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Example Problems Basics of Space Flight Rocket Propulsion

The document contains 11 example problems related to rocket engine performance and design. Each problem provides key parameters and equations, then shows the step-by-step working to arrive at the solution. The problems cover topics such as calculating thrust, change in velocity, required propellant mass, engine burn time, exhaust velocity, specific impulse, nozzle dimensions and ratios.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
179 views

Example Problems Basics of Space Flight Rocket Propulsion

The document contains 11 example problems related to rocket engine performance and design. Each problem provides key parameters and equations, then shows the step-by-step working to arrive at the solution. The problems cover topics such as calculating thrust, change in velocity, required propellant mass, engine burn time, exhaust velocity, specific impulse, nozzle dimensions and ratios.

Uploaded by

salman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/31/2017 Example Problems

EXAMPLEPROBLEMS

PROBLEM1.1
Aspacecraft'sengineejectsmassatarateof30kg/swithanexhaustvelocity
of3,100m/s.Thepressureatthenozzleexitis5kPaandtheexitareais
0.7m2 .Whatisthethrustoftheengineinavacuum?

SOLUTION,
Given:q=30kg/s
Ve=3,100m/s
Ae=0.7m2
Pe=5kPa=5,000N/m2
Pa=0

Equation(1.6),

F=qVe+(PePa)Ae
F=303,100+(5,0000)0.7
F=96,500N

PROBLEM1.2
Thespacecraftinproblem1.1hasaninitialmassof30,000kg.Whatisthe
changeinvelocityifthespacecraftburnsitsengineforoneminute?

SOLUTION,
Given:M=30,000kg
q=30kg/s
Ve=3,100m/s
t=60s

Equation(1.16),

V=VeLN[M/(Mqt)]
V=3,100LN[30,000/(30,000(3060))]
V=192m/s

PROBLEM1.3
Aspacecraft'sdrymassis75,000kgandtheeffectiveexhaustgasvelocity
ofitsmainengineis3,100m/s.Howmuchpropellantmustbecarriedifthe
propulsionsystemistoproduceatotal vof700m/s?

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SOLUTION,
Given:Mf=75,000kg
C=3,100m/s
V=700m/s

Equation(1.20),

Mo=Mfe( V/C)
Mo=75,000e(700/3,100)
Mo=94,000kg

Propellantmass,

Mp=MoMf
Mp=94,00075,000
Mp=19,000kg

PROBLEM1.4
A5,000kgspacecraftisinEarthorbittravelingatavelocityof7,790m/s.
Itsengineisburnedtoaccelerateittoavelocityof12,000m/splacingit
onanescapetrajectory.Theengineexpelsmassatarateof10kg/sandan
effectivevelocityof3,000m/s.Calculatethedurationoftheburn.

SOLUTION,
Given:M=5,000kg
q=10kg/s
C=3,000m/s
V=12,0007,790=4,210m/s

Equation(1.21),

t=M/q[11/e( V/C) ]
t=5,000/10[11/e(4,210/3,000) ]
t=377s

PROBLEM1.5
Arocketengineburningliquidoxygenandkeroseneoperatesatamixtureratio
of2.26andacombustionchamberpressureof50atmospheres.Ifthenozzleis
expandedtooperateatsealevel,calculatetheexhaustgasvelocityrelative
totherocket.

SOLUTION,
Given:O/F=2.26
Pc=50atm
Pe=Pa=1atm

FromLOX/KeroseneChartsweestimate,

Tc=3,470K

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M=21.40
k=1.221

Equation(1.22),

Ve=SQRT[(2k/(k1))(R*Tc/M)(1(Pe/Pc)(k1)/k )]
Ve=SQRT[(21.221/(1.2211))(8,314.463,470/21.40)(1(1/50)(1.2211)/1.221 )]
Ve=2,749m/s

PROBLEM1.6
Arocketengineproducesathrustof1,000kNatsealevelwithapropellant
flowrateof400kg/s.Calculatethespecificimpulse.

SOLUTION,
Given:F=1,000,000N
q=400kg/s

Equation(1.23),

Isp=F/(qg)
Isp=1,000,000/(4009.80665)
Isp=255s(sealevel)

PROBLEM1.7
Arocketengineusesthesamepropellant,mixtureratio,andcombustionchamber
pressureasthatinproblem1.5.Ifthepropellantflowrateis500kg/s,
calculatetheareaoftheexhaustnozzlethroat.

SOLUTION,
Given:Pc=500.101325=5.066MPa
Tc=3,470K
M=21.40
k=1.221
q=500kg/s

Equation(1.27),

Pt=Pc[1+(k1)/2]k/(k1)
Pt=5.066[1+(1.2211)/2]1.221/(1.2211)
Pt=2.839MPa=2.839106 N/m2

Equation(1.28),

Tt=Tc/(1+(k1)/2)
Tt=3,470/(1+(1.2211)/2)
Tt=3,125K

Equation(1.26),

At=(q/Pt)SQRT[(R*Tt)/(Mk)]
At=(500/2.839106 )SQRT[(8,314.463,125)/(21.401.221)]
At=0.1756m2

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PROBLEM1.8
Therocketengineinproblem1.7isoptimizedtooperateatanelevationof2000
meters.Calculatetheareaofthenozzleexitandthesectionratio.

SOLUTION,
Given:Pc=5.066MPa
At=0.1756m2
k=1.221

FromAtmosphereProperties,

Pa=0.0795MPa

Equation(1.29),

Nm2 =(2/(k1))[(Pc/Pa)(k1)/k 1]
Nm2 =(2/(1.2211))[(5.066/0.0795)(1.2211)/1.221 1]
Nm2 =10.15
Nm=(10.15)1/2 =3.185

Equation(1.30),

Ae=(At/Nm)[(1+(k1)/2Nm2 )/((k+1)/2)](k+1)/(2(k1))
Ae=(0.1756/3.185)[(1+(1.2211)/210.15)/((1.221+1)/2)](1.221+1)/(2(1.2211))
Ae=1.426m2

SectionRatio,

Ae/At=1.426/0.1756=8.12

PROBLEM1.9
Fortherocketengineinproblem1.7,calculatethevolumeanddimensionsofa
possiblecombustionchamber.Theconvergentconehalfangleis20degrees.

SOLUTION,
Given:At=0.1756m2 =1,756cm2
Dt=2(1,756/ )1/2 =47.3cm
=20o

FromTable1,

L*=102127cmforLOX/RP1,let'suse110cm

Equation(1.33),

Vc=AtL*
Vc=1,756110=193,160cm3

FromFigure1.7,

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Lc=66cm(secondorderapproximation)

Equation(1.35),

Dc=SQRT[(Dt3 +24/ tan Vc)/(Dc+6tan Lc)]


Dc=SQRT[(47.33 +24/ tan(20)193,160)/(Dc+6tan(20)66)]
Dc=56.6cm(fourinterations)

PROBLEM1.10
Asolidrocketmotorburnsalongthefaceofacentralcylindricalchannel10
meterslongand1meterindiameter.Thepropellanthasaburnratecoefficient
of5.5,apressureexponentof0.4,andadensityof1.70g/ml.Calculatethe
burnrateandtheproductgenerationratewhenthechamberpressureis5.0MPa.

SOLUTION,
Given:a=5.5
n=0.4
Pc=5.0MPa
p=1.70g/ml
Ab= 110=31.416m2

Equation(1.36),

r=aPcn
r=5.55.00.4 =10.47mm/s

Equation(1.37),

q= pAbr
q=1.7031.41610.47=559kg/s

PROBLEM1.11
Calculatetheidealdensityofasolidrocketpropellantconsistingof68%
ammoniumperchlorate,18%aluminum,and14%HTPBbymass.

SOLUTION,
Given:wAP =0.68
wAl =0.18
wHTPB =0.14

FromPropertiesofRocketPropellantswehave,

AP =1.95g/ml
Al =2.70g/ml
HTPB =0.93g/ml

Equation(1.38),

p=1/ i (w/ )i
p=1/[(0.68/1.95)+(0.18/2.70)+(0.14/0.93)]
p=1.767

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PROBLEM1.12
Atwostagerockethasthefollowingmasses:1ststagepropellantmass120,000
kg,1ststagedrymass9,000kg,2ndstagepropellantmass30,000kg,2ndstage
drymass3,000kg,andpayloadmass3,000kg.Thespecificimpulsesofthe
1stand2ndstagesare260sand320srespectively.Calculatetherocket's
total V.

SOLUTION,
Given:Mo1 =120,000+9,000+30,000+3,000+3,000=165,000kg
Mf1 =9,000+30,000+3,000+3,000=45,000kg
Isp1 =260s
Mo2 =30,000+3,000+3,000=36,000kg
Mf2 =3,000+3,000=6,000kg
Isp2 =320s

Equation(1.24),

C1 =Isp1 g
C1 =2609.80665=2,550m/s

C2 =Isp2 g
C2 =3209.80665=3,138m/s

Equation(1.39),

V1 =C1 LN[Mo1 /Mf1 ]


V1 =2,550LN[165,000/45,000]
V1 =3,313m/s

V2 =C2 LN[Mo2 /Mf2 ]


V2 =3,138LN[36,000/6,000]
V2 =5,623m/s

Equation(1.40),

VTotal = V1 + V2
VTotal =3,313+5,623
VTotal =8,936m/s

PROBLEM3.1
UsingtheBarrowmanmethod,calculatethelocationofthecenterofpressurefromthe
leadingedgeofarockethavingthedimensionsgivenbelow.Thenoseisogiveshaped.

SOLUTION,
Given:LN =400mm
d=200mm
dF =200mm
dR =160mm
LT =120mm
XP =900mm

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CR =240mm
CT =120mm
S=240mm
LF =247mm
R=80mm
XR =120mm
XB =1,760mm
N=3each

Equations(3.1)through(3.6),

(CN )N =2

XN =0.466LN
XN =0.466400=186mm

(CN )T =2[(dR /d)2 (dF /d)2 ]


(CN )T =2[(160/200)2 (200/200)2 ]
(CN )T =0.72

XT =XP +LT /3[1+(1dF /dR )/(1(dF /dR )2 )]


XT =900+120/3[1+(1200/160)/(1(200/160)2 )]
XT =958mm

(CN )F =(1+R/(S+R))[4N(S/d)2 /(1+SQRT[1+(2LF /(CR +CT ))2 ])]


(CN )F =(1+80/(240+80))[43(240/200)2 /(1+SQRT[1+(2247/(240+120))2 ])]
(CN )F =8.01

XF =XB +XR /3(CR +2CT )/(CR +CT )+1/6[CR +CT CR CT /(CR +CT )]
XF =1760+120/3(240+2120)/(240+120)+1/6[240+120240120/(240+120)]
XF =1,860mm

Equations(3.7)and(3.8),

(CN )R =(CN )N +(CN )T +(CN )F


(CN )R =20.72+8.01=9.29

X=[(CN )N XN +(CN )T XT +(CN )F XF ]/(CN )R


X=[21860.72958+8.011860]/9.29
X=1,570mm

PROBLEM4.1
CalculatethevelocityofanartificialsatelliteorbitingtheEarthina
circularorbitatanaltitudeof200kmabovetheEarth'ssurface.

SOLUTION,
FromBasicsConstants,

RadiusofEarth=6,378.14km
GMofEarth=3.9860051014 m3 /s2

Given:r=(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m

Equation(4.6),

v=SQRT[GM/r]
v=SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,578,140]

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v=7,784m/s

PROBLEM4.2
Calculatetheperiodofrevolutionforthesatelliteinproblem4.1.

SOLUTION,
Given:r=6,578,140m

Equation(4.9),

P2 =4 2 r3 /GM

P=SQRT[4 2 r3 /GM]
P=SQRT[4 2 6,578,1403 /3.9860051014 ]
P=5,310s

PROBLEM4.3
CalculatetheradiusoforbitforaEarthsatelliteinageosynchronousorbit,
wheretheEarth'srotationalperiodis86,164.1seconds.

SOLUTION,
Given:P=86,164.1s

Equation(4.9),

P2 =4 2 r3 /GM

r=[P2 GM/(4 2 )]1/3


r=[86,164.12 3.9860051014 /(4 2 )]1/3
r=42,164,170m

PROBLEM4.4
AnartificialEarthsatelliteisinanellipticalorbitwhichbringsitto
analtitudeof250kmatperigeeandouttoanaltitudeof500kmatapogee.
Calculatethevelocityofthesatelliteatbothperigeeandapogee.

SOLUTION,
Given:Rp=(6,378.14+250)1,000=6,628,140m
Ra=(6,378.14+500)1,000=6,878,140m

Equations(4.16)and(4.17),

Vp=SQRT[2GMRa/(Rp(Ra+Rp))]
Vp=SQRT[23.9860051014 6,878,140/(6,628,140(6,878,140+6,628,140))]
Vp=7,826m/s
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Va=SQRT[2GMRp/(Ra(Ra+Rp))]
Va=SQRT[23.9860051014 6,628,140/(6,878,140(6,878,140+6,628,140))]
Va=7,542m/s

PROBLEM4.5
AsatelliteinEarthorbitpassesthroughitsperigeepointatanaltitudeof
200kmabovetheEarth'ssurfaceandatavelocityof7,850m/s.Calculatethe
apogeealtitudeofthesatellite.

SOLUTION,
Given:Rp=(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
Vp=7,850m/s

Equation(4.18),

Ra=Rp/[2GM/(RpVp2 )1]
Ra=6,578,140/[23.9860051014 /(6,578,1407,8502 )1]
Ra=6,805,140m

Altitude@apogee=6,805,140/1,0006,378.14=427.0km

PROBLEM4.6
Calculatetheeccentricityoftheorbitforthesatelliteinproblem4.5.

SOLUTION,
Given:Rp=6,578,140m
Vp=7,850m/s

Equation(4.20),

e=RpVp2 /GM1
e=6,578,1407,8502 /3.9860051014 1
e=0.01696

PROBLEM4.7
AsatelliteinEarthorbithasasemimajoraxisof6,700kmandaneccentricity
of0.01.Calculatethesatellite'saltitudeatbothperigeeandapogee.

SOLUTION,
Given:a=6,700km
e=0.01

Equation(4.21)and(4.22),

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Rp=a(1e)
Rp=6,700(1.01)
Rp=6,633km

Altitude@perigee=6,6336,378.14=254.9km

Ra=a(1+e)
Ra=6,700(1+.01)
Ra=6,767km

Altitude@apogee=6,7676,378.14=388.9km

PROBLEM4.8
AsatelliteislaunchedintoEarthorbitwhereitslaunchvehicleburnsoutat
analtitudeof250km.Atburnoutthesatellite'svelocityis7,900m/swiththe
zenithangleequalto89degrees.Calculatethesatellite'saltitudeatperigee
andapogee.

SOLUTION,
Given:r1=(6,378.14+250)1,000=6,628,140m
v1=7,900m/s
=89o

Equation(4.26),

(Rp/r1)1,2 =(CSQRT[C2 4(1C)sin2 ])/(2(1C))

whereC=2GM/(r1v12 )
C=23.9860051014 /(6,628,1407,9002 )
C=1.927179

(Rp/r1)1,2 =(1.927179SQRT[1.9271792 40.927179sin2 (89)])/(20.927179)


(Rp/r1)1,2 =0.996019and1.082521

PerigeeRadius,Rp=Rp1 =r1(Rp/r1)1

Rp=6,628,1400.996019
Rp=6,601,750m

Altitude@perigee=6,601,750/1,0006,378.14=223.6km

ApogeeRadius,Ra=Rp2 =r1(Rp/r1)2

Ra=6,628,1401.082521
Ra=7,175,100m

Altitude@agogee=7,175,100/1,0006,378.14=797.0km

PROBLEM4.9
Calculatetheeccentricityoftheorbitforthesatelliteinproblem4.8.

SOLUTION,

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Given:r1=6,628,140m
v1=7,900m/s
=89o

Equation(4.27),

e=SQRT[(r1v12 /GM1)2 sin2 +cos2 ]


e=SQRT[(6,628,1407,9002 /3.9860051014 1)2 sin2 (89)+cos2 (89)]
e=0.0416170

PROBLEM4.10
Calculatetheangle fromperigeepointtolaunchpointforthesatellite
inproblem4.8.

SOLUTION,
Given:r1=6,628,140m
v1=7,900m/s
=89o

Equation(4.28),

tan =(r1v12 /GM)sin cos /[(r1v12 /GM)sin2 1]


tan =(6,628,1407,9002 /3.9860051014 )sin(89)cos(89)
/[(6,628,1407,9002 /3.9860051014 )sin2 (89)1]
tan =0.48329

=arctan(0.48329)
=25.794o

PROBLEM4.11
Calculatethesemimajoraxisoftheorbitforthesatelliteinproblem4.8.

SOLUTION,
Given:r1=6,628,140m
v1=7,900m/s

Equation(4.32),

a=1/(2/r1v12 /GM)
a=1/(2/6,628,1407,9002 /3.9860051014 ))
a=6,888,430m

PROBLEM4.12
Forthesatelliteinproblem4.8,burnoutoccurs20001020,15:00UT.The
geocentriccoordinatesatburnoutare32o Nlatitude,60o Wlongitude,andthe

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azimuthheadingis86o .Calculatetheorbit'sinclination,argumentofperigee,
andlongitudeofascendingnode.

SOLUTION,
Given: =86o
=32o
2 =60o

Fromproblem4.10,

=25.794o

Equation(4.33),

cos(i)=cos( )sin( )
cos(i)=cos(32)sin(86)
i=32.223o

Equations(4.34)and(4.36),

tan( )=tan( )/cos( )


tan( )=tan(32)/cos(86)
=83.630o

=
=83.63025.794
=57.836o

Equations(4.35)and(4.37),

tan( )=sin( )tan( )


tan( )=sin(32)tan(86)
=82.483o

1 = 2
1 =6082.483
1 =142.483o

=Siderealtimeat142.483longitude,20001020,15:00UT
=7h 27'34"=111.892o

PROBLEM4.13
Asatelliteisinanorbitwithasemimajoraxisof7,500kmandaneccentricity
of0.1.Calculatethetimeittakestomovefromaposition30degreespast
perigeeto90degreespastperigee.

SOLUTION,
Given:a=7,5001,000=7,500,000m
e=0.1
tO =0
O =30deg /180=0.52360radians
=90deg /180=1.57080radians

Equation(4.40),

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cosE=(e+cos )/(1+ecos )

Eo=arccos[(0.1+cos(0.52360))/(1+0.1cos(0.52360))]
Eo=0.47557radians

E=arccos[(0.1+cos(1.57080))/(1+0.1cos(1.57080))]
E=1.47063radians

Equation(4.41),

M=EesinE

Mo=0.475570.1sin(0.47557)
Mo=0.42978radians

M=1.470630.1sin(1.47063)
M=1.37113radians

Equation(4.39),

n=SQRT[GM/a3 ]
n=SQRT[3.9860051014 /7,500,0003 ]
n=0.00097202rad/s

Equation(4.38),

MMo=n(ttO )

t=tO +(MMo)/n
t=0+(1.371130.42978)/0.00097202
t=968.4s

PROBLEM4.14
Thesatelliteinproblem4.13hasatrueanomalyof90degrees.Whatwillbethe
satellite'sposition,i.e.it'strueanomaly,20minuteslater?

SOLUTION,
Given:a=7,500,000m
e=0.1
tO =0
t=2060=1,200s
O =90 /180=1.57080rad

Fromproblem4.13,

Mo=1.37113rad
n=0.00097202rad/s

Equation(4.38),

MMo=n(ttO )

M=Mo+n(ttO )
M=1.37113+0.00097202(1,2000)
M=2.53755

METHOD#1,LowAccuracy:

Equation(4.42),

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~M+2esinM+1.25e2 sin2M
~2.53755+20.1sin(2.53755)+1.250.12 sin(22.53755)
~2.63946=151.2degrees

METHOD#2,HighAccuracy:

Equation(4.41),

M=EesinE
2.53755=E0.1sinE

Byiteration,E=2.58996radians

Equation(4.40),

cosE=(e+cos )/(1+ecos )

Rearrangingvariablesgives,

cos =(cosEe)/(1ecosE)

=arccos[(cos(2.58996)0.1)/(10.1cos(2.58996)]
=2.64034=151.3degrees

PROBLEM4.15
Forthesatelliteinproblems4.13and4.14,calculatethelengthofitsposition
vector,itsflightpathangle,anditsvelocitywhenthesatellite'strueanomaly
is225degrees.

SOLUTION,
Given:a=7,500,000m
e=0.1
=225degrees

Equations(4.43)and(4.44),

r=a(1e2 )/(1+ecos )
r=7,500,000(10.12 )/(1+0.1cos(225))
r=7,989,977m

=arctan[esin /(1+ecos )]
=arctan[0.1sin(225)/(1+0.1cos(225))]
=4.351degrees

Equation(4.45),

v=SQRT[GM(2/r1/a)]
v=SQRT[3.9860051014 (2/7,989,9771/7,500,000)]
v=6,828m/s

PROBLEM4.16
Calculatetheperturbationsinlongitudeoftheascendingnodeandargumentof
perigeecausedbytheMoonandSunfortheInternationalSpaceStationorbiting
atanaltitudeof400km,aninclinationof51.6degrees,andwithanorbital

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periodof92.6minutes.

SOLUTION,
Given:i=51.6degrees
n=1436/92.6=15.5revolutions/day

Equations(4.46)through(4.49),

Moon =0.00338cos(i)/n
Moon =0.00338cos(51.6)/15.5
Moon =0.000135deg/day

Sun =0.00154cos(i)/n
Sun =0.00154cos(51.6)/15.5
Sun =0.0000617deg/day

2 i)/n
Moon =0.00169(45sin
2 51.6)/15.5
Moon =0.00169(45sin
Moon =0.000101deg/day

2 i)/n
Sun =0.00077(45sin
2 51.6)/15.5
Sun =0.00077(45sin
Sun =0.000046deg/day

PROBLEM4.17
Asatelliteisinanorbitwithasemimajoraxisof7,500km,aninclination
of28.5degrees,andaneccentricityof0.1.CalculatetheJ2 perturbationsin
longitudeoftheascendingnodeandargumentofperigee.

SOLUTION,
Given:a=7,500km
i=28.5degrees
e=0.1

Equations(4.50)and(4.51),

14 a7/2 (cosi)(1e2 )2
J2 =2.0647410
14 (7,500)7/2 (cos28.5)(1(0.1)2 )2
J2 =2.0647410
J2 =5.067deg/day

14 a7/2 (45sin2 i)(1e2 )2


J2 =1.0323710
14 (7,500)7/2 (45sin2 28.5)(1(0.1)2 )2
J2 =1.0323710
J2 =8.250deg/day

PROBLEM4.18
AsatelliteisinacircularEarthorbitatanaltitudeof400km.Thesatellite
hasacylindricalshape2mindiameterby4mlongandhasamassof1,000kg.
Thesatelliteistravelingwithitslongaxisperpendiculartothevelocity
vectorandit'sdragcoefficientis2.67.Calculatetheperturbationsdueto
atmosphericdragandestimatethesatellite'slifetime.

http://www.braeunig.us/space/problem.htm#1.1 15/32
1/31/2017 Example Problems

SOLUTION,
Given:a=(6,378.14+400)1,000=6,778,140m
A=24=8m2
m=1,000kg
CD =2.67

FromAtmosphereProperties,

=2.621012 kg/m3
H=58.2km

Equation(4.6),

V=SQRT[GM/a]
V=SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,778,140]
V=7,669m/s

Equations(4.53)through(4.55),

arev =(2 CD A a2 )/m


arev =(2 2.6782.621012 6,778,1402 )/1,000
arev =16.2m

Prev =(6 2 CD A a2 )/(mV)


Prev =(6 2 2.6782.621012 6,778,1402 )/(1,0007,669)
Prev =0.0199s

Vrev =( CD A aV)/m
Vrev =( 2.6782.621012 6,778,1407,669)/1,000
Vrev =0.00914m/s

Equation(4.56),

L~H/ arev
L~(58.21,000)/16.2
L~3,600revolutions

PROBLEM4.19
Aspacecraftisinacircularparkingorbitwithanaltitudeof200km.
CalculatethevelocitychangerequiredtoperformaHohmanntransfertoa
circularorbitatgeosynchronousaltitude.

SOLUTION,
Given:rA =(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m

Fromproblem4.3,

rB =42,164,170m

Equations(4.58)through(4.65),

atx =(rA +rB )/2


atx =(6,578,140+42,164,170)/2
atx =24,371,155m

ViA =SQRT[GM/rA ]
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ViA =SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,578,140]
ViA =7,784m/s

VfB =SQRT[GM/rB ]
VfB =SQRT[3.9860051014 /42,164,170]
VfB =3,075m/s

VtxA =SQRT[GM(2/rA 1/atx )]


VtxA =SQRT[3.9860051014 (2/6,578,1401/24,371,155)]
VtxA =10,239m/s

VtxB =SQRT[GM(2/rB 1/atx )]


VtxB =SQRT[3.9860051014 (2/42,164,1701/24,371,155)]
VtxB =1,597m/s

VA =VtxA ViA
VA =10,2397,784
VA =2,455m/s

VB =VfB VtxB
VB =3,0751,597
VB =1,478m/s

VT = VA + VB
VT =2,455+1,478
VT =3,933m/s

PROBLEM4.20
Asatelliteisinacircularparkingorbitwithanaltitudeof200km.Using
aonetangentburn,itistobetransferredtogeosynchronousaltitudeusinga
transferellipsewithasemimajoraxisof30,000km.Calculatethetotal
requiredvelocitychangeandthetimerequiredtocompletethetransfer.

SOLUTION,
Given:rA =(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
rB =42,164,170m
atx =30,0001,000=30,000,000m

Equations(4.66)through(4.68),

e=1rA /atx
e=16,578,140/30,000,000
e=0.780729

=arccos[(atx (1e2 )/rB 1)/e]


=arccos[(30,000,000(10.7807292 )/42,164,1701)/0.780729]
=157.670degrees

=arctan[esin /(1+ecos )]
=arctan[0.780729sin(157.670)/(1+0.780729cos(157.670))]
=46.876degrees

Equations(4.59)through(4.63),

ViA =SQRT[GM/rA ]

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1/31/2017 Example Problems
ViA =SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,578,140]
ViA =7,784m/s

VfB =SQRT[GM/rB ]
VfB =SQRT[3.9860051014 /42,164,170]
VfB =3,075m/s

VtxA =SQRT[GM(2/rA 1/atx )]


VtxA =SQRT[3.9860051014 (2/6,578,1401/30,000,000)]
VtxA =10,388m/s

VtxB =SQRT[GM(2/rB 1/atx )]


VtxB =SQRT[3.9860051014 (2/42,164,1701/30,000,000)]
VtxB =2,371m/s

VA =VtxA ViA
VA =10,3887,784
VA =2,604m/s

Equation(4.69),

VB =SQRT[VtxB 2 +VfB 2 2VtxB VfB cos ]


VB =SQRT[2,3712 +3,0752 22,3713,075cos(46.876)]
VB =2,260m/s

Equation(4.65),

VT = VA + VB
VT =2,604+2,260
VT =4,864m/s

Equations(4.70)and(4.71),

E=arccos[(e+cos )/(1+ecos )]
E=arccos[(0.780729+cos(157.670))/(1+0.780729cos(157.670))]
E=2.11688radians

TOF=(EesinE)SQRT[atx 3 /GM]
TOF=(2.116880.780729sin(2.11688))SQRT[30,000,0003 /3.9860051014 ]
TOF=11,931s=3.314hours

PROBLEM4.21
Calculatethevelocitychangerequiredtotransferasatellitefromacircular
600kmorbitwithaninclinationof28degreestoanorbitofequalsizewith
aninclinationof20degrees.

SOLUTION,
Given:r=(6,378.14+600)1,000=6,978,140m
=2820=8degrees

Equation(4.6),

Vi=SQRT[GM/r]
Vi=SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,978,140]
Vi=7,558m/s

Equation(4.73),

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1/31/2017 Example Problems

V=2Visin( /2)
V=27,558sin(8/2)
V=1,054m/s

PROBLEM4.22
Asatelliteisinaparkingorbitwithanaltitudeof200kmandaninclination
of28degrees.Calculatethetotalvelocitychangerequiredtotransferthe
satellitetoazeroinclinationgeosynchronousorbitusingaHohmanntransfer
withacombinedplanechangeatapogee.

Given:rA =(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
rB =42,164,170m
=28degrees

Fromproblem4.19,

VfB =3,075m/s
VtxB =1,597m/s
VA =2,455m/s

Equation(4.74),

VB =SQRT[VtxB 2 +VfB 2 2VtxB VfB cos ]


VB =SQRT[1,5972 +3,0752 21,5973,075cos(28)]
VB =1,826m/s

Equation(4.65),

VT = VA + VB
VT =2,455+1,826
VT =4,281m/s

PROBLEM4.23
Aspacecraftisinanorbitwithaninclinationof30degreesandthelongitude
oftheascendingnodeis75degrees.Calculatetheanglechangerequiredto
changetheinclinationto32degreesandthelongitudeoftheascendingnodeto
80degrees.

SOLUTION,
Given:ii =30degrees
i=75degrees
if =32degrees
f=80degrees

Equation(4.75),

a1=sin(ii )cos( i)=sin(30)cos(75)=0.129410

a2=sin(ii )sin( i)=sin(30)sin(75)=0.482963



a3=cos(ii )=cos(30)=0.866025

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b1=sin(if )cos( f)=sin(32)cos(80)=0.0920195

b2=sin(if )sin( f)=sin(32)sin(80)=0.521869



b3=cos(if )=cos(32)=0.848048

=arccos(a1b1+a2b2+a3b3)
=arccos(0.1294100.0920195+0.4829630.521869+0.8660250.848048)
=3.259degrees

PROBLEM4.24
Calculatethelatitudeandlongitudeoftheintersectionnodesbetweenthe
initialandfinalorbitsforthespacecraftinproblem4.23.

SOLUTION,
Fromproblem4.21,

a1=0.129410
a2=0.482963
a3=0.866025
b1=0.0920195
b2=0.521869
b3=0.848048

Equations(4.76)and(4.77),

c1=a2b3a3b2=0.4829630.8480480.8660250.521869=0.0423757

c2=a3b1a1b3=0.8660250.09201950.1294100.848048=0.0300543

c3=a1b2a2b1=0.1294100.5218690.4829630.0920195=0.0230928

lat1 =arctan(c3/(c12 +c22 )1/2 )


lat1 =arctan(0.0230928/(0.04237572 +0.03005432 )1/2 )
lat1 =23.965degrees

long1 =arctan(c2/c1)+90
long1 =arctan(0.0300543/0.0423757)+90
long1 =125.346degrees

lat2 =23.965degrees
long2 =125.346+180=305.346degrees

PROBLEM4.25
CalculatetheescapevelocityofaspacecraftlaunchedfromanEarthorbitwith
analtitudeof200km.

SOLUTION,
Given:r=(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m

Equation(4.78),

Vesc =SQRT[2GM/r]

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1/31/2017 Example Problems
Vesc =SQRT[23.9860051014 /6,578,140]
Vesc =11,009m/s

PROBLEM4.26
AspaceprobeisapproachingMarsonahyperbolicflybytrajectory.Whenat
adistanceof100,000km,itsvelocityrelativetoMarsis5,140.0m/sand
itsflightpathangleis85.300degrees.Calculatetheprobe'seccentricity,
semimajoraxis,turningangle,angle ,trueanomaly,impactparameter,
periapsisradius,andparameterp.

SOLUTION,
FromBasicsConstants,

GMofMars=4.2828311013 m3 /s2

Given:r=100,0001,000=100,000,000m
v=5,140.0m/s
=85.300o

Equations(4.30)and(4.32),

e=SQRT[(rv2 /GM1)2 cos2 +sin2 ]


e=SQRT[(100,000,0005,1402 /4.2828311013 1)2 cos2 (85.3)+sin2 (85.3)]
e=5.0715

a=1/(2/rv2 /GM)
a=1/(2/100,000,0005,1402 /4.2828311013 )
a=1,675,400m

Equations(4.80)through(4.85),

sin( /2)=1/e
=2arcsin(1/5.0715)
=22.744o

cos =1/e
=arccos(1/5.0715)
=101.37o

=arccos[(a(1e2 )r)/(er)]
=arccos[(1,675,400(15.07152 )100,000,000)/(5.0715100,000,000)]
=96.633o

b=a/tan( /2)
b=1,675.4/tan(22.744/2)
b=8,330.0km

ro =a(1e)
ro =1,675.4(15.0715)
ro =6,821.4km

p=a(1e2 )
p=1,675.4(15.07152 )
p=41,416km

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1/31/2017 Example Problems

PROBLEM4.27
Thespaceprobeinproblem4.26hasmovedtoatrueanomalyof75degrees.
Calculatetheradiusvector,flightpathangle,andvelocity.

SOLUTION,
Given:a=1,675,400m
e=5.0715
=75o

Equations(4.43)through(4.45),

r=a(1e2 )/(1+ecos )
r=1,675,400(15.07152 )/(1+5.0715cos(75))
r=17,909,000m

=arctan[esin /(1+ecos )]
=arctan[5.0715sin(75)/(1+5.0715cos(75))]
=64.729o

v=SQRT[GM(2/r1/a)]
v=SQRT[4.2828311013 (2/17,909,0001/1,675,400)]
v=5,508.7m/s

PROBLEM4.28
AspacecraftislaunchedfromEarthonahyperbolictrajectorywithasemimajor
axisof36,000kmandaneccentricityof1.1823.Howlongdoesittaketomove
fromatrueanomalyof15degreestoatrueanomalyof120degrees?

SOLUTION,
Given:a=36,0001,000=36,000,000m
e=1.1823
O =15o
=120o

Equation(4.87),

coshF=(e+cos )/(1+ecos )

Fo=arccosh[(1.1823+cos(15))/(1+1.1823cos(15))]
Fo=0.07614

F=arccosh[(1.1823+cos(120))/(1+1.1823cos(120))]
F=1.10023

Equation(4.86),

ttO =SQRT[(a)3 /GM][(esinhFF)(esinhFoFo)]


ttO =SQRT[(36,000,000)3 /3.9860051014 ][(1.1823sinh(1.10023)1.10023)
(1.1823sinh(0.07614)0.07614)]
ttO =5,035s=1.399hours

PROBLEM4.29
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1/31/2017 Example Problems

AspacecraftlaunchedfromEarthhasaburnoutvelocityof11,500m/satan
altitudeof200km.Whatisthehyperbolicexcessvelocity?

SOLUTION,
Given:Vbo =11,500m/s

Fromproblem4.25,

Vesc =11,009m/s

Equation(4.88),

V 2 =V 2 V 2
bo esc
V =SQRT[11,5002 11,0092 ]
V =3,325m/s

PROBLEM4.30
CalculatetheradiusofEarth'ssphereofinfluence.

SOLUTION,
FromBasicsConstants,

Dsp =149,597,870km
MP =5.97371024 kg
MS =1.98911030 kg

Equation(4.89),

REarth =Dsp (MP /MS )0.4


REarth =149,597,870(5.97371024 /1.98911030 )0.4
REarth =925,000km

PROBLEM5.1
Usingaonetangentburn,calculatethechangeintrueanomalyandthe
timeofflightforatransferfromEarthtoMars.TheradiusvectorofEarthat
departureis1.000AUandthatofMarsatarrivalis1.524AU.Thesemimajor
axisofthetransferorbitis1.300AU.

SOLUTION,
Given:rA =1.000AU
rB =1.524AU
atx =1.300AU149.597870109 m/AU=194.48109 m

FromBasicsConstants,

GMofSun=1.3271241020 m3 /s2

Equations(4.66)and(4.67),

e=1rA /atx

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e=11.0/1.3
e=0.230769

=arccos[(atx (1e2 )/rB 1)/e]
=arccos[(1.3(10.2307692 )/1.5241)/0.230769]
=146.488degrees

Equations(4.70)and(4.71),

E=arccos[(e+cos )/(1+ecos )]
E=arccos[(0.230769+cos(146.488))/(1+0.230769cos(146.488))]
E=2.41383radians

TOF=(EesinE)SQRT[atx 3 /GM]
TOF=(2.413830.230769sin(2.41383))SQRT[(194.48109 )3 /1.3271241020 ]
TOF=16,827,800s=194.77days

PROBLEM5.2
Forthetransferorbitinproblem5.1,calculatethedeparturephaseangle,given
thattheangularvelocityofMarsis0.5240degrees/day.

SOLUTION,
Given: 2 1 =146.488o
t2 t1 =194.77days
o /day
t =0.5240

Equation(5.1),

=( 2 1 ) t (t2 t1 )
=146.4880.5240194.77
=44.43o

PROBLEM5.3
AflighttoMarsislaunchedon2020720,0:00UT.Theplannedtimeofflight
is207days.Earth'spostionvectoratdepartureis0.473265X0.899215YAU.
Mars'postionvectoratinterceptis0.066842X+1.561256Y+0.030948ZAU.
Calculatetheparameterandsemimajoraxisofthetransferorbit.

SOLUTION,
Given:t=207days
r1=0.473265X0.899215YAU
r2=0.066842X+1.561256Y+0.030948ZAU
GM=1.3271241020 m3 /s2
=1.3271241020 /(149.597870109 )3 =3.9640161014 AU3 /s2

Fromvectormagnitude,

r1=SQRT[0.4732652 +(0.899215)2 ]
r1=1.016153AU

r2=SQRT[0.0668422 +1.5612562 +0.0309482 ]

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r2=1.562993AU

Fromvectordotproduct,

=arccos[(0.4732650.0668420.8992151.561256)/(1.0161531.562993)]
=149.770967o

Equations(5.9),(5.10)and(5.11),

k=r1 r2 (1cos )
k=1.0161531.562993(1cos(149.770967))
k=2.960511AU

=r1 +r2
=1.016153+1.562993
=2.579146AU

m=r1 r2 (1+cos )
m=1.0161531.562993(1+cos(149.770967))
m=0.215969AU

Equations(5.18)and(5.19),

pi =k/( +SQRT(2m))
pi =2.960511/(2.579146+SQRT(20.215969))
pi =0.914764AU

pii =k/( SQRT(2m))


pii =2.960511/(2.579146SQRT(20.215969))
pii =1.540388AU

Since < ,0.914764<p<

Equation(5.12),

Selecttrialvalue,p=1.2AU

a=mkp/[(2m 2 )p2 +2k pk2 ]


a=0.2159692.9605111.2
/[(20.2159692.5791462 )1.22 +22.9605112.5791461.22.9605112 ]
a=1.270478AU

Equations(5.5),(5.6)and(5.7),

f=1r2 /p(1cos )
f=11.562993/1.2(1cos(149.770967))
f=1.427875

g=r1 r2 sin /SQRT[GMp]


g=1.0161531.562993sin(149.770967)/SQRT[3.9640161014 1.2]
g=3,666,240

=SQRT[GM/p]tan( /2)[(1cos )/p1/r1 1/r2 ]


=SQRT[3.9640161014 /1.2]tan(149.770967/2)
[(1cos(149.770967))/1.21/1.0161531/1.562993]
=4.747601108

Equation(5.13),

E=arccos[1r1 /a(1f)]
E=arccos[11.016153/1.270478(1+1.427875)]
E=2.798925radians

Equation(5.16),

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t=g+SQRT[a3 /GM]( Esin E)


t=3,666,240+SQRT[1.2704783 /3.9640161014 ](2.798925sin(2.798925))
t=21,380,951s=247.4647days

Selectnewtrialvalueofpandrepeatabovesteps,

p=1.300000AU,a=1.443005AU,t=178.9588days

Equation(5.20),

pn+1 =pn +(ttn )(pn pn1 )/(tn tn1 )


pn+1 =1.3+(207178.9588)(1.31.2)/(178.9588247.4647)
pn+1 =1.259067AU

Recalculateusingnewvalueofp,

p=1.259067AU,a=1.336197AU,t=201.5624days

Performadditionaliterations,

p=1.249221AU,a=1.318624AU,t=207.9408days
p=1.250673AU,a=1.321039AU,t=206.9733days
p=1.250633AU,a=1.320971AU,t=206.9999days<closeenough

PROBLEM5.4
FortheMarstransferorbitinProblem5.3,calculatethedepartureandintecept
velocityvectors.

SOLUTION,
Given:r1=0.473265X0.899215YAU
r2=0.066842X+1.561256Y+0.030948ZAU
r1=1.016153AU
r2=1.562993AU
p=1.250633AU
a=1.320971AU
=149.770967o

Equations(5.5),(5.6)and(5.7),

f=1r2 /p(1cos )
f=11.562993/1.250633(1cos(149.770967))
f=1.329580

g=r1 r2 sin /SQRT[GMp]


g=1.0161531.562993sin(149.770967)/SQRT[3.9640161014 1.250633]
g=3,591,258

=SQRT[GM/p]tan( /2)[(1cos )/p1/r1 1/r2 ]


=SQRT[3.9640161014 /1.250633]tan(149.770967/2)
[(1cos(149.770967))/1.2506331/1.0161531/1.562993]
=8.795872108

=1r1 /p(1cos )
=11.016153/1.250633(1cos(149.770967))
=0.514536

Equation(5.3),

v1=(r2fr1)/g

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v1=[(0.066842+1.3295800.473265)/3,591,258]X
+[(1.561256+1.3295800.899215)/3,591,258]Y
+[(0.030948+1.3295800)/3,591,258]Z

v1=0.000000193828X+0.000000101824Y+0.00000000861759ZAU/s149.597870109
v1=28996.2X+15232.7Y+1289.2Zm/s

Equation(5.4),

v2= r1+ v1

v2=[8.795872108 0.4732650.5145360.000000193828]X
+[8.795872108 0.8992150.5145360.000000101824]Y
+[8.795872108 00.5145360.00000000861759]Z

v2=0.000000141359X+0.0000000267017Y0.00000000443406ZAU/s149.597870109
v2=21147.0X+3994.5Y663.3Zm/s

PROBLEM5.5
FortheMarstransferorbitinProblems5.3and5.4,calculatetheorbitalelements.

SOLUTION,
Problemcanbesolvedusingeitherr1&v1orr2&v2wewilluser1&v1.

Given:r1=(0.473265X0.899215YAU)149.597870109 m/AU
=7.0799441010 X1.3452061011 Ym
r1=1.016153149.597870109 =1.5201441011 m
GM=1.3271241020 m3 /s2

Fromproblem5.4,

v1=28996.2X+15232.7Y+1289.2Zm/s

Also,

v=SQRT[28996.22 +15232.72 +1289.22 ]=32,779.2m/s

Equations(5.21)and(5.22),

h=(rY vZ rZ vY )X+(rZ vX rX vZ )Y+(rX vY rY vX )Z


h=(1.3452061011 1289.2015232.7)X+(028996.27.0799441010 1289.2)Y
+(7.0799441010 15232.7+1.3452061011 28996.2)Z
h=1.734241014 X9.127461013 Y+4.979051015 Z

n=hY X+hX Y
n=9.127461013 X1.734241014 Y

Also,

h=SQRT[(1.734241014 )2 +(9.127461013 )2 +(4.979051015 )2 ]=4.982911015


n=SQRT[(9.127461013 )2 +(1.734241014 )2 ]=1.959771014

Equation(5.23),

e=[(v2 GM/r)r(rv)v]/GM

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1/31/2017 Example Problems

v2 GM/r=32779.22 1.3271241020 /1.5201441011 =2.01451108

rv=7.0799441010 28996.21.3452061011 15232.7+0x1289.2=3.802781012

e=[2.01451108 (7.0799441010 X1.3452061011 Y)


3.802781012 (28996.2X+15232.7Y+1289.2Z)]/1.3271241020
e=0.106639X0.204632Y0.000037Z

Equations(5.24)and(5.25),

a=1/(2/rv2 /GM)
a=1/(2/1.5201441011 32779.22 /1.3271241020 )
a=1.976141011 m

e=SQRT[0.1066392 +(0.204632)2 +(0.000037)2 ]


e=0.230751

Equations(5.26)though(5.30),

cosi=hZ/h
cosi=4.979051015 /4.982911015
i=2.255o

cos =nX/n
cos =9.127461013 /1.959771014
=297.76o

cos =ne/(ne)
cos =(9.127461013 0.1066391.734241014 (0.204632)+0(0.000037))
/(1.959771014 0.230751)
=359.77o

cos o =er/(er)
cos o =(0.1066397.0799441010 0.204632(1.3452061011 )0.0000370)
/(0.2307511.5201441011 )
o =0.226o

cosuo =nr/(nr)
uo =0(launchpoint=ascendingnode)

Equations(5.31)and(5.32),

= +
=297.76+359.77
=297.53o

o = + + o
o =297.76+359.77+0.23
o =297.76o

PROBLEM5.6
ForthespacecraftinProblems5.3and5.4,calculatethehyperbolicexcess
velocityatdeparture,theinjection V,andthezenithangleofthedeparture
asymptote.Injectionoccursfroman200kmparkingorbit.Earth'svelocity
vectoratdepartureis25876.6X+13759.5Ym/s.

SOLUTION,
http://www.braeunig.us/space/problem.htm#1.1 28/32
1/31/2017 Example Problems

Given:ro =(6,378.14+200)1,000=6,578,140m
r=0.473265X0.899215YAU
VP=25876.6X+13759.5Ym/s

Fromproblem5.4,

VS=28996.2X+15232.7Y+1289.2Zm/s

Equation(5.33),

VS/P=(VSX VPX )X+(VSY VPY )Y+(VSZ VPZ )Z


VS/P=(28996.225876.6)X+(15232.713759.5)Y+(1289.20)Z
VS/P=3119.6X+1473.2Y+1289.2Zm/s

Equation(5.34),

VS/P=SQRT[VS/PX 2 +VS/PY 2 +VS/PZ 2 ]


VS/P=SQRT[3119.62 +1473.22 +1289.22 ]
VS/P=3,683.0m/s

V =VS/P=3,683.0m/s

Equations(5.35)and(5.36),

Vo =SQRT[V 2 +2GM/r
o ]
Vo =SQRT[3,683.02 +23.9860051014 /6,578,140]
Vo =11,608.4m/s

V=Vo SQRT[GM/ro ]
V=11,608.4SQRT[3.9860051014 /6,578,140]
V=3,824.1m/s

Equation(5.37),

r=SQRT[0.4732652 +(0.899215)2 +02 ]


r=1.01615AU

=arccos[(rX vX +rY vY +rZ vZ )/(rv)]


=arccos[0.4732653119.60.8992151473.2+01289.2)/(1.016153683.0)]
=87.677o

PROBLEM5.7
ForthespacecraftinProblems5.3and5.4,givenamissdistanceof+18,500km
atarrival,calculatethehyperbolicexcessvelocity,impactparameter,and
semimajoraxisandeccentricityofthehyperbolicapproachtrajectory.Mars'
velocityvectoratinterceptis23307.8X+3112.0Y+41.8Zm/s.

SOLUTION,
Given:d=18,500km/149.597870106 =0.000123664AU
r=0.066842X+1.561256Y+0.030948ZAU
VP=23307.8X+3112.0Y+41.8Zm/s

FromBasicsConstants,

GMofMars=4.2828311013 m3 /s2

Fromproblem5.4,

http://www.braeunig.us/space/problem.htm#1.1 29/32
1/31/2017 Example Problems

VS=21147.0X+3994.5Y663.3Zm/s

Equation(5.33),

VS/P=(VSX VPX )X+(VSY VPY )Y+(VSZ VPZ )Z


VS/P=(21147.0+23307.8)X+(3994.53112.0)Y+(663.341.8)Z
VS/P=2160.8X+882.5Y705.1Zm/s

Equation(5.34),

VS/P=SQRT[VS/PX 2 +VS/PY 2 +VS/PZ 2 ]


VS/P=SQRT[2160.82 +882.52 +(705.1)2 ]
VS/P=2,438.2m/s

V =VS/P=2,438.2m/s

Equations(5.38.A)and(5.38.B),

dx =dry /SQRT[rx 2 +ry 2 ]


dx =0.0001236641.561256/SQRT[0.0668422 +1.5612562 ]
dx =0.000123551AU

dy =drx /SQRT[rx 2 +ry 2 ]


dy =0.0001236640.066842/SQRT[0.0668422 +1.5612562 ]
dy =0.0000052896AU

Equation(5.39),

=arccos[(dx vx +dy vy )/(dv)]


=arccos[(0.0001235512160.8+0.0000052896882.5)/(0.0001236642,438.2)]
=150.451o

Equations(5.40)through(5.42),

b=dsin
b=18,500sin(150.451)
b=9,123.6km

a=GM/V 2

a=4.2828311013 /2,438.22
a=7.2043106 m=7,204.3km

e=SQRT[1+b2 /a2 ]
e=SQRT[1+9,123.62 /7,204.32 ]
e=1.6136

PROBLEM5.8
AsaspacecraftapproachesJupiter,ithasavelocityof9,470m/s,aflight
pathangleof39.2degrees,andatargetedmissdistanceof2,500,000km.At
intercept,Jupiter'svelocityis12,740m/swithaflightpathangleof2.40
degrees.Calculatethespacecraft'svelocityandflightpathanglefollowing
itsswingbyofJupiter.

Given:VP =12,740m/s
P =2.40o
VSi =9,470m/s
Si =39.2
o

http://www.braeunig.us/space/problem.htm#1.1 30/32
1/31/2017 Example Problems
d=2,500,000km

FromBasicsConstants,

GMofJupiter=1.266861017 m3 /s2

Equations(5.44)and(5.45),

VP=(VP cos P )X+(VP sin P )Y


VP=(12740cos(2.40))X+(12740sin(2.40))Y
VP=12729X+533Ym/s

VSi=(VSi cos Si )X+(VSi sin Si )Y


VSi=(9470cos(39.2))X+(9470sin(39.2))Y
VSi=7339X+5985Ym/s

Equations(5.46)and(5.47),

VS/Pi=((VSi )X VPX )X+((VSi )Y VPY )Y


VS/Pi=(733912729)X+(5985533)Y
VS/Pi=5390X+5452Ym/s

VS/P=SQRT[(VS/Pi )X 2 +(VS/Pi )Y 2 ]
VS/P=SQRT[(5390)2 +54522 ]
VS/P=7,667m/s

V =VS/P=7,667m/s

Equation(5.48),

i =arctan[(VS/Pi )Y /(VS/Pi )X ]
i =arctan[5452/5390]
i =134.67o

Equations(5.40)through(5.42),

b=dsin
b=2,500,000sin(134.67)
b=1,777,900km

a=GM/V 2

a=1.266861017 /76672
a=2.1552109 m=2,155,200km

e=SQRT[1+b2 /a2 ]
e=SQRT[1+(1,777,900)2 /(2,155,200)2 ]
e=1.2963

Equation(5.49),

=2arcsin(1/e)
=2arcsin(1/1.2963)
=100.96o

Equation(5.50),

f = i
f =134.67100.96
f =33.71o

Equation(5.51),

VS/Pf=(VS/P cos f )X+(VS/P sin f )Y

http://www.braeunig.us/space/problem.htm#1.1 31/32
1/31/2017 Example Problems
VS/Pf=(7667cos(33.71))X+(7667sin(33.71))Y
VS/Pf=6378X+4255Ym/s

Equations(5.52)and(5.53),

VSf=((VS/Pf )X +VPX )X+((VS/Pf )Y +VPY )Y


VSf=(6378+12729)X+(4255+533)Y
VSf=19107X+4788Ym/s

VSf=SQRT[(VSf )X 2 +(VSf )Y 2 ]
VSf=SQRT[191072 +47882 ]
VSf=19,698m/s

Equation(5.54),

Sf =arctan[(VSf )Y /(VSf )X ]

Sf =arctan[4788/19107]

Sf =14.07
o

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