nb); % Get linedats..
busd = busdatas(nb); % Get busdatas..
Vm = pol2rect(V,del); % Converting polar to rectangular..
Del = 180/pi*del; % Bus Voltage Angles in Degree...
fb = lined(:,1); % From bus number...
tb = lined(:,2); % To bus number...
nl = length(fb); % No. of Branches..
Pl = busd(:,7); % PLi..
Ql = busd(:,8); % QLi..

Iij = zeros(nb,nb);
Sij = zeros(nb,nb);
Si = zeros(nb,1);

% Bus Current Injections..

I = Y*Vm;
Im = abs(I);
Ia = angle(I);

%Line Current Flows..

for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
Iij(p,q) = -(Vm(p) - Vm(q))*Y(p,q); % Y(m,n) = -y(m,n)..
Iij(q,p) = -Iij(p,q);
end
Iij = sparse(Iij);
Iijm = abs(Iij);
Iija = angle(Iij);

% Line Power Flows..

for m = 1:nb
for n = 1:nb
if m ~= n
Sij(m,n) = Vm(m)*conj(Iij(m,n))*BMva;
end
end
end
Sij = sparse(Sij);
Pij = real(Sij);
Qij = imag(Sij);

% Line Losses..
Lij = zeros(nl,1);
for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
Lij(m) = Sij(p,q) + Sij(q,p);
end
Lpij = real(Lij);
Lqij = imag(Lij);

% Bus Power Injections..

for i = 1:nb
for k = 1:nb
Si(i) = Si(i) + conj(Vm(i))* Vm(k)*Y(i,k)*BMva;
end
end
Pi = real(Si);
Qi = -imag(Si);
Pg = Pi+Pl;
Qg = Qi+Ql;

disp('############################################--########################');
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp(' Newton Raphson Loadflow Analysis ');
disp('----------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('| Bus | V | Angle | Injection | Generation |
Load |');
disp('| No | pu | Degree | MW | MVar | MW | Mvar | MW
| MVar | ');
for m = 1:nb
disp('------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf('%3g', m); fprintf(' %8.4f', V(m)); fprintf(' %8.4f', Del(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pi(m)); fprintf(' %8.3f', Qi(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pg(m)); fprintf(' %8.3f', Qg(m));
fprintf(' %8.3f', Pl(m)); fprintf(' %8.3f', Ql(m)); fprintf('\n');
end
disp('-----------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf(' Total ');fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pi));fprintf(' %8.3f',
sum(Qi));
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pi+Pl)); fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Qi+Ql));
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Pl)); fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Ql)); fprintf('\n');
disp('-----------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('#######################################################################');

disp('-----------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp(' Line FLow and Losses ');
disp('-----------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('|From|To | P | Q | From| To | P | Q | Line
Loss |');
disp('|Bus |Bus| MW | MVar | Bus | Bus| MW | MVar | MW |
MVar |');
for m = 1:nl
p = fb(m); q = tb(m);
disp('--------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf('%4g',full(p)); fprintf('%4g',full(q)); fprintf(' %8.3f',
full(Pij(p,q))); fprintf(' %8.3f',full(Qij(p,q)));
fprintf(' %4g',full(q)); fprintf('%4g',full(p)); fprintf('
%8.3f',full(Pij(q,p))); fprintf(' %8.3f',full(Qij(q,p)));
fprintf(' %8.3f',full(Lpij(m))); fprintf(' %8.3f',full(Lqij(m)));
fprintf('\n');
end
disp('---------------------------------------------------------------------');
fprintf(' Total Loss ');
fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Lpij)); fprintf(' %8.3f', sum(Lqij)); fprintf('\n');
disp('---------------------------------------------------------------------');
disp('######################################################################');