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Coastal Structures: Wave Loads

The document discusses wave loads on coastal structures. It notes that wave loads are complex due to various wave characteristics and interactions. Several methods are presented for calculating wave loads on vertical structures from non-breaking and breaking waves. However, it is advised that physical model tests be used to determine design loads on important coastal structures given the complexities involved.

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Santhi Krishna
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
113 views

Coastal Structures: Wave Loads

The document discusses wave loads on coastal structures. It notes that wave loads are complex due to various wave characteristics and interactions. Several methods are presented for calculating wave loads on vertical structures from non-breaking and breaking waves. However, it is advised that physical model tests be used to determine design loads on important coastal structures given the complexities involved.

Uploaded by

Santhi Krishna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coastal Structures: Wave Loads

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

Various methods of wave breaking


B tt
Bottom
topography
t
h
Entrapment of Air
Etc

Geometry

TOPIC

READINGS

Wave loads are complicated in nature due to:


Wave Form

Irregular Geometries
Porosity
Roughness
Etc

Although literature is available to predict wave loads on


structures, it is advised that model tests be used to
d t
determine
i th
the d
design
i lloading
di on iimportant
t t coastal
t l
structures.
http://www kennisbank waterbouw nl/EC/EC00 htm
http://www.kennisbank-waterbouw.nl/EC/EC00.htm
Link to European coastal manual summary of coastal structures, images of
problems, types of remedies etc

Hydrostatic vs Hydrodynamic Pressures

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]

Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure resulting from the weight of the water
column above the design point
Hydrodynamic Pressure
Additional pressure resulting from the fluid
motion
ti
Hydrodynamic pressure can be positive or
negative
Wave load calculations often only deal with the
hydrodynamic
y
y
p
pressure. Therefore,, hydrostatic
y
pressure must be added to the pressure distribution
to obtain the total loading.

Clapotis
From
Wikipedia,
the
free
encyclopedia
I
Incoming
i
wave reflected
fl t d att the
th
wall produces the outgoing wave,
both being overlaid resulting in the
clapotis.
In hydrodynamics, the clapotis
(from French: "lapping of water") is
a non
non-breaking
breaking standing wave
pattern, caused for example, by
the reflection of a traveling surface
wave train from a near vertical
shoreline like a breakwater,
seawall or steep cliff.

TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

CEM Manual: Figure VI-5-59

Non-Breaking Waves

Non-breakings waves typically have periods that are well above


the natural frequencies of the structure and hence in most cases
the pressure distribution can be considered as quasi-static

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

CEM Manual: Figure VI-5-57

Wave Loads due to Non-Breaking Waves

The Sainflou Formula for Head-on


Head on, Fully Reflected
Reflected, Standing
Regular Waves (Sainflou 1928)

p1 p2 ghs
COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]

p2

H o
hs H o

gH

cosh khs

p3 g H o

2hs
coth

L
L

H 2

TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

p1 - Wave pressure at the still water level (SWL) associated with


the wave crest (maximum loading).
p2 - Wave pressure at the base of the wall.
p3 - Wave pressure at the still water level (SWL) associated with
the wave through (minimum wave loading)
H - Wave height (characteristic) Sometimes H1/3 or H1/10 used
hs - Water depth at the foot of the wall
o Vertical shift in wave height due to interaction with the wall
L - Local Wave Length
CEM Manual: Table VI-5-53

Wave Loads due to Non-Breaking Waves (continued)

COURSE

Note the relationship between the dynamic pressure at the base off the wall at the
pressure at the bottom associated with the dynamic pressure derived from linear
wave theory
From Linear Wave Theory

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.

p gz 1 2 gH

INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

Wave Pressure at the Base of a Vertical Wall

p2

TOPIC

cosh k d z
cos
cosh kd

gH

cosh khs

Selection of wave height will significantly effect the resulting wave loads. As the
wave height is known to follow the Rayleigh Distribution, a statistical approach can
be used to determine the probabilistic loading on the structure
Sainflou Formula cannot be applied when wave breaking or wave overtopping
occurs

Breaking Waves

Plunging waves have almost a vertical face and hence create


impact loads with high pressures over a short duration (on the
order of 1/100ths of sections)

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

If the wave begins to curl before hitting the structure, an air pocket
can be entrapped
entrapped, creating a peak load when the waves hits
hits,
followed by a second peak corresponding to the maximum
compression of the air pocket.

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

CEM Manual: Figure VI-5-57

Wave Loads due to Breaking Waves

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.

INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures

Impulsive loads from breaking waves can be very large, and the
risk of extreme load values increases with the number of loads.
Therefore, conditions resulting in frequent wave breaking at
vertical structures should be avoided.
Alternatives include:
placing a mound of armor units in front of the vertical wall
structure to break the waves before they can break directly on
the wall
wall.
using a rubble-mound structure in place of the vertical wall
structure.
The use of a sloping-front face from about still-water level (swl) to
th crestt is
the
i very effective
ff ti in
i reducing
d i large
l
impact
i
t pressures from
f
breaking waves.

READINGS

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

CEM Manual: Table VI-5-57

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

CEM Manual: Figure VI-5-58

Wave Forces due to Broken Waves

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

CEM Manual: Figure VI-5-71

Beach Slope Angles between 0.01 < tan < 0.1


pd 1 2 C 2

hs
H W 0.2 0.58 H b
hb
C gghb

Dynamic Force and Moment on Wall

Rd pd H w

M d Rd hs 1 2 H w

Static Force and Moment

ps g hs H w
Rs

g
h

H
2
s
w

Ms

Rs hs H w

ghb

Wave Forces due to Broken Waves

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures

CEM Manual: Figure VI-5-72

Wave runup, Ra, Calculated using methods previous discussed


Wave height is assumed to decay linearly with distance

READINGS

CEM Manual
Part VI-5-4a
Part VI-5-4b(1)
Part VI-5-4b(7)
Some notes by Evan
Martin
NOTES

X 1 tan

X1
0.2 H b 1
H w H SWL 1
Ra
X2

F 4.5 gH w2

where F is the surge force per unit width of the vertical wall.

AUX. NOTES FYI: Wave Forces on Shore Structures

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

JJ Sharp Lectures

NOTES

Wave
Forces on
Shore
Structures

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

JJ Sharp Lectures

NOTES

Wave
Forces on
Shore
Structures

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

JJ Sharp Lectures

NOTES

Wave
Forces on
Shore
St
Structures
t

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

JJ Sharp Lectures

NOTES

Check out this link:


http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Breakwater

Wave
Forces on
Shore
Structures

COURSE

ENGI 8751
Coastal and Ocean Eng.
INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Steve Bruneau,


EN 4013
EN.4013
Ph 737-2119
[email protected]
TOPIC

Wave Loads on Vertical


Structures
READINGS

JJ Sharp Lectures

NOTES

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