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Radiation Shape Factor or View Shape Factor

The document discusses radiation shape factors, which quantify the fraction of radiation leaving one surface that is intercepted by another surface. It defines the view factor Fij and provides a general equation for calculating it using the elemental areas of two arbitrarily oriented surfaces. Important properties of shape factors are described, including reciprocity relations and summation rules for surfaces within an enclosure. Examples of analytical shape factor calculations and numerical values from references are also presented.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
1K views17 pages

Radiation Shape Factor or View Shape Factor

The document discusses radiation shape factors, which quantify the fraction of radiation leaving one surface that is intercepted by another surface. It defines the view factor Fij and provides a general equation for calculating it using the elemental areas of two arbitrarily oriented surfaces. Important properties of shape factors are described, including reciprocity relations and summation rules for surfaces within an enclosure. Examples of analytical shape factor calculations and numerical values from references are also presented.

Uploaded by

Seedy B Fofana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RADIATION SHAPE FACTOR OR VIEW SHAPE FACTOR:

The view factor Fij is defined as the fraction of the radiation leaving surface i that
is intercepted by surface j. To develop a general expression for Fij, we consider the
arbitrarily oriented surfaces Ai and Aj . Elemental areas on each surface, dAi and
dAj, are connected by a line of length R, which forms the polar angles _i and _j,
respectively, with the surface normal ni and nj. The values of R, _i, and _j vary
with the position of the elemental areas on Ai and Aj.

From the definition of the radiation intensity and the rate at which radiation leaves
dAi and is intercepted by dAj may be expressed as:

dqi j=I e+r , i cos i dAi dw ji

Where Ie_r,i is the intensity of radiation leaving surface i by emission and flection
and d_j_i is the solid angle subtended by dAj when viewed from dAi. With
d_j_i _ (cos _j dAj)/R2 it follows that
cos i cos j
dqi j=I e+r , i dAi dA j
R2

Assuming that surface i emits and reflects diffusely and substituting, we then obtain
cosi cos j
dqi j=J i dA i dA j
R2

The total rate at which radiation leaves surface i and is intercepted by j may then
be obtained by integrating over the two surfaces. That is,

cos i cos j
dqi j=J i 2
dAi dA j
Ai Aj R

where it is assumed that the radiosity Ji is uniform over the surface Ai. From the
definition of the view factor as the fraction of the radiation that leaves Ai and is
intercepted by Aj,

q i j
Fi j=
Ai Ji

It follows that;

1

cosi cos j
Fij =
Ai Ai Aj R 2
dA i dA j

Similarly, the view factor Fji is defined as the fraction of the radiation that leaves
Aj and is intercepted by Ai. The same development then yields.

1

cosi cos j
F ji =
A j Ai Aj R
2
dA i dA j

Either Equation may be used to determine the view factor associated with any two
surfaces that are diffuse emitters and reflectors and have uniform radiosity.

View Factor Relations

An important view factor relation is suggested. In particular, equating the integrals


appearing in these equations, it follows that

A i F ij = Ai F ji
This expression, termed the reciprocity relation, is useful in determining one view
factor from knowledge of the other.

Another important view factor relation pertains to the surfaces of an enclosure.


From the definition of the view factor, the summation rule
N

F ij=1
j=1

may be applied to each of the N surfaces in the enclosure. This rule follows from
the conservation requirement that all radiation leaving surface i must be intercepted
by the enclosure surfaces. The term Fii appearing in this summation represents the
fraction of the radiation that leaves surface i and is directly intercepted by i. If the
surface is concave, it sees itself and Fii is nonzero. However, for a plane or convex
surface, Fii _ 0.

However, all the view factors need not be calculated directly. A total of N view
factors may be obtained from the N equations associated with application of the
summation rule, to each of the surfaces in the enclosure.

In addition, N(N _ 1)/2 view factors may be obtained from the N(N _ 1)/2
applications of the reciprocity relation, Equation 13.3, which are possible for the
enclosure. Accordingly, only [N2 _ N _ N(N _ 1)/2] _ N(N _ 1)/2 view factors
need be determined directly.

View factors for other configurations can be found analytically or numerically.


Shape factors are given in textbooks and reports (they are tabulated
somewhat like Laplace transforms), and examples of the analytical forms and
numerical values of shape factors for some basic engineering configurations
are given in Figures 19.13 through 19.16, taken from the book by Incropera
and DeWitt.
Figure: Total emittances for different surfaces [from: A Heat Transfer Textbook, J. Lienhard]
Figure 19.13: View Factors for Three-Dimensional Geometries [from: Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer, F.P. Incropera and D.P. DeWitt, John Wiley and Sons]
Figure 19.14: View factor for aligned parallel rectangles [from: Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer, F.P. Incropera and D.P. DeWitt, John Wiley and Sons]

Figure 19.15: View factor for coaxial parallel disks [from: Fundamentals of Heat Transfer,
F.P. Incropera and D.P. DeWitt, John Wiley and Sons]
Figure 19.16: View factor for perpendicular rectangles with a common edge
[from: Fundamentals of Heat Transfer, F.P. Incropera and D.P. DeWitt, John Wiley and Sons]

Properties of shape factor are as:


1. The shape factor is purely a function of geometrical parameters.

2. When two bodies radiating energy with each other only, the shape factor relation

is expressed as: A1 F1-2 =A2 F2-1

3. The shape factor of convex surface or flat surface with the other surface

enclosing the first is always unity. This is because all the radiation coming out

from the convex surface is intercepted by the enclosing surface but not

vice versa.

4. A concave surface has a shape factor with itself because the radiation energy

coming out from one part of the surface is intercepted by another part of the
same surface. The shape factor of a surface with respect to itself is denoted by

F1-1. F1-1 = 0 for convex and flat surface.

If a surface of area Al is completely enclosed by a second surface of area A2 and if


Al does not see itself (F1-1 = 0) then F1-2 = l

Then substituting the value of F1-2 = l in equation (1) ,

Radiant exchange between coaxial cylinders, bodies placed in enclosures (sphere

is kept in a room or box) are examples of this situation.

5. If n surfaces are taking part in radiation heat transfer then the energy radiated by

one is always intercepted by the remaining (n-l) surfaces and by the surface

itself also

F1-1 + F1-2 + F1-3 F1-n = 1

F2-1 + F2-2 + F2-3 F2-n = 1

: : :

: : :

Fn-1 + Fn-2 + Fn-3 Fn-n = 1

In addition to the above equations, the reciprocal relation between any two surfaces
also holds good
F(1-2) A1 = F(2-1) A2 or F(1-3) A1 = F(3-1) A3 and so on.

6. The shape factor between the surfaces Al and A2 is equal to the sum of the shape
factors between the surface A2 and the surfaces which make the surface A1, This
point is illustrated as shown in Figure 1.

This states that the amount of radiated energy by A2 and intercepted by A1 is equal
to the sum of the radiated energy intercepted by the areas A 3 and A4 as shown in
Figure.

Consider two surfaces of areas Al and A2 are radiating heat to each other as shown
in Figure1. Let A1 be subdivided into A3 and A4 (i.e. A1 =A3+A4).

Then the radiant heat exchange between A1 and A2 is expressible as

Q1-2 = Q3-2 + Q4-2

Considering the surfaces black

F(1-2) A1 (T14 T24) = F(3-2) A3 (T34 T24) + F(4-2) A4 (T44 T24)

As T3 = T4 = T1 and A3 and A4 are merely sub-divisions of A1

Therefore
F(1-2) A1= F(3-2) A3 + F(4-2) A4

The above expression shows that

F1-2 (F3-2 + F4-2 )

For radiant exchange from A2 to A1 (divided into A3 and A4) one has

F(2-1) A2= F(2-3) A2 + F(2-4) A2

Therefore

F(2-1) = F(2-3) + F(2-4)

7. If the interior surface of a completely enclosed space such as room is


subdivided into n parts, each part having a finite area A1, A2, A3, A4,An,
then

F1-1 + F1-2 + F1-3 F1-n = 1

F2-1 + F2-2 + F2-3 F2-n = 1

: : :

: : :

Fn-1 + Fn-2 + Fn-3 Fn-n = 1

The above representation admits the shape factors F1-1, F2-2, F3-3,. Fn-n , since
some of the surface may see themselves if they are concave.

Shape Factor of a Cavity with itself:

Figure 2 shows an irregular cavity having an inner area A1 and is covered by a flat
surface of area A2. Configuration factor equations for this arrangement is written as
F1-1+F1-2= 1

F2-2 + F2-1=1

Since the cavity is covered by a flat surface, so F2-2 = 0,

Substituting the value of F2-2 = 0 in equation , we get

F2-1 = 1

The reciprocal relation between two surfaces is expressed as

F1-2 A1 = F(2-1) A2

Using equation above, the reciprocal relation can be written as

F1-2 = A2 / A1

Substituting the values of F1-2 in equation (1),


Equation (10) represents configuration factor of a cavity with itself.

The above expression is valid for all types of the cavities as shown in Figures 3 (a),
(b), and (c).

(a) Shape factor of a cylindrical cavity of diameter D and height H with itself

From Figure 3 (a), it can be written that


Substituting the values of A1 and A2 in equation (12)

(b) Shape factor of a hemi-spherical cavity of diameter D with itself

From Figure (b), it can be written that

Substituting the values of A1 and A2 in equation (12)

(c) Shape factor of a conical cavity of diameter D and height H with itself

From Figure 3(c), it can be written that

Substituting the values of A1 and A2 in equation (12)


Shape Factors for Two Perpendicular Plates:

Determination of configuration factor for commonly used geometries such as


parallel and perpendicular walls, parallel disks is cumbersome and complicated,
therefore in such cases configuration factor is determined with the help of graphs.

Shape factors for a system of Two Perpendicular Plates


Figure 2 Configuration Factor for two perpendicular plates

Complex Configurations Derivable From Perpendicular Rectangles with


Common Edge:

i) One rectangle is displaced from the common intersection line

A1 F1-4 = A1 F1-3+A1 F1-2

Therefore F1-2 = F1-4 F1-3 (16)

The shape factors F1-3 and F1-4 may be found easily from the graph as shown in
Figure 2.
ii) Both rectangles are displaced from the common intersection line.

A1 F1-2 = A5 F5-2 - A3 F3-2

= (A5 F5-6 A5 F5-4) (A3 F3-6 - A3 F3-4)

= (A5 F5-6 A5 F5-4 A3 F3-6 + A3 F3-4)

=(A5 F5-6 + A3 F3-4) (A5 F5-4 + A3 F3-6)

The shape factors F5-6, F3-4, F5-4 and F3-6 may be found from graph as shown in
Figure 2.

F1-2 = 1/A1 [(A5 F5-6 + A3 F3-4) (A5 F5-4 + A3 F3-6)]


iii) The corner of both rectangles are touching at a point which lies on common
intersection line.

A1 F1-2 = A6 F6-5 A1 F1-4 A3 F3-2 A3 F3-4

The following reciprocal relation is valid for the above configuration.

A1 F1-2 = A3 F3-4

Substituting this in the above equation

F1-2 = 1/A1 [A6 F6-5 A1 F1-4 A3 F3-2 ]

The shape factors F6-5, F1-4, and F3-2 may be found from graph as shown in
Figure 2.

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