SOLUTIONS

Section A : LEARNING POINTS:

Units of concentration of Solution

(i) Mass Percentage(w/w): Amount of solute present in grams dissolved per 100g of solution.
Ex : 10% (w/w) glucose in water by mass, it means that 10 g of glucose is dissolved in
90 g of water resulting in a 100 g solution.
(ii) Volume percentage (v/v): Volume of solute present in 100ml of solution.
Ex : 10%(v/v) Alcohol in water by volume, it means that 10 ml of alcohol present in a
100 ml of solution.
(iii) Parts per million (ppm)- Amount of substance present in grams in 106 gm of solution.
(iv) Mole fraction (X) It is the ratio of number of mole of a particular component to the total
number of moles of all the components present in the solution.
XA = nA / (nA + nB),

XB = nB / (nA + nB),

Where X A & X B are the mole fractions of Solvent and Solute respectively.
n

&n

are the number of moles of Solvent and Solute respectively.

(v) Molarity (M) No. of mole of solute present per litre of solution.
M = ( nB / V) x 1000
w B x 1000
m= ----------MB x V

Where ,

nB No. of moles of solute

V Volume of solution is ml.
w B amount of solute
MB- Molar Mass of solute

(vi) Molality :-(m) No. of moles of solute present per 1000 g or 1. kg solvent.
w B x 1000
m= ----------MB x w A

Where ,

nB No. of moles of solute

w A amount of solvent in gm.
w B amount of solute
MB- Molar Mass of solute

Solubility:
1) Solubility of a Solid in Liquids: It is observed that polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents and
non polar solutes in nonpolar solvents.
Ex: Sodium chloride and sugar dissolve readily in water.Naphthalene and anthracene
dissolve readily in benzene.
In general, a solute dissolves in a solvent if the intermolecular interactions are
similar in the two.

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Dissolution: When a solid solute is added to the solvent, some solute dissolves and
its concentration increases in solution. This process is known as
dissolution.
Crystallisation: Some solute particles in solution collide with the solid solute
particles and get separated out of solution. This process is known as
crystallisation.
A stage is reached when the two processes occur at the same rate. Under such
conditions, number of solute particles going into solution will be equal to the solute
particles separating out and a state of dynamic equilibrium is reached.
Solute + Solvent Solution
Effect of temperature:
The solubility of a solid in a liquid is significantly affected by temperature changes.
According to Le Chateliers Principle, the dissolution process is endothermic
(sol H > 0), the solubility should increase with rise in temperature and if it is
exothermic (sol H < 0) the solubility should decrease. These trends are also
observed experimentally.
Effect of pressure:
Pressure does not have any significant effect on solubility of solids in liquids.
2. Solubility of gases in Liquids:
1) Oxygen dissolves only to a small extent in water. It is this dissolved oxygen which
sustains all aquatic life.
2) Hydrogen chloride gas (HCl) is highly soluble in water.
Solubility of gases in liquids is greatly affected by pressure and temperature. The
solubility of gases increase with increase of pressure.
Henry was the first to give a quantitative relation between pressure and solubility of
a gas in a solvent which is known as
Henrys law:. The law states that at a constant temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid
is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.
The solubility of a gas in a liquid solution is a function of partial pressure of the gas.
If we use the mole fraction of a gas in the solution as a measure of its solubility,
then it can be said that
The mole fraction of gas in the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of
the gas over the solution.

p = KH x
Here KH is the Henrys law constant.
X is molefraction of gas in the solution.
P partial pressure of the gas.
Henrys law & its applications:
1) Solubility of a gas increases with decrease of temperature. It is due to this reason that
aquatic species are more comfortable in cold waters rather than in warm waters.
2) To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water, the bottle is sealed under
high pressure.

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3) Scuba divers must cope with high concentrations of dissolved gases while breathing air at
high pressure underwater. Increased pressure increases the solubility of atmospheric
gases in blood. When the divers come towards surface, the pressure gradually
decreases. This releases the dissolved gases and leads to the formation of bubbles of
nitrogen in the blood. This blocks capillaries and creates a medical condition known as
bends, which are painful and dangerous to life.
To avoid bends, as well as, the toxic effects of high concentrations of nitrogen in the
blood, the tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air diluted with helium (11.7%
helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen).
4) At high altitudes the partial pressure of oxygen is less than that at the ground level.
This leads to low concentrations of oxygen in the blood and tissues of people living at
high altitudes or climbers. Low blood oxygen causes climbers to become weak and unable
to think clearly, symptoms of a condition known as anoxia.
Effect of Temperature:
Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature. The dissolution of a
gas in liquid is an exothermic process involves dynamic equilibrium and thus must follow Le
Chateliers Principle. As the temperature increases the solubility of gas decreases.
From Henrys law:
As the temperature increases the value of KH increases, we know that KH is inversely
proportional to Mole fraction of the gas i.e solubility of the gas (From Henrys law). So, as
the temperature increases the solubility of a gas decreases.

Vapour Pressure and Raoults law

:-

a) Raoults law for binary solutions of volatile liquids: At a given temperature, for a solution
of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component is equal to the product of
the vapour pressure of the pure component and its mole fraction .
If the solution contains A & B are two volatile liquids, then
i.e
PA = p0A XA
&
PB = p0B XB
Where pA and pB are the vapour pressures of A and B in solution respectively.
p0A p0B are the vapour pressures of A and B in their pure state respectively.
xA and xB are the molefractions of A and B in solution respectively.
b) Raoults law for solution containing Non volatile solute: At a given temperature, the
relative lowering vapour pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
Derivation :
We know that, from Raoults law,
P

solution

= pA + pB

solution

= p0A XA + p0B XB

solution

= p0A XA +

solution

= XA P0A

solution

= (1-XB) P0A

( Since p0B =0 , because B is anon volatile solute)

(Since XA + XB =1)

(P

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solution

- P0A) = - XB P0A


( P0 A - P

solution)

/ XB = P0A
( P0A - P

Where ,

solution)

Lowering of vapour pressure

( P0A - P solution)/ P0A Relative lowering of vapour pressure.

XB

Mole fraction of Solute.

Ideal and Non-Ideal Solutions :

a) Ideal Solutions : The solution which obeys Raoults law exactly at all concentration and all
temperatures.
The ideal solution also have following characteristics:
i) It should obey the Raoults law (Total pressure, P = p0A xA + p0B xB )
ii) Heat exchange on mixing is zero ( H mix = 0)
iii) Volume exchange on mixing is zero ( Vmix = 0 )

b) Non ideal solutions:

The solution which do not obey Raoults law are called non ideal solutions. For these solutions
i) pA # p0A xA

p0B xB

and pB #

, ii) H mixing # 0, iii) V mixing # 0

Types of non ideal Solutions :

A) Non ideal solution showing positive deviation from Raoults law :
The Mixture contains two components namely A and B, If the interaction between A-B
molecules is weaker than the interactions between A-A or B-B or both, then the solution
deviate from the ideal behavior and Each component of solution has a partial vapour
pressure greater than expected on the basis of Raoults law .
The total vap. Pressure will be greater than corresponding Vap. Pressure expecterd in case
of ideal solution of the same composition
pA

>

p0A

xA

and

p0B

pB >

xB

Total Vapour pressure P , P = (pA + pB) > ( p0A xA + p0B xB )

Example: Mixture of Ethyal alcohol and Cyclohexane.
Explanation for positive deviation:
In ethyl alcohol the molecules are held together by hydrogen bonding.
H
|
C2H5 O . H O.H O
|
C2H5

|
C2H5

When Cyclohexane is added to ethyl alcohol, the Cyclohexane molecules occupy

spaces between ethyl alcohol molecules. As a result , some hydrogen bonds in
alcohol molecules break. The escaping tendency of alcohol and Cyclohexane
molecules from solution increases. So there is increase in vapour pressure. In
such case

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i)

H mixing > 0,

ii)

V mixing

>0

Graph of a Positive deviation:

B) Non ideal solution showing negative deviations from Raoults law:

The Mixture contains two components namely A and B, If the interaction between A-B
molecules is stronger than the interactions between A-A or B-B or both, then the
solution deviate from the ideal behavior and Each component of the solution has a
partial vapour pressure less than from pure liquids. As a result, each component of
solution has a partial vapour pressure less than expected on the basis of Raoults law.
Hence total vap.pressure becomes less than the corresponding vap. pressure expected
in case of ideal solution
pA < p0A

xA and

pB < p0B

xB

Total Vapour pressure P , P = (pA + pB) < ( p0A xA + p0B xB )

Example: Mixture of Acetone and Chloroform
Explanation for negative deviation:
By Mixing Acetone and chloroform, a new attractive forces are formed due to in
intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Hence the attractive forces become stronger and the
escaping tendency of each liquid from the solution decreases.
CH3

Cl

C = O-------------H - C - Cl
|
CH3

|
Cl

So, the Vapour pressure of the solution is less than expected for an ideal solution . In such
case
(i) H mixing < 0
(ii) V mixing < 0

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Graph of a Negative deviation:

Azeotropes:
The binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil
at a constant temperature.

Types of Azeotropes:
i) Minimum boiling azeotropes:
.
The solutions which show a large positive deviation from Raoults law form
minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific composition.
Example: Ethanol-water mixture (obtained by fermentation of sugars) on
fractional distillation gives a solution containing approximately 95% by volume
of ethanol. Once this composition, known as azeotrope composition, has been
achieved, the liquid and vapour have the same composition, and no further
separation occurs.
ii) Maximum boiling azeotropes:
The solutions that show large negative deviation from Raoults law form maximum
boiling azeotrope at a specific composition.
Example: Nitric acid and water is an example of this class of azeotrope. This
azeotrope has the approximate composition, 68% nitric acid and 32% water by mass,
with a boiling point of 393.5 K.

Colligative Properties:
The properties of the solutions which depends only on the number of the solute particles
but not on the nature of the solute are called Colligative properties.
Four important Colligative properties are:
a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure.
b) Elevation of boiling point.
c) Depression of freezing point
d) Osmotic pressure.

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a) Relative lowering of vapour pressure:

According to Raoults law , At a given temperature, the relative lowering vapour
pressure of a solution is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.
(P0A - P

solution)

Xb =---------------P0 A
(P0A - P solution)

nb

------ = --------------P0 A

nA + nB

(P0A - P

nB

solution)

------ = ---------------

(since for dilute solutions nA >>> nB)

P0 A

nA

Where, nA No. of moles of solvent in solution

nB No. of moles of solute in solution
(P0A - P

w B/MB

solution)

--------- = --------------P0A

w A/MA

w B x P0A x MA
MB = --------------------(P0A - P solution) x w A
Where, w A and w B are the Mass of solvent and solute respectively.
MA and MB are the Molar mass of Solvent and Solute respectively.
P

and P solution are the vapour pressure of pure solvent and solution respectively.

Thus, molar mass of the solute can be determined if the other quantities w A , w B, MA and relative
lowering of vapour pressure ( P0A - P solution) are known .
#

The composition of vapour phase in equilibrium with the solution is determined by

the partial pressures of the components. If y1 and y2 are the mole fractions of the
components 1 and 2 respectively in the vapour phase then, using Daltons law of partial
pressures:

p1 = y1 ptotal
In general,

&

p2 = y2 ptotal

pi = yi ptotal

b) Elevation of boiling point:.

This vapour pressure of the solution at a given temperature is found to be lower
than the vapour pressure of the pure solvent at the same temperature. In the
solution, the non volatile solute particles obstruct the escaping of solvent molecules
from the surface,thus, the vapour pressure is also reduced.

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As you know that, as the temperature increases, the vapour pressure also increases.
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of the solvent/solution is equal to the
atmospheric pressure, the solvent/solution boils.
Let Tb0 be the boiling point of pure solvent and Tb be the boiling point of solution.
The increase in the boiling point Tb =T0bTb is known as elevation of boiling point.

Tb = Kb .m
( T2 T1) = Kb .m ------------ Eq (1)
Where T1 = Boiling point of Solvent in absolute temperature
T2 = Boiling point of Solution in absolute temperature
m = Molality of the solution.

Where WB gram of a non volatile solute dissolved in WA grams of the solvent and Mb
is

the

Molar mass of the solute .

Thus using the above equation, molar mass of the solute is calculated.
c) Depression of freezing point:
The lowering of vapour pressure of a solution causes a lowering of the freezing point
compared to that of the pure solvent.
A solution will freeze when its vapour pressure equals the vapour pressure of the pure solid
solvent.
According to Raoults law, when a non-volatile solid is added to the solvent its vapour
pressure decreases and now it would become equal to that of solid solvent at lower
temperature. Thus, the freezing point of the solvent decreases.

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Tf = Kf .m
(T1 T2) = Kf .m ------------ Eq (1)
Where T1 = Freezing point of Solvent in absolute temperature
T2 = Freezing point of Solution in absolute temperature
m = Molality of the solution.

Where WB gram of a non volatile solute dissolved in WA grams of the solvent

and Mb is the Molar mass of the solute .

Thus using the above equation, molar mass of the solute is calculated.
d) Osmotic pressure:
Osmosis:
The phenomenon of the flow of solvent through a semi permeable membrane from pure
solvent(low concentration) to the solution (high concentration) is called osmosis.
Osmotic Pressure:
The pressure applied on a solution to prevent the passage of solvent into the pure solvent
through a semi permeable membrane is called osmotic pressure.
Reverse Osmosis:
The phenomenon of the flow of solvent through a semi permeable membrane from solution
to pure solvent is called Reverse osmosis.
This process occurs, when the pressure applied on the solution is more than the Osmotic
pressure.
Reverse Osmosis is used for the purification of Water.

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Semi Permeable Membrane:

The membrane which allows only the solvent and not the solute to pass through it. E.g.
Parch meat, cellophane membrane etc.
Vant Hoff observed that for dilute solutions, the osmotic pressure () is given as : =CRT
Where

= Osmotic Pressure of the solution in atm

C = Molar concentration of the solution in mol/lit
R = Gas constant =0.0821 lit-atm-mol-1-K-1
T = Absolute Temperature in K

According to Vant Hoff equation

= CRT , where = Osmotic pressure of the solution
But Concentration, C = n / V
n is the number of moles of solute dissolved in V litre of the solution,
= (n / V) x (RT) --------------- Eq (1)
Again,

n = W B / M B Where WB is the mass of solute and MB is the molar mass of the

solute. .

wB x R x T
= ---------------

Substituting n in the Eq(1)

wB x V

wB x R x T
Molecular mass of Solute = MB = --------------xV
Thus using the above equation, molar mass of the solute is calculated.
Advantage :
a) The osmotic pressure method has the advantage over other methods as pressure
measurement is around the room temperature and the molarity of the solution is
used instead of molality.
b) For determination of molar mass of solutes is particularly useful for biomolecules
as they are generally not stable at higher temperatures.and polymers have poor
solubility.
Isotonic Solutions: Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a given temperature are called
isotonic solutions. When such solutions are separated by semipermeable
membrane no osmosis occurs between them.
Example: The osmotic pressure associated with the fluid inside the blood cell is equivalent
to that of 0.9% (mass/volume) sodium chloride solution, called normal saline
solution and it is safe to inject intravenously.

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Hypertonic : If the salt concentration is more than 0.9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to be
hypertonic. In this case, water will flow out of the cells if placed in this solution and
they would shrink.
Hypotonic: If the salt concentration is less than 0.9% (mass/volume), the solution is said to be
hypotonic. In this case, water will flow into the cells if placed in this solution and they
would swell.
Application of Osmosis:
1) A raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution loses water via osmosis and shrivel into
pickle. 2) Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water.
3) Water will move out of the blood cells through osmosis, when placed in water containing
more than 0.9% (mass/volume) salt, blood cells collapse due to loss of water by osmosis.
4) People taking a lot of salt or salty food experience water retention in tissue cells and
intercellular spaces because of osmosis. The resulting puffiness or swelling is called
edema.
5) Water movement from soil into plant roots and subsequently into upper portion of the
plant is partly due to osmosis.
6) The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects against
bacterial action. Through the process of osmosis, a bacterium on salted meat or candid
fruit loses water,
shrivels and dies.

Abnormal Molar Masses:

In some cases, the molar masses determined by colligative properties do not agree with the
expected or theoretical values . This may be due to the association or the dissociation of the
solute molecule in the solution. The two changes are being discussed below:
1) Association of solute particles: In certain polar solvents, the solute molecules
undergo association i.e. two three or even more molecules exists in combination with
each other to form bigger molecules .
Total no. of molecules in solution become less than the no. of molecules of the
substance added and, therefore colligative properties will be lower, since colligative
properties inversely proportional to the molar mass will be greater than theoretical
values in such cases.
Example: Acetic acid CH3 COOH exist in dimmer by hydrogen bond.

2) Dissociation of solute particles: Molecules of some substance dissociate or

ionize in a solvent to give two or more particles.
The total no.of particles increases in solution and consequently colligative properties
of such solution will be larger so the molar mass will be less than theoretical values
in such cases.
Example: KCl ,

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KCl = K+ +

Cl

Vant hoff factor ( i):

It is defined as
Normal molar mass
i = ---------------------Observed molar mass

In case of association, the observed molar mass more than the normal, so the factor i < 1
In case of dissociation, the observed molar mass has a lesser value, so i > 1.
In case of solute where neither association nor dissociation in solvent, the Vant factor i =1
In terms of colligative property i may be defined as :
Observed value of colligative property
i = -------------------------------------------Normal value of colligative property
Inclusion of Vant Hoff Factor i modifies the equations for colligative properties as follows:Elevation of boiling point,

Tb = i Kb m

Depression of Freezing point,

Tf = i Kf m

Osmotic Pressure

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=iCRT

Section B : Important Conceptual Questions and Answers:

1Q) A solution of glycol containing 1.82 gm/litre has an osmotic pressure of 51.8 cm of
mercury at 100. What is the molecular weight of glycol?
(1 Mark)
(Ans) M2= w R t / P V =1.82 x 0.0821 x 2.83/ (51.8/76) x 1 = 62.04

2Q) Which one of the following salts will have the same value of vant Hoff factor (i) As that
of K4[Fe (CN)6].
(1 Mark)
(Ans) Al2(SO4)3
Explanation :
and

each dissociates to give 5 ions or i = 5

3Q) A 5% solution of cane sugar (mol. wt. =342) is isotonic with 1% solution of a substance
X. Calculate the molecular weight of X.
(2 Mark)
(Ans) Osmotic pressure of 5% cane sugar solution (p1) = C R T =

Osmotic pressure of 1% solution of subtance (p2) =

Both are isotonic, So p1= p2

Hence,

M (mol. wt. of X) = 342/5 =68.4

4Q) During osmosis, Mention the flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane.
(1 Mark)
(Ans) During osmosis solvent flows through semipermeable membrane from lower concentration to
higher concentration.

5Q) A solution containing 10 g per dm3of urea (molecular mass = 60 g mol1) is isotonic with a
5% solution of a non-volatile solute. The molecular mass of this non-volatile solute is
(2 Mark)
(Ans) Osmotic pressure of urea from the formula ,

[1 dm = 1 litre]
Osmotic pressure of solution having non-volatile solute
Equating these pressures,

M = 300 gm mol1

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6Q) Vapour pressure of CCl4at 25?C is 143 mm Hg. 0.5 g of a non-volatile solute (mol. wt.
65) is dissolved in 100 ml of CCl4. Find the vapour pressure of the solution. (Density of
CCl4= 1.58 g/cm3)
(2 Mark)
(Ans) Relative lowering of V.P. = mole fraction of Solute

Density of CCl4 = Mass of CCl4 Volume

Mass of CCl4 = Density x Volume
= 1.58 x 100
= 158 g

7Q) The relationship between osmotic pressure at 273 K when 10g glucose (P1), 10 g urea
(P2), and 10g sucrose (P3) are dissolved in 250 ml of water is
(2 Mark)
(Ans) Moles of glucose =
Hence osmotic pressure p2> p1> p3

8Q) Two elements A and B form compounds of formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in 20.0
g of benzene 1.0 g of AB2 lowers freezing point by 2.3?C whereas 1.0 g of AB4 lowers
freezing point by 1.3?C. The Kf for benzene is 5.4. The atomic masses of A and B will
be
(3 Mark)
(Ans) Let the masses of A and B be a and b. The molecular mass of AB2 will be (a + 2b)

g and

will be (a + 4b) g mol

For AB2, 2.3 = (5.1 x 1 x 1000)/[(a+2) x 20]

...(I)
ForAB4, 1.3 = (5.1 x 1 x 1000)/[(a+4b) x 20]

....(II)
On solving (I) and (II),
a = 25.49 and b = 42.64
9Q) 250 ml of sodium carbonate solution contains 2.65gm of sodium carbonate. If 10 ml of
this solution is diluted to one litre, What is the concentration of resultant solution?
(mol. Wt. of sodium carbonate=106)
(2 Mark)
(Ans) Initial concentration =2.65 gm / 250 cc = 10.60 gm/L= (10.6/106) = 0.1M.
When 10 ml is diluted to one litre solution =100 times.
Hence final conc.= 0.1/100 = 0.001M .

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10Q) Write Henrys law.

(1 Mark)

(Ans) The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas at
a given temperature.

11Q) What happens when blood cells are placed in pure water?

(1 Mark)

(Ans) Water molecules move into blood cells through the cell walls. So, blood cells swell and may
even burst.
12Q) Two liquids A and B boil at 1200c and 1600c respectively. Which of them has higher
vapour pressure at 700 c?
(1 Mark)
(Ans) Lower the boiling point, more volatile it is .So liquid A will have higher vapour pressure at
700c

13Q) A solution of 1.25gm of a non-electrolyte in 20gm of water freezes at 271.94 K. If

Kf= 1.86K/m, then calculate the molar mass of the solute.
(2 Mark)
(Ans)

According to depression of freezing point.

= (1000 X 1.86 X 1.25) / ((273-271.94) x 20)

= 109.67gm/mol.

14Q) Osmotic pressure of a solution is 0.0821 atm at a temperature of 300 K. The

concentration in mole/litre is:
(1 Mark)
(Ans)

C= /RT = 0.0821/(0.0821 x 300) = 0.003

15Q) A solution of ethanol in water is 1.6 molal. How many grams of ethanol are present in
500g of the solution.
(2 Marks )

(Ans)

Mass of ethanol =
=
Total of mass of solution = 73.6 + 1000 = 1073.6g
1073.6g of solution contain 7.6g of ethanol.

Mass of ethanol in 500g of solution

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16Q) On a hill station pure water boils at 99.820C. The Kb of water is 0.513?C Kg mol1.
Calculate the boiling point of 0.69m solution of urea.
(1 Marks )
(Ans)

Boiling point of solution = Boiling point of water + Tb

= 99.82 + 0.3539
= 100.170 C

17Q) Find the vant Hoff factor for Al2(SO4)3

(1 Marks )

(Ans)
Total ions produced = 2 + 3 = 5

18Q) Ethylene glycol solution having molality 0.5 is used as coolant in a car. Calculate the
freezing point of solution (given Kf=1.86 K Kg/mole)
(2 Marks )
(Ans)

19Q) An aqueous solution freezes at 0.1860C. Kf = 1.86?, Kb = 0.512. Find elevation in

boiling point.
(2 Marks )
Tf= 0 (0.186) = 0.1860C

(Ans)

Tf = Kf x m

Or

m=
Tb = Kb x m
=

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20Q) Density of 1 M solution of glucose 1.18g/cm3. Kf for H2O is 1.86 Km1. Find freezing
point of solution.
(2 Marks )
(Ans)

Mass of solution = Volume x Density

= 1000 x 1.18 =1180g
Mass of water = 1180 -180 =1000g
1M C2H5OH = 1 m

Tf = Kf x m
= 1.86 x 1 = 1.86
Tf = T0f -

Tf

= 0 1.86
= 1.860C

21Q) Vapour pressure of two liquid A and B are 120 and 180mm Hg at a given temperature.
If 2 mole of A and 3 mole of B are mixed to form an ideal solution, calculate the
vapour pressure of solution at the same temperature.
(2Marks )
(Ans) Total moles = 2 + 3 = 5
P

solution

= P0A XA + P0B XB
= (120 x 2/5) + (180 x 3/5)
= 48 + 108
= 156mm.

22Q) The Osmotic pressure of human blood is 7.65 atm at 370C. For injecting glucose
solution it is necessary the glucose solution has same osmotic pressure as of human
blood. Find the molarity of glucose solution having same osmotic pressure as of human
blood.
(2 Marks )
(Ans)

= CRT =( n/v) RT
7.65 = (n/v) x 0.0821 x 310
n/v = 7.65 / (0.0821 x 310)
= 0.30mol/lit
Molarity = 0.30M

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23Q) A solution contains 25% water, 25% ethanol and 50% acetic acid by mass. Find mole
fraction of each of the component.
(3 Marks )

(Ans)

Moles of water = n1 =
Moles of

= n2 =

Moles of

= n3 =

Total moles in solution =

Mole fraction of water =

Mole fraction of

Mole fraction of

24Q) Conc. H2SO4 has a density 1.9g/ml and is 99% H2SO4 by weight. Find molarity of
solution.
(3 Marks )
(Ans) Mass of 1000 ml of H2SO4 = density

volume

=1.9 x 1000
= 1900 g
Mass of H2SO4 present in 1900 g (1L) of H2SO4
= (99/100) x 1900
= 1881 g
Mole of H2SO4 present in 1L = Molarity = mass / molar mass
=1881/ 98
= 19.197 M

25Q) Vapour pressure of pure water is 40mm. If a non-volatile solute is added to it, vapour
pressure falls by 4 mm. Calculate molality of solution.
(3 Marks )

(Ans)
The solution has 0.1 moles of solute in 0.9 moles of water.
Mass of water =

Molality of solution =
= 6.17m

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26Q) The vapour pressure of benzene at certain temperature is 640mm Hg. To 39.08 of
benzene, non-volatile and non-electrolyte solid-weighing 2.175g was added. The vapour
pressure of solution was 600mm of Hg. Find the mass of the solute?
(3 Marks )
(Ans)

m=
27Q) An aqueous solution of a non-volatile and non-electrolyte substance boils at 100.50C.
Calculate osmotic pressure of this solution at 270C. Kb (for water) per 1000g = 0.50.
(3 Marks )
(Ans)

100.5 100 = 0.50C

=
Molality of solution = 1, ( Solvent is water)
density of solution = 1
Volume of solution = volume of solvent = 1000/1 = 1000ml = 1 L

= nRT

=
28Q) A decimolar solution of NaCl exerts osmotic pressure of 4.6 atm at 300K. Find the
degree of dissolution.
(3 Marks )
NaCl Na+ + Cl -

(Ans)
Initial moles:
Moles at Equilibrium:

1-

Equilibrium
Total moles at equilibrium =

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