Example Problems Basics of Space Flight Rocket Propulsion
Example Problems Basics of Space Flight Rocket Propulsion
EXAMPLEPROBLEMS
PROBLEM1.1
Aspacecraft'sengineejectsmassatarateof30kg/swithanexhaustvelocity
of3,100m/s.Thepressureatthenozzleexitis5kPaandtheexitareais
0.7m2 .Whatisthethrustoftheengineinavacuum?
SOLUTION,
Given:q=30kg/s
Ve=3,100m/s
Ae=0.7m2
Pe=5kPa=5,000N/m2
Pa=0
Equation(1.6),
F=qVe+(PePa)Ae
F=303,100+(5,0000)0.7
F=96,500N
PROBLEM1.2
Thespacecraftinproblem1.1hasaninitialmassof30,000kg.Whatisthe
changeinvelocityifthespacecraftburnsitsengineforoneminute?
SOLUTION,
Given:M=30,000kg
q=30kg/s
Ve=3,100m/s
t=60s
Equation(1.16),
V=VeLN[M/(Mqt)]
V=3,100LN[30,000/(30,000(3060))]
V=192m/s
PROBLEM1.3
Aspacecraft'sdrymassis75,000kgandtheeffectiveexhaustgasvelocity
ofitsmainengineis3,100m/s.Howmuchpropellantmustbecarriedifthe
propulsionsystemistoproduceatotal vof700m/s?
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SOLUTION,
Given:Mf=75,000kg
C=3,100m/s
V=700m/s
Equation(1.20),
Mo=Mfe( V/C)
Mo=75,000e(700/3,100)
Mo=94,000kg
Propellantmass,
Mp=MoMf
Mp=94,00075,000
Mp=19,000kg
PROBLEM1.4
A5,000kgspacecraftisinEarthorbittravelingatavelocityof7,790m/s.
Itsengineisburnedtoaccelerateittoavelocityof12,000m/splacingit
onanescapetrajectory.Theengineexpelsmassatarateof10kg/sandan
effectivevelocityof3,000m/s.Calculatethedurationoftheburn.
SOLUTION,
Given:M=5,000kg
q=10kg/s
C=3,000m/s
V=12,0007,790=4,210m/s
Equation(1.21),
t=M/q[11/e( V/C) ]
t=5,000/10[11/e(4,210/3,000) ]
t=377s
PROBLEM1.5
Arocketengineburningliquidoxygenandkeroseneoperatesatamixtureratio
of2.26andacombustionchamberpressureof50atmospheres.Ifthenozzleis
expandedtooperateatsealevel,calculatetheexhaustgasvelocityrelative
totherocket.
SOLUTION,
Given:O/F=2.26
Pc=50atm
Pe=Pa=1atm
FromLOX/KeroseneChartsweestimate,
Tc=3,470K
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M=21.40
k=1.221
Equation(1.22),
Ve=SQRT[(2k/(k1))(R*Tc/M)(1(Pe/Pc)(k1)/k )]
Ve=SQRT[(21.221/(1.2211))(8,314.463,470/21.40)(1(1/50)(1.2211)/1.221 )]
Ve=2,749m/s
PROBLEM1.6
Arocketengineproducesathrustof1,000kNatsealevelwithapropellant
flowrateof400kg/s.Calculatethespecificimpulse.
SOLUTION,
Given:F=1,000,000N
q=400kg/s
Equation(1.23),
Isp=F/(qg)
Isp=1,000,000/(4009.80665)
Isp=255s(sealevel)
PROBLEM1.7
Arocketengineusesthesamepropellant,mixtureratio,andcombustionchamber
pressureasthatinproblem1.5.Ifthepropellantflowrateis500kg/s,
calculatetheareaoftheexhaustnozzlethroat.
SOLUTION,
Given:Pc=500.101325=5.066MPa
Tc=3,470K
M=21.40
k=1.221
q=500kg/s
Equation(1.27),
Pt=Pc[1+(k1)/2]k/(k1)
Pt=5.066[1+(1.2211)/2]1.221/(1.2211)
Pt=2.839MPa=2.839106 N/m2
Equation(1.28),
Tt=Tc/(1+(k1)/2)
Tt=3,470/(1+(1.2211)/2)
Tt=3,125K
Equation(1.26),
At=(q/Pt)SQRT[(R*Tt)/(Mk)]
At=(500/2.839106 )SQRT[(8,314.463,125)/(21.401.221)]
At=0.1756m2
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PROBLEM1.8
Therocketengineinproblem1.7isoptimizedtooperateatanelevationof2000
meters.Calculatetheareaofthenozzleexitandthesectionratio.
SOLUTION,
Given:Pc=5.066MPa
At=0.1756m2
k=1.221
FromAtmosphereProperties,
Pa=0.0795MPa
Equation(1.29),
Nm2 =(2/(k1))[(Pc/Pa)(k1)/k 1]
Nm2 =(2/(1.2211))[(5.066/0.0795)(1.2211)/1.221 1]
Nm2 =10.15
Nm=(10.15)1/2 =3.185
Equation(1.30),
Ae=(At/Nm)[(1+(k1)/2Nm2 )/((k+1)/2)](k+1)/(2(k1))
Ae=(0.1756/3.185)[(1+(1.2211)/210.15)/((1.221+1)/2)](1.221+1)/(2(1.2211))
Ae=1.426m2
SectionRatio,
Ae/At=1.426/0.1756=8.12
PROBLEM1.9
Fortherocketengineinproblem1.7,calculatethevolumeanddimensionsofa
possiblecombustionchamber.Theconvergentconehalfangleis20degrees.
SOLUTION,
Given:At=0.1756m2 =1,756cm2
Dt=2(1,756/ )1/2 =47.3cm
=20o
FromTable1,
L*=102127cmforLOX/RP1,let'suse110cm
Equation(1.33),
Vc=AtL*
Vc=1,756110=193,160cm3
FromFigure1.7,
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Lc=66cm(secondorderapproximation)
Equation(1.35),
PROBLEM1.10
Asolidrocketmotorburnsalongthefaceofacentralcylindricalchannel10
meterslongand1meterindiameter.Thepropellanthasaburnratecoefficient
of5.5,apressureexponentof0.4,andadensityof1.70g/ml.Calculatethe
burnrateandtheproductgenerationratewhenthechamberpressureis5.0MPa.
SOLUTION,
Given:a=5.5
n=0.4
Pc=5.0MPa
p=1.70g/ml
Ab= 110=31.416m2
Equation(1.36),
r=aPcn
r=5.55.00.4 =10.47mm/s
Equation(1.37),
q= pAbr
q=1.7031.41610.47=559kg/s
PROBLEM1.11
Calculatetheidealdensityofasolidrocketpropellantconsistingof68%
ammoniumperchlorate,18%aluminum,and14%HTPBbymass.
SOLUTION,
Given:wAP =0.68
wAl =0.18
wHTPB =0.14
FromPropertiesofRocketPropellantswehave,
AP =1.95g/ml
Al =2.70g/ml
HTPB =0.93g/ml
Equation(1.38),
p=1/ i (w/ )i
p=1/[(0.68/1.95)+(0.18/2.70)+(0.14/0.93)]
p=1.767
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PROBLEM1.12
Atwostagerockethasthefollowingmasses:1ststagepropellantmass120,000
kg,1ststagedrymass9,000kg,2ndstagepropellantmass30,000kg,2ndstage
drymass3,000kg,andpayloadmass3,000kg.Thespecificimpulsesofthe
1stand2ndstagesare260sand320srespectively.Calculatetherocket's
total V.
SOLUTION,
Given:Mo1 =120,000+9,000+30,000+3,000+3,000=165,000kg
Mf1 =9,000+30,000+3,000+3,000=45,000kg
Isp1 =260s
Mo2 =30,000+3,000+3,000=36,000kg
Mf2 =3,000+3,000=6,000kg
Isp2 =320s
Equation(1.24),
C1 =Isp1 g
C1 =2609.80665=2,550m/s
C2 =Isp2 g
C2 =3209.80665=3,138m/s
Equation(1.39),
Equation(1.40),
VTotal = V1 + V2
VTotal =3,313+5,623
VTotal =8,936m/s
PROBLEM3.1
UsingtheBarrowmanmethod,calculatethelocationofthecenterofpressurefromthe
leadingedgeofarockethavingthedimensionsgivenbelow.Thenoseisogiveshaped.
SOLUTION,
Given:LN =400mm
d=200mm
dF =200mm
dR =160mm
LT =120mm
XP =900mm
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CR =240mm
CT =120mm
S=240mm
LF =247mm
R=80mm
XR =120mm
XB =1,760mm
N=3each
Equations(3.1)through(3.6),
(CN )N =2
XN =0.466LN
XN =0.466400=186mm
XF =XB +XR /3(CR +2CT )/(CR +CT )+1/6[CR +CT CR CT /(CR +CT )]
XF =1760+120/3(240+2120)/(240+120)+1/6[240+120240120/(240+120)]
XF =1,860mm
Equations(3.7)and(3.8),
PROBLEM4.1
CalculatethevelocityofanartificialsatelliteorbitingtheEarthina
circularorbitatanaltitudeof200kmabovetheEarth'ssurface.
SOLUTION,
FromBasicsConstants,
RadiusofEarth=6,378.14km
GMofEarth=3.9860051014 m3 /s2
Given:r=(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
Equation(4.6),
v=SQRT[GM/r]
v=SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,578,140]
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v=7,784m/s
PROBLEM4.2
Calculatetheperiodofrevolutionforthesatelliteinproblem4.1.
SOLUTION,
Given:r=6,578,140m
Equation(4.9),
P2 =4 2 r3 /GM
P=SQRT[4 2 r3 /GM]
P=SQRT[4 2 6,578,1403 /3.9860051014 ]
P=5,310s
PROBLEM4.3
CalculatetheradiusoforbitforaEarthsatelliteinageosynchronousorbit,
wheretheEarth'srotationalperiodis86,164.1seconds.
SOLUTION,
Given:P=86,164.1s
Equation(4.9),
P2 =4 2 r3 /GM
PROBLEM4.4
AnartificialEarthsatelliteisinanellipticalorbitwhichbringsitto
analtitudeof250kmatperigeeandouttoanaltitudeof500kmatapogee.
Calculatethevelocityofthesatelliteatbothperigeeandapogee.
SOLUTION,
Given:Rp=(6,378.14+250)1,000=6,628,140m
Ra=(6,378.14+500)1,000=6,878,140m
Equations(4.16)and(4.17),
Vp=SQRT[2GMRa/(Rp(Ra+Rp))]
Vp=SQRT[23.9860051014 6,878,140/(6,628,140(6,878,140+6,628,140))]
Vp=7,826m/s
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Va=SQRT[2GMRp/(Ra(Ra+Rp))]
Va=SQRT[23.9860051014 6,628,140/(6,878,140(6,878,140+6,628,140))]
Va=7,542m/s
PROBLEM4.5
AsatelliteinEarthorbitpassesthroughitsperigeepointatanaltitudeof
200kmabovetheEarth'ssurfaceandatavelocityof7,850m/s.Calculatethe
apogeealtitudeofthesatellite.
SOLUTION,
Given:Rp=(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
Vp=7,850m/s
Equation(4.18),
Ra=Rp/[2GM/(RpVp2 )1]
Ra=6,578,140/[23.9860051014 /(6,578,1407,8502 )1]
Ra=6,805,140m
Altitude@apogee=6,805,140/1,0006,378.14=427.0km
PROBLEM4.6
Calculatetheeccentricityoftheorbitforthesatelliteinproblem4.5.
SOLUTION,
Given:Rp=6,578,140m
Vp=7,850m/s
Equation(4.20),
e=RpVp2 /GM1
e=6,578,1407,8502 /3.9860051014 1
e=0.01696
PROBLEM4.7
AsatelliteinEarthorbithasasemimajoraxisof6,700kmandaneccentricity
of0.01.Calculatethesatellite'saltitudeatbothperigeeandapogee.
SOLUTION,
Given:a=6,700km
e=0.01
Equation(4.21)and(4.22),
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Rp=a(1e)
Rp=6,700(1.01)
Rp=6,633km
Altitude@perigee=6,6336,378.14=254.9km
Ra=a(1+e)
Ra=6,700(1+.01)
Ra=6,767km
Altitude@apogee=6,7676,378.14=388.9km
PROBLEM4.8
AsatelliteislaunchedintoEarthorbitwhereitslaunchvehicleburnsoutat
analtitudeof250km.Atburnoutthesatellite'svelocityis7,900m/swiththe
zenithangleequalto89degrees.Calculatethesatellite'saltitudeatperigee
andapogee.
SOLUTION,
Given:r1=(6,378.14+250)1,000=6,628,140m
v1=7,900m/s
=89o
Equation(4.26),
whereC=2GM/(r1v12 )
C=23.9860051014 /(6,628,1407,9002 )
C=1.927179
PerigeeRadius,Rp=Rp1 =r1(Rp/r1)1
Rp=6,628,1400.996019
Rp=6,601,750m
Altitude@perigee=6,601,750/1,0006,378.14=223.6km
ApogeeRadius,Ra=Rp2 =r1(Rp/r1)2
Ra=6,628,1401.082521
Ra=7,175,100m
Altitude@agogee=7,175,100/1,0006,378.14=797.0km
PROBLEM4.9
Calculatetheeccentricityoftheorbitforthesatelliteinproblem4.8.
SOLUTION,
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Given:r1=6,628,140m
v1=7,900m/s
=89o
Equation(4.27),
PROBLEM4.10
Calculatetheangle fromperigeepointtolaunchpointforthesatellite
inproblem4.8.
SOLUTION,
Given:r1=6,628,140m
v1=7,900m/s
=89o
Equation(4.28),
=arctan(0.48329)
=25.794o
PROBLEM4.11
Calculatethesemimajoraxisoftheorbitforthesatelliteinproblem4.8.
SOLUTION,
Given:r1=6,628,140m
v1=7,900m/s
Equation(4.32),
a=1/(2/r1v12 /GM)
a=1/(2/6,628,1407,9002 /3.9860051014 ))
a=6,888,430m
PROBLEM4.12
Forthesatelliteinproblem4.8,burnoutoccurs20001020,15:00UT.The
geocentriccoordinatesatburnoutare32o Nlatitude,60o Wlongitude,andthe
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azimuthheadingis86o .Calculatetheorbit'sinclination,argumentofperigee,
andlongitudeofascendingnode.
SOLUTION,
Given: =86o
=32o
2 =60o
Fromproblem4.10,
=25.794o
Equation(4.33),
cos(i)=cos( )sin( )
cos(i)=cos(32)sin(86)
i=32.223o
Equations(4.34)and(4.36),
=
=83.63025.794
=57.836o
Equations(4.35)and(4.37),
1 = 2
1 =6082.483
1 =142.483o
=Siderealtimeat142.483longitude,20001020,15:00UT
=7h 27'34"=111.892o
PROBLEM4.13
Asatelliteisinanorbitwithasemimajoraxisof7,500kmandaneccentricity
of0.1.Calculatethetimeittakestomovefromaposition30degreespast
perigeeto90degreespastperigee.
SOLUTION,
Given:a=7,5001,000=7,500,000m
e=0.1
tO =0
O =30deg /180=0.52360radians
=90deg /180=1.57080radians
Equation(4.40),
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cosE=(e+cos )/(1+ecos )
Eo=arccos[(0.1+cos(0.52360))/(1+0.1cos(0.52360))]
Eo=0.47557radians
E=arccos[(0.1+cos(1.57080))/(1+0.1cos(1.57080))]
E=1.47063radians
Equation(4.41),
M=EesinE
Mo=0.475570.1sin(0.47557)
Mo=0.42978radians
M=1.470630.1sin(1.47063)
M=1.37113radians
Equation(4.39),
n=SQRT[GM/a3 ]
n=SQRT[3.9860051014 /7,500,0003 ]
n=0.00097202rad/s
Equation(4.38),
MMo=n(ttO )
t=tO +(MMo)/n
t=0+(1.371130.42978)/0.00097202
t=968.4s
PROBLEM4.14
Thesatelliteinproblem4.13hasatrueanomalyof90degrees.Whatwillbethe
satellite'sposition,i.e.it'strueanomaly,20minuteslater?
SOLUTION,
Given:a=7,500,000m
e=0.1
tO =0
t=2060=1,200s
O =90 /180=1.57080rad
Fromproblem4.13,
Mo=1.37113rad
n=0.00097202rad/s
Equation(4.38),
MMo=n(ttO )
M=Mo+n(ttO )
M=1.37113+0.00097202(1,2000)
M=2.53755
METHOD#1,LowAccuracy:
Equation(4.42),
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~M+2esinM+1.25e2 sin2M
~2.53755+20.1sin(2.53755)+1.250.12 sin(22.53755)
~2.63946=151.2degrees
METHOD#2,HighAccuracy:
Equation(4.41),
M=EesinE
2.53755=E0.1sinE
Byiteration,E=2.58996radians
Equation(4.40),
cosE=(e+cos )/(1+ecos )
Rearrangingvariablesgives,
cos =(cosEe)/(1ecosE)
=arccos[(cos(2.58996)0.1)/(10.1cos(2.58996)]
=2.64034=151.3degrees
PROBLEM4.15
Forthesatelliteinproblems4.13and4.14,calculatethelengthofitsposition
vector,itsflightpathangle,anditsvelocitywhenthesatellite'strueanomaly
is225degrees.
SOLUTION,
Given:a=7,500,000m
e=0.1
=225degrees
Equations(4.43)and(4.44),
r=a(1e2 )/(1+ecos )
r=7,500,000(10.12 )/(1+0.1cos(225))
r=7,989,977m
=arctan[esin /(1+ecos )]
=arctan[0.1sin(225)/(1+0.1cos(225))]
=4.351degrees
Equation(4.45),
v=SQRT[GM(2/r1/a)]
v=SQRT[3.9860051014 (2/7,989,9771/7,500,000)]
v=6,828m/s
PROBLEM4.16
Calculatetheperturbationsinlongitudeoftheascendingnodeandargumentof
perigeecausedbytheMoonandSunfortheInternationalSpaceStationorbiting
atanaltitudeof400km,aninclinationof51.6degrees,andwithanorbital
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periodof92.6minutes.
SOLUTION,
Given:i=51.6degrees
n=1436/92.6=15.5revolutions/day
Equations(4.46)through(4.49),
Moon =0.00338cos(i)/n
Moon =0.00338cos(51.6)/15.5
Moon =0.000135deg/day
Sun =0.00154cos(i)/n
Sun =0.00154cos(51.6)/15.5
Sun =0.0000617deg/day
2 i)/n
Moon =0.00169(45sin
2 51.6)/15.5
Moon =0.00169(45sin
Moon =0.000101deg/day
2 i)/n
Sun =0.00077(45sin
2 51.6)/15.5
Sun =0.00077(45sin
Sun =0.000046deg/day
PROBLEM4.17
Asatelliteisinanorbitwithasemimajoraxisof7,500km,aninclination
of28.5degrees,andaneccentricityof0.1.CalculatetheJ2 perturbationsin
longitudeoftheascendingnodeandargumentofperigee.
SOLUTION,
Given:a=7,500km
i=28.5degrees
e=0.1
Equations(4.50)and(4.51),
14 a7/2 (cosi)(1e2 )2
J2 =2.0647410
14 (7,500)7/2 (cos28.5)(1(0.1)2 )2
J2 =2.0647410
J2 =5.067deg/day
PROBLEM4.18
AsatelliteisinacircularEarthorbitatanaltitudeof400km.Thesatellite
hasacylindricalshape2mindiameterby4mlongandhasamassof1,000kg.
Thesatelliteistravelingwithitslongaxisperpendiculartothevelocity
vectorandit'sdragcoefficientis2.67.Calculatetheperturbationsdueto
atmosphericdragandestimatethesatellite'slifetime.
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SOLUTION,
Given:a=(6,378.14+400)1,000=6,778,140m
A=24=8m2
m=1,000kg
CD =2.67
FromAtmosphereProperties,
=2.621012 kg/m3
H=58.2km
Equation(4.6),
V=SQRT[GM/a]
V=SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,778,140]
V=7,669m/s
Equations(4.53)through(4.55),
Vrev =( CD A aV)/m
Vrev =( 2.6782.621012 6,778,1407,669)/1,000
Vrev =0.00914m/s
Equation(4.56),
L~H/ arev
L~(58.21,000)/16.2
L~3,600revolutions
PROBLEM4.19
Aspacecraftisinacircularparkingorbitwithanaltitudeof200km.
CalculatethevelocitychangerequiredtoperformaHohmanntransfertoa
circularorbitatgeosynchronousaltitude.
SOLUTION,
Given:rA =(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
Fromproblem4.3,
rB =42,164,170m
Equations(4.58)through(4.65),
ViA =SQRT[GM/rA ]
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ViA =SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,578,140]
ViA =7,784m/s
VfB =SQRT[GM/rB ]
VfB =SQRT[3.9860051014 /42,164,170]
VfB =3,075m/s
VA =VtxA ViA
VA =10,2397,784
VA =2,455m/s
VB =VfB VtxB
VB =3,0751,597
VB =1,478m/s
VT = VA + VB
VT =2,455+1,478
VT =3,933m/s
PROBLEM4.20
Asatelliteisinacircularparkingorbitwithanaltitudeof200km.Using
aonetangentburn,itistobetransferredtogeosynchronousaltitudeusinga
transferellipsewithasemimajoraxisof30,000km.Calculatethetotal
requiredvelocitychangeandthetimerequiredtocompletethetransfer.
SOLUTION,
Given:rA =(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
rB =42,164,170m
atx =30,0001,000=30,000,000m
Equations(4.66)through(4.68),
e=1rA /atx
e=16,578,140/30,000,000
e=0.780729
=arctan[esin /(1+ecos )]
=arctan[0.780729sin(157.670)/(1+0.780729cos(157.670))]
=46.876degrees
Equations(4.59)through(4.63),
ViA =SQRT[GM/rA ]
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ViA =SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,578,140]
ViA =7,784m/s
VfB =SQRT[GM/rB ]
VfB =SQRT[3.9860051014 /42,164,170]
VfB =3,075m/s
VA =VtxA ViA
VA =10,3887,784
VA =2,604m/s
Equation(4.69),
Equation(4.65),
VT = VA + VB
VT =2,604+2,260
VT =4,864m/s
Equations(4.70)and(4.71),
E=arccos[(e+cos )/(1+ecos )]
E=arccos[(0.780729+cos(157.670))/(1+0.780729cos(157.670))]
E=2.11688radians
TOF=(EesinE)SQRT[atx 3 /GM]
TOF=(2.116880.780729sin(2.11688))SQRT[30,000,0003 /3.9860051014 ]
TOF=11,931s=3.314hours
PROBLEM4.21
Calculatethevelocitychangerequiredtotransferasatellitefromacircular
600kmorbitwithaninclinationof28degreestoanorbitofequalsizewith
aninclinationof20degrees.
SOLUTION,
Given:r=(6,378.14+600)1,000=6,978,140m
=2820=8degrees
Equation(4.6),
Vi=SQRT[GM/r]
Vi=SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,978,140]
Vi=7,558m/s
Equation(4.73),
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V=2Visin( /2)
V=27,558sin(8/2)
V=1,054m/s
PROBLEM4.22
Asatelliteisinaparkingorbitwithanaltitudeof200kmandaninclination
of28degrees.Calculatethetotalvelocitychangerequiredtotransferthe
satellitetoazeroinclinationgeosynchronousorbitusingaHohmanntransfer
withacombinedplanechangeatapogee.
Given:rA =(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
rB =42,164,170m
=28degrees
Fromproblem4.19,
VfB =3,075m/s
VtxB =1,597m/s
VA =2,455m/s
Equation(4.74),
Equation(4.65),
VT = VA + VB
VT =2,455+1,826
VT =4,281m/s
PROBLEM4.23
Aspacecraftisinanorbitwithaninclinationof30degreesandthelongitude
oftheascendingnodeis75degrees.Calculatetheanglechangerequiredto
changetheinclinationto32degreesandthelongitudeoftheascendingnodeto
80degrees.
SOLUTION,
Given:ii =30degrees
i=75degrees
if =32degrees
f=80degrees
Equation(4.75),
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b1=sin(if )cos( f)=sin(32)cos(80)=0.0920195
=arccos(a1b1+a2b2+a3b3)
=arccos(0.1294100.0920195+0.4829630.521869+0.8660250.848048)
=3.259degrees
PROBLEM4.24
Calculatethelatitudeandlongitudeoftheintersectionnodesbetweenthe
initialandfinalorbitsforthespacecraftinproblem4.23.
SOLUTION,
Fromproblem4.21,
a1=0.129410
a2=0.482963
a3=0.866025
b1=0.0920195
b2=0.521869
b3=0.848048
Equations(4.76)and(4.77),
c1=a2b3a3b2=0.4829630.8480480.8660250.521869=0.0423757
c2=a3b1a1b3=0.8660250.09201950.1294100.848048=0.0300543
c3=a1b2a2b1=0.1294100.5218690.4829630.0920195=0.0230928
long1 =arctan(c2/c1)+90
long1 =arctan(0.0300543/0.0423757)+90
long1 =125.346degrees
lat2 =23.965degrees
long2 =125.346+180=305.346degrees
PROBLEM4.25
CalculatetheescapevelocityofaspacecraftlaunchedfromanEarthorbitwith
analtitudeof200km.
SOLUTION,
Given:r=(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
Equation(4.78),
Vesc =SQRT[2GM/r]
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Vesc =SQRT[23.9860051014 /6,578,140]
Vesc =11,009m/s
PROBLEM4.26
AspaceprobeisapproachingMarsonahyperbolicflybytrajectory.Whenat
adistanceof100,000km,itsvelocityrelativetoMarsis5,140.0m/sand
itsflightpathangleis85.300degrees.Calculatetheprobe'seccentricity,
semimajoraxis,turningangle,angle ,trueanomaly,impactparameter,
periapsisradius,andparameterp.
SOLUTION,
FromBasicsConstants,
GMofMars=4.2828311013 m3 /s2
Given:r=100,0001,000=100,000,000m
v=5,140.0m/s
=85.300o
Equations(4.30)and(4.32),
a=1/(2/rv2 /GM)
a=1/(2/100,000,0005,1402 /4.2828311013 )
a=1,675,400m
Equations(4.80)through(4.85),
sin( /2)=1/e
=2arcsin(1/5.0715)
=22.744o
cos =1/e
=arccos(1/5.0715)
=101.37o
=arccos[(a(1e2 )r)/(er)]
=arccos[(1,675,400(15.07152 )100,000,000)/(5.0715100,000,000)]
=96.633o
b=a/tan( /2)
b=1,675.4/tan(22.744/2)
b=8,330.0km
ro =a(1e)
ro =1,675.4(15.0715)
ro =6,821.4km
p=a(1e2 )
p=1,675.4(15.07152 )
p=41,416km
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PROBLEM4.27
Thespaceprobeinproblem4.26hasmovedtoatrueanomalyof75degrees.
Calculatetheradiusvector,flightpathangle,andvelocity.
SOLUTION,
Given:a=1,675,400m
e=5.0715
=75o
Equations(4.43)through(4.45),
r=a(1e2 )/(1+ecos )
r=1,675,400(15.07152 )/(1+5.0715cos(75))
r=17,909,000m
=arctan[esin /(1+ecos )]
=arctan[5.0715sin(75)/(1+5.0715cos(75))]
=64.729o
v=SQRT[GM(2/r1/a)]
v=SQRT[4.2828311013 (2/17,909,0001/1,675,400)]
v=5,508.7m/s
PROBLEM4.28
AspacecraftislaunchedfromEarthonahyperbolictrajectorywithasemimajor
axisof36,000kmandaneccentricityof1.1823.Howlongdoesittaketomove
fromatrueanomalyof15degreestoatrueanomalyof120degrees?
SOLUTION,
Given:a=36,0001,000=36,000,000m
e=1.1823
O =15o
=120o
Equation(4.87),
coshF=(e+cos )/(1+ecos )
Fo=arccosh[(1.1823+cos(15))/(1+1.1823cos(15))]
Fo=0.07614
F=arccosh[(1.1823+cos(120))/(1+1.1823cos(120))]
F=1.10023
Equation(4.86),
PROBLEM4.29
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AspacecraftlaunchedfromEarthhasaburnoutvelocityof11,500m/satan
altitudeof200km.Whatisthehyperbolicexcessvelocity?
SOLUTION,
Given:Vbo =11,500m/s
Fromproblem4.25,
Vesc =11,009m/s
Equation(4.88),
V 2 =V 2 V 2
bo esc
V =SQRT[11,5002 11,0092 ]
V =3,325m/s
PROBLEM4.30
CalculatetheradiusofEarth'ssphereofinfluence.
SOLUTION,
FromBasicsConstants,
Dsp =149,597,870km
MP =5.97371024 kg
MS =1.98911030 kg
Equation(4.89),
PROBLEM5.1
Usingaonetangentburn,calculatethechangeintrueanomalyandthe
timeofflightforatransferfromEarthtoMars.TheradiusvectorofEarthat
departureis1.000AUandthatofMarsatarrivalis1.524AU.Thesemimajor
axisofthetransferorbitis1.300AU.
SOLUTION,
Given:rA =1.000AU
rB =1.524AU
atx =1.300AU149.597870109 m/AU=194.48109 m
FromBasicsConstants,
GMofSun=1.3271241020 m3 /s2
Equations(4.66)and(4.67),
e=1rA /atx
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e=11.0/1.3
e=0.230769
=arccos[(atx (1e2 )/rB 1)/e]
=arccos[(1.3(10.2307692 )/1.5241)/0.230769]
=146.488degrees
Equations(4.70)and(4.71),
E=arccos[(e+cos )/(1+ecos )]
E=arccos[(0.230769+cos(146.488))/(1+0.230769cos(146.488))]
E=2.41383radians
TOF=(EesinE)SQRT[atx 3 /GM]
TOF=(2.413830.230769sin(2.41383))SQRT[(194.48109 )3 /1.3271241020 ]
TOF=16,827,800s=194.77days
PROBLEM5.2
Forthetransferorbitinproblem5.1,calculatethedeparturephaseangle,given
thattheangularvelocityofMarsis0.5240degrees/day.
SOLUTION,
Given: 2 1 =146.488o
t2 t1 =194.77days
o /day
t =0.5240
Equation(5.1),
=( 2 1 ) t (t2 t1 )
=146.4880.5240194.77
=44.43o
PROBLEM5.3
AflighttoMarsislaunchedon2020720,0:00UT.Theplannedtimeofflight
is207days.Earth'spostionvectoratdepartureis0.473265X0.899215YAU.
Mars'postionvectoratinterceptis0.066842X+1.561256Y+0.030948ZAU.
Calculatetheparameterandsemimajoraxisofthetransferorbit.
SOLUTION,
Given:t=207days
r1=0.473265X0.899215YAU
r2=0.066842X+1.561256Y+0.030948ZAU
GM=1.3271241020 m3 /s2
=1.3271241020 /(149.597870109 )3 =3.9640161014 AU3 /s2
Fromvectormagnitude,
r1=SQRT[0.4732652 +(0.899215)2 ]
r1=1.016153AU
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r2=1.562993AU
Fromvectordotproduct,
=arccos[(0.4732650.0668420.8992151.561256)/(1.0161531.562993)]
=149.770967o
Equations(5.9),(5.10)and(5.11),
k=r1 r2 (1cos )
k=1.0161531.562993(1cos(149.770967))
k=2.960511AU
=r1 +r2
=1.016153+1.562993
=2.579146AU
m=r1 r2 (1+cos )
m=1.0161531.562993(1+cos(149.770967))
m=0.215969AU
Equations(5.18)and(5.19),
pi =k/( +SQRT(2m))
pi =2.960511/(2.579146+SQRT(20.215969))
pi =0.914764AU
Equation(5.12),
Selecttrialvalue,p=1.2AU
Equations(5.5),(5.6)and(5.7),
f=1r2 /p(1cos )
f=11.562993/1.2(1cos(149.770967))
f=1.427875
Equation(5.13),
E=arccos[1r1 /a(1f)]
E=arccos[11.016153/1.270478(1+1.427875)]
E=2.798925radians
Equation(5.16),
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1/31/2017 Example Problems
Selectnewtrialvalueofpandrepeatabovesteps,
p=1.300000AU,a=1.443005AU,t=178.9588days
Equation(5.20),
Recalculateusingnewvalueofp,
p=1.259067AU,a=1.336197AU,t=201.5624days
Performadditionaliterations,
p=1.249221AU,a=1.318624AU,t=207.9408days
p=1.250673AU,a=1.321039AU,t=206.9733days
p=1.250633AU,a=1.320971AU,t=206.9999days<closeenough
PROBLEM5.4
FortheMarstransferorbitinProblem5.3,calculatethedepartureandintecept
velocityvectors.
SOLUTION,
Given:r1=0.473265X0.899215YAU
r2=0.066842X+1.561256Y+0.030948ZAU
r1=1.016153AU
r2=1.562993AU
p=1.250633AU
a=1.320971AU
=149.770967o
Equations(5.5),(5.6)and(5.7),
f=1r2 /p(1cos )
f=11.562993/1.250633(1cos(149.770967))
f=1.329580
=1r1 /p(1cos )
=11.016153/1.250633(1cos(149.770967))
=0.514536
Equation(5.3),
v1=(r2fr1)/g
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v1=[(0.066842+1.3295800.473265)/3,591,258]X
+[(1.561256+1.3295800.899215)/3,591,258]Y
+[(0.030948+1.3295800)/3,591,258]Z
v1=0.000000193828X+0.000000101824Y+0.00000000861759ZAU/s149.597870109
v1=28996.2X+15232.7Y+1289.2Zm/s
Equation(5.4),
v2= r1+ v1
v2=[8.795872108 0.4732650.5145360.000000193828]X
+[8.795872108 0.8992150.5145360.000000101824]Y
+[8.795872108 00.5145360.00000000861759]Z
v2=0.000000141359X+0.0000000267017Y0.00000000443406ZAU/s149.597870109
v2=21147.0X+3994.5Y663.3Zm/s
PROBLEM5.5
FortheMarstransferorbitinProblems5.3and5.4,calculatetheorbitalelements.
SOLUTION,
Problemcanbesolvedusingeitherr1&v1orr2&v2wewilluser1&v1.
Given:r1=(0.473265X0.899215YAU)149.597870109 m/AU
=7.0799441010 X1.3452061011 Ym
r1=1.016153149.597870109 =1.5201441011 m
GM=1.3271241020 m3 /s2
Fromproblem5.4,
v1=28996.2X+15232.7Y+1289.2Zm/s
Also,
Equations(5.21)and(5.22),
n=hY X+hX Y
n=9.127461013 X1.734241014 Y
Also,
Equation(5.23),
e=[(v2 GM/r)r(rv)v]/GM
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Equations(5.24)and(5.25),
a=1/(2/rv2 /GM)
a=1/(2/1.5201441011 32779.22 /1.3271241020 )
a=1.976141011 m
Equations(5.26)though(5.30),
cosi=hZ/h
cosi=4.979051015 /4.982911015
i=2.255o
cos =nX/n
cos =9.127461013 /1.959771014
=297.76o
cos =ne/(ne)
cos =(9.127461013 0.1066391.734241014 (0.204632)+0(0.000037))
/(1.959771014 0.230751)
=359.77o
cos o =er/(er)
cos o =(0.1066397.0799441010 0.204632(1.3452061011 )0.0000370)
/(0.2307511.5201441011 )
o =0.226o
cosuo =nr/(nr)
uo =0(launchpoint=ascendingnode)
Equations(5.31)and(5.32),
= +
=297.76+359.77
=297.53o
o = + + o
o =297.76+359.77+0.23
o =297.76o
PROBLEM5.6
ForthespacecraftinProblems5.3and5.4,calculatethehyperbolicexcess
velocityatdeparture,theinjection V,andthezenithangleofthedeparture
asymptote.Injectionoccursfroman200kmparkingorbit.Earth'svelocity
vectoratdepartureis25876.6X+13759.5Ym/s.
SOLUTION,
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Given:ro =(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
r=0.473265X0.899215YAU
VP=25876.6X+13759.5Ym/s
Fromproblem5.4,
VS=28996.2X+15232.7Y+1289.2Zm/s
Equation(5.33),
Equation(5.34),
V =VS/P=3,683.0m/s
Equations(5.35)and(5.36),
Vo =SQRT[V 2 +2GM/r
o ]
Vo =SQRT[3,683.02 +23.9860051014 /6,578,140]
Vo =11,608.4m/s
V=Vo SQRT[GM/ro ]
V=11,608.4SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,578,140]
V=3,824.1m/s
Equation(5.37),
PROBLEM5.7
ForthespacecraftinProblems5.3and5.4,givenamissdistanceof+18,500km
atarrival,calculatethehyperbolicexcessvelocity,impactparameter,and
semimajoraxisandeccentricityofthehyperbolicapproachtrajectory.Mars'
velocityvectoratinterceptis23307.8X+3112.0Y+41.8Zm/s.
SOLUTION,
Given:d=18,500km/149.597870106 =0.000123664AU
r=0.066842X+1.561256Y+0.030948ZAU
VP=23307.8X+3112.0Y+41.8Zm/s
FromBasicsConstants,
GMofMars=4.2828311013 m3 /s2
Fromproblem5.4,
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VS=21147.0X+3994.5Y663.3Zm/s
Equation(5.33),
Equation(5.34),
V =VS/P=2,438.2m/s
Equations(5.38.A)and(5.38.B),
Equation(5.39),
Equations(5.40)through(5.42),
b=dsin
b=18,500sin(150.451)
b=9,123.6km
a=GM/V 2
a=4.2828311013 /2,438.22
a=7.2043106 m=7,204.3km
e=SQRT[1+b2 /a2 ]
e=SQRT[1+9,123.62 /7,204.32 ]
e=1.6136
PROBLEM5.8
AsaspacecraftapproachesJupiter,ithasavelocityof9,470m/s,aflight
pathangleof39.2degrees,andatargetedmissdistanceof2,500,000km.At
intercept,Jupiter'svelocityis12,740m/swithaflightpathangleof2.40
degrees.Calculatethespacecraft'svelocityandflightpathanglefollowing
itsswingbyofJupiter.
Given:VP =12,740m/s
P =2.40o
VSi =9,470m/s
Si =39.2
o
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d=2,500,000km
FromBasicsConstants,
GMofJupiter=1.266861017 m3 /s2
Equations(5.44)and(5.45),
Equations(5.46)and(5.47),
VS/P=SQRT[(VS/Pi )X 2 +(VS/Pi )Y 2 ]
VS/P=SQRT[(5390)2 +54522 ]
VS/P=7,667m/s
V =VS/P=7,667m/s
Equation(5.48),
i =arctan[(VS/Pi )Y /(VS/Pi )X ]
i =arctan[5452/5390]
i =134.67o
Equations(5.40)through(5.42),
b=dsin
b=2,500,000sin(134.67)
b=1,777,900km
a=GM/V 2
a=1.266861017 /76672
a=2.1552109 m=2,155,200km
e=SQRT[1+b2 /a2 ]
e=SQRT[1+(1,777,900)2 /(2,155,200)2 ]
e=1.2963
Equation(5.49),
=2arcsin(1/e)
=2arcsin(1/1.2963)
=100.96o
Equation(5.50),
f = i
f =134.67100.96
f =33.71o
Equation(5.51),
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1/31/2017 Example Problems
VS/Pf=(7667cos(33.71))X+(7667sin(33.71))Y
VS/Pf=6378X+4255Ym/s
Equations(5.52)and(5.53),
VSf=SQRT[(VSf )X 2 +(VSf )Y 2 ]
VSf=SQRT[191072 +47882 ]
VSf=19,698m/s
Equation(5.54),
Sf =arctan[(VSf )Y /(VSf )X ]
Sf =arctan[4788/19107]
Sf =14.07
o
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