COMP 6

COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING

WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION
INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL

COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
Subject: COMP 6
Descriptive Title: Computer Fundamentals & Programming with Software Application
Course Description:
The subject covers the fundamentals of a computer, its components, Windows
Operating System, basic software applications for word processing, spreadsheet and
presentation and programming using Visual BASIC Programming Language. It deals with the
understanding of computer, its history, computer hardware, software utilization and the
basic programming concept. The subject teaches the students how to properly and
efficiently utilize the computers.
Credits:
3 units
Allocation:
6 hours laboratory, 1 hour lecture per week
General Objectives:
1. To establish the basic knowledge about computer and actual use needed in society
2. To recognize the importance of computer literacy.
3. To manipulate the computer
4. To be familiar with common software application programs.
5. To develop programming skills in Visual Basic
6. To apply basic methods and techniques in software design
7. To be adept in the use of a Word Processing Software
8. To know how to create an electronic spreadsheet.
Course Outline
I.
Introduction to Computers
II.

Input Devices

III.

Output Devices

IV.

System and Storage Units

V.

Windows Desktop Familiarization

VI.

Introduction to Visual BASIC

VII.

Methods and Event Procedures

VIII.

Sequence and Decision Structures

IX.

Word Processing Using MS Word

X.

Spreadsheets Using MS Excel

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUT ERS
Guide Questions:
1. Do you believe that computers make life easier and better? Explain.
2. List down separately four uses of computers in the home and business.
3. Do you feel any discomfort or anxiety about computers? Explain why or why not.
4. What are the elements of a computer system? List down at least 3 examples of each.
5. Differentiate hardware from software.
6. Name at least 2 examples of computers according to size.
Objectives: At the end of the Chapter, the students will be able to:
understand fundamental computer concepts
realize the importance of computer literacy
know the advantages of electronic data processing systems
be aware of the limitations and failures of computers
be knowledgeable of the different classifications of computers
differentiate the elements of the computer system
classify computers according to their use
Pre-Test:
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. The father of modern computer a) Bill Gates b) Carlos Cabbage c) Charles
Babbage d) Howard Aiken
____2. The word for raw material that is given to a computer for processing. a) data b)
information c) list d) output
____3. Apple Company was formed by a) Gates and Allen b) Jobs and Wozniak c) Eckert
& Mauchly
d) Bardeen and Shockley
____4. The physical component of EDP systems a) firmware b) hardware
c) peopleware d) software
____5. Which of the following is the fastest? a) mainframes b) microcomputers
c) minicomputers
d) supercomputers
1.1. Introduction
A computer is a machine that performs tasks, such as
calculations or electronic communication, under the
control of a set of instructions called a program.
Programs usually reside within the computer and are
retrieved and processed by the computers
electronics. The program results are stored in or routed
to output devices, such as video display monitors or
printers. Computers perform a wide variety of activities reliably,
accurately, and quickly. Technically speaking it is an automatic high speed,
electronic digital device with internal storage, and is controlled by a stored The Computer
program - a self-directing digital device because its operations are performed within the
system where it measures quantities in discrete or exact numbers.

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People use computers in many ways. In business, computers track inventories with bar
codes and scanners, check the credit status of customers, and transfer funds electronically. In
homes, tiny computers embedded in the electronic circuitry of most appliances control the
indoor temperature, operate home security systems, tell the time, and turn videocassette
recorders (VCRs) on and off. Computers in automobiles regulate the flow of fuel, thereby
increasing gas mileage. Computers also entertain, creating digitized sound on stereo systems
or computer-animated features from a digitally encoded laser disc. Computer programs, or
applications, exist to aid every level of education, from programs that teach simple addition or
sentence construction to programs that teach advanced calculus. Educators use computers to
track grades and communicate with students; with computer-controlled projection units, they
can add graphics, sound, and animation to their communications. Computers are used
extensively in scientific research to solve mathematical problems, investigate complicated
data, or model systems that are too costly or impractical to build, such as testing the air flow
around the next generation of aircraft. The military employs computers in sophisticated
communications to encode and unscramble messages, and to keep track of personnel and
supplies.
1.2. Data Processing
Computers process data into information. Data processing is the manipulation of data
which uses a set of operations to transform data to produce meaningful information that could
be used by man in planning and decision-making. It is the analysis and organization of data by
the repeated use of one or more computer programs. Data processing is used extensively in
business, engineering, and science and to an increasing extent in nearly all areas in which
computers are used. Businesses use data processing for such tasks as payroll preparation,
accounting, record keeping, inventory control, sales analysis, and the processing of bank and
credit card account statements. Engineers and scientists use data processing for a wide variety
of applications, including the processing of seismic data for oil and mineral exploration, the
analysis of new product designs, the processing of satellite imagery, and the analysis of data
from scientific experiments.
Data Processing Cycle
1. Input
2. Processing
3. Output
4. Storage

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

STORAGE

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1.3. COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
1. Input devices any hardware component that allows you to enter data and
instructions into a computer. Six widely used input devices are the keyboard,
mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, and PC video camera.
2. Output devices any hardware component that conveys information to one or more
people. Three commonly used output devices are a printer, a monitor, and
speakers.
3. System Unit usually referred to as the central processing Unit. The system unit is a
case that contains the electronic components of the computer that are used to
process data. The circuitry of the system unit usually is part of or is connected to a
circuit board called the motherboard. Two main components on the motherboard
are the processor and memory.
4. Storage Devices storage holds data, instructions, and information for future use. A
computer keeps them on storage media. Examples are floppy disks, ZIP disks, USB
flash drives, hard disks, CDs, DVDs and memory cards.
5. Communication Devices a hardware component that enables a computer to
send(transmit) and receive data, instructions, and information to and from one or
more computers. A widely used communication device is a modem.
Input

Process

Storage

Output

Handtop

1.4. CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS

 Personal Computer. A computer that can perform all of its input,
processing, output, and storage activities by itself. A personal computer
contains a processor, memory, and one or more input, output, and storage
devices. Two popular styles of personal computers are the PC-compatible
and the Apple. Most PC-compatible computers usually use a Windows
operating system. Apple computers use a Macintosh operating
system. Two types of personal computers are  Desktop
PDA
Computers and  Notebook Computers. A special type of
notebook computer is a  Tablet PC, using a digital pen, it
Smart
allows you to write or draw on the screen and would issue
Phone
instructions to the PC by simply tapping the screen. Smaller
than the laptop computers are called the mobile devices. Four popular types of mobile
devices are handheld computers, PDAs, smart phones, and smart watches.

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Tablet PC
Desktop

Notebook

 Handheld computers. Sometimes called a handtop computer,

is a computer small enough to fit in one hand. Its capable of
communicating with other handheld computers wirelessly and
Smart Watch
includes a digital pen or stylus for input.
 PDA(Personal Digital Assistant). One of the more popular lightweight mobile
devices in use today. It provides personal organizer functions such as a calendar,
appointment book, address book, calculator, notepad, word processing,
spreadsheet, personal finance, and games. Many PDAs are internet-enabled,
supports voice input and provides telephone capabilities.
 Smart Phone. Offering the convenience of one-handed operation, a smart phone is
an internet-enabled telephone that usually also provides PDA capabilities, color
screens, play music, radio capable, and include built-in cameras so you can share
photographs or videos with others as soon as you capture the image.
 Smart Watch. An internet-enabled watch. In addition to basic timekeeping
capabilities, a smart watch automatically adjusts to time zone changes,
store personal messages, appointment reminder, wirelessly accesses
news, weather, sports and stocks.
Midrange Server

 Midrange Servers. More powerful and larger than a workstation computer. It

typically supports several hundred and sometimes up to few thousand
connected computers at the same time. Used to store data and programs
where in most cases another server or a personal computer is used
access these stored data.
 Mainframes. A large, expensive, powerful computer that can handle
hundreds or thousands of connected users simultaneously. Every major
corporation uses mainframes for business activities like billing of million
of customers, prepare payroll for thousands of employees, and manage
thousands of items in inventory.
Mainframe

 Supercomputers. The fastest, most powerful computer- and the most expensive. Capable
of processing more than 100 trillion instructions in a single second. Weighs more than
100 tons, these computers can store more than 20,000 times the data and information of
an average desktop computer. Applications requiring complex, sophisticated
mathematical calculations use supercomputers. Large scale simulations and applications
in medicine, aerospace, automotive design, online banking, weather forecasting, nuclear
energy research, and petroleum exploration use a supercomputer.

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Supercomputer

 Embedded Computers. A special-purpose computer that functions as a component in a

larger product. They are everywhere at home, in your car, and at work. It could be
found in the ff.: Consumer Electronics( mobile and digital telephones, digital televisions,
cameras, video recorders, came consoles, DVD players and recorders, answering
machines, etc..), Home Automation Devices and Appliances( thermostats, sprinkling
systems, security monitoring system, microwave ovens, washing machines, etc..),
Automobiles ( Antilock brakes, engine control modules, airbag controller, cruise control,
etc..), Process Controllers and Robotics(remote monitoring systems, power monitors,
machine controllers, medical devices, etc..), Computer Devices and Office
Machines(keyboards, printers, faxes, copiers, etc.)
1.5. ADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS
1. Speed. By now it is human nature to be resentful if service is not fast. But it is
computer nature that provides that fast service. The speed of a computer also makes
the machine ideal for processing large amounts of data, as in accounting systems and
scientific application. A medium-scale computer, for example can perform 500,000
additions in a second; that is, one every two-millionths of a second. Speed of operation
of a computer is thus measured in microseconds or even in nanoseconds.
2. Accuracy. With the computer program narrowly defined, computers are extremely
reliable or even considered 100% accurate. Of course, you might not think this from the
way stories about computer mistakes, but in reality, the mistakes were not the fault
of the computers themselves. It is true that there are sometimes equipment failures,
but most errors supposedly made by the computers are human errors.
3. Automatic Operation. A computer can carry out a sequence of many data processing
operations without human intervention. The various operations are executed
automatically by way of a stored computer program.
4. Decision Making Capability. A computer can perform certain decision instructions
automatically. It can determine whether a certain statement is true or false, or could
even determine the course of action out of alternatives included in the computer
program.
5. Compact Storage. Computer systems are able to store tremendous amounts of data,
which can be retrieved quickly and efficiently.
6. Communications. Most computers today can communicate with other computers,
often wirelessly. Computers with this capability can share any of the four information

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processing cycle operations input, process, output, and storage- with another
computer or user.
1.6. DISADVANTAGES OF USING COMPUTERS
1. Violation of Privacy. There are instances that confidential and personal records stored
in a computer is not properly protected. Some individuals have found their privacy
violated and identities stolen.
2. Impact on Labor Force. With hundred of thousand of new computer jobs offers, skills
of millions of employees have been replaced by computers. A separate impact on the
labor force is that some companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of
keeping their homeland labor force employed.
3. Health Risk. Prolonged or improper computer use can lead to injuries or disorder of the
hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, neck, and back.
4. Impact on Environment. Computer manufacturing processes and computer waste are
depleting natural resources and polluting the environment. When computers are
discarded in landfills, they release toxic materials and potentially dangerous levels of
lead, mercury, and flame retardants.
1.7. COMPUTER LIMITATIONS AND FAILURES
COMPUTER LIMITATIONS
1. Dependent on programs and/or instructions
2. Cannot derive meanings from objects
3. Cannot by itself generate information
4. Cannot correct wrong instructions
COMPUTER FAILURES
1. Input errors
2. Errors in instructing a computer
3. The communication gap
4. Improper Controls
5. Lack of standard
6. Lack of adequate manufacturer support
1.8. ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
1. Hardware. These are equipment involved in the function of a computer. Computer
hardware consists of the components that can be physically handled. The function of
these components is typically divided into four main categories: input, processing,
output, and storage. Components in these categories connect to microprocessors,
specifically, the computer's central processing unit (CPU), the electronic circuitry that
provides the computational ability and control of the computer. Although
microprocessors are still technically considered to be hardware, portions of their function
are also associated with computer software.
2. Software. These are set of instructions a computer uses to manipulate data, such as a
word-processing program or a video game, also computer instructions that cause the
hardwarethe machinesto do work. Software as a whole can be divided into a number
of categories based on the types of work done by programs. These programs are usually

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stored and transferred via the computer's hardware to and from the CPU. Software also
governs how the hardware is utilized; for example, how information is retrieved from a
storage device.
3. People. The term peopleware represents the personnel involved in the function of the
computer. Computer professionals are referred to as those persons involved in system
analysis, maintenance, production, programming, and the like. Computer users that
utilize an existing computer using a program are termed as end-users.
Post-Test.
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. The cause/s of computer anxiety: a) age b) communication gap c) improper controls
d) all of the above
____2. In electronic data processing, a computer is considered to be _____ accurate.
a) 20% b) 50% c) 75% d) 100%
____3. A PDA is a _______: a) Microcomputer b) Minicomputer c) Mainframe d) Supercomputer
____4. GIGO means _______ a) Go-In, Go-Out b) Garbage-In, Garbage-Out
c) Go-Input, Go-Output d) Get-In, Get-Out
____5. In electronic data processing, _____ are the physical elements. a) Firmware
b) Hardware c) Peopleware d) Software
____6. Which is not a computer classification? a) maxicomputer
b) microcomputer
c) minicomputer c) mainframe
____7. Which is not a computer limitation? a) Dependent on programs and/or instructions
b) Cannot by itself generate information
c) Cannot correct wrong instructions
d) none of the above
____8. How many Hz are there in 2.6 GHz? a) 2.6 b) 2,600 c) 2,600,000
d) 2,600,000,000
____9. Which of the following is not an advantage of a computer?
a) accuracy b) compact storage c) sensitive d) speed
____10. The computer to which a users computer connects to access the Internet:
a) server b) supercomputer c) notebook d) PDA

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CHAPTER II
INPUT DEVICES
Guide Questions:
1. What is Input?
2. How do pointing devices work?
3. What are various types of scanners and reading devices, and how do they work?
4. List down the benefits of source data automation devices.
5. What are biometric devices?
Objectives: At the end of the Chapter, the students will be able to:
define input.
be familiar with the common computer input devices and peripherals.
list the characteristics of a keyboard.
summarize how various pointing device work.
Discuss various scanners and reading devices and how they work.
Pre-Test:
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. Which of the following is not an input device a) mouse b) OMR c) RAM d) Scanner
____2. Which of the following is not a source data automation device?
a) MICR
b) OCR
c) OMR
d) touch screen
____3. A series of instructions that tells a computer what to do and how to do it is called a ____.
a. program b. command c. user response d. processor
____4. Pressing the ____ key displays the Windows Start menu. a. APPLICATION b. NUM LOCK
c. WINDOWS d. ALT
____5. The process of transferring copies of the images from the digital camera to the computers
hard disk is called ____. a. fetching b. uploading c. pulling d. downloading
2.1. INTRODUCTION
Input is any data and instruction entered into the memory of the computer. Data as
input is a collection of unprocessed text, numbers, images, audio, and video. An input
device is any hardware component that allows users to enter data and instruction from the
stick
user to the computer. Input in this category includes bar codes, speech that enters the
computer through a microphone and data entered by means of a
device that converts motion to on-screen action.
2.2. COMPUTER KEYBOARD
It is a keypad device with buttons or keys that a user presses
to enter data characters and commands into a computer.
Keyboards emerged from the combination of typewriter and computer-terminal
technology. The most common English-language key pattern for keyboards is called
QWERTY, after the layout of the first six letters in the top row of its keys (from left to right).
In the late 1860s, American inventor and printer Christopher Sholes created the QWERTY
keyboard layout by separating commonly used letters so that typists would type slower
and not jam their mechanical typewriters. Not all keyboards are the same. A fast-food

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store for example, uses keyboards whose keys represent items such as Large Fries, or a Big
Mac.
2.3. POINTING DEVICES
A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a pointer on the screen.
0 Mouse A pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably. The mouse
is the most widely used pointing device on desktop computer. The rolling movement
causes a corresponding movement of the pointer on the screen. Moving the mouse and
then clicking it at the desired location on the screen allows you to reposition the pointer,
or the cursor. The process of communicating with the computer by clicking on the objects
on the desktop is referred to as graphical user interfacing.
Types of mouse
1. Mechanical mouse - has a rubber ball on its underside.
2. Optical mouse uses a device that emits and sense light to detect the
mouses movement. Some uses optical sensors, others use a laser.
0 Trackball an upside-down mechanical mouse where you roll the ball directly
Mouse
with your hand. Often built in on portable computers when there is no flat
ball
surface to roll the traditional mouse. A variation of this theme is the track
pad, with your finger as the pointer.
0 Touchpad a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to
pressure and motion. To move the pointer using a touchpad, slide your
Trackball
fingertip across the surface of the pad.
0 Pointing Stick a pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil
eraser that is positioned between keys on a keyboard. To move the pointer,
you push the pointing stick with a finger, the pointer on the screen moves in
the direction you push the pointing stick.
Touchpad
0 Light Pen a handheld input device that can detect the presence of light.
Some light pens requires a specially designed monitors while others work
with a standard monitor. To select objects on the screen, a user presses
the light pen against the surface of the screen or points the light pen at
Light pen
the screen and then presses a button on the pen.
0 Touch Screen a touch-sensitive display device. Users can interact with
these devices by touching areas of the screen. The edges of a touch
screen emit horizontal and vertical beams of light that crisscross the
screen. When a finger touches the screen, the interrupted light beams
can pinpoint the location selected on the screen.
0 Pen Input mobile users often enter data and instructions with a pentype device. With pen input, users write, draw, and tap on a flat surface
to enter input. The surface may be a monitor, a screen, or a special type
of paper. Two devices for pen input are the stylus and digital pen. A stylus is a small
metal or plastic device that uses pressure instead of ink. A digital pen is slightly larger
than a stylus, some are pressure-sensitive; others have built-in digital cameras.

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stylus
digital pen
digitizer

Digitizer An image whether a drawing or a photo- can be scanned by a digitizer

which converts the image into digital data that the computer can accept and
represent on the screen. A digitizing tablet lets you create your own images. This
device includes a digital pen that can be used to draw or trace images, which are
converted to digital data that can be processed by the computer.
2.4. VOICE INPUT
As an alternative to using a keyboard to enter data and instructions, some users talk
to their computer and watch the spoken words appear
on the screen as they talk.
0 Voice Input the process of entering input by
speaking into a microphone. Speech Recognition is a
computers capability to accepts the spoken word
through a microphone and converts it into binary
code(0s and 1s) that can be understood by the
computer. Typical users are the disabled, those with
busy hands or hands too dirty for the keyboard, and
Voice Input
those with no access to a keyboard.
0 Audio Input. Voice input is part of a larger category of input called audio input. Audio
input is the process of entering any sound into the computer such as speech, music, and
sound effects. Users enter sound into a computer via devices such as microphones, tape
players, CD/DVD players, or radios, each of which plugs in a port on the
sound card.
2.5. VIDEO INPUT
The process of capturing full-motion images and storing
them on a computers storage medium such as hard disk or

PC Video Camera

DVD.
DV Camera

0 Digital Video (DV) Camera. Captures and records video digital signals. Most DV cameras
can capture still frames, as well as motion.
0 PC Video Camera a type of digital video camera that enables a home or small business
user to capture video and still images, send e-mail messages with video attachments, add
live images to instant messages, broadcast live images over the Internet, and make video
telephone calls.
Web Cam any video camera that displays its output on a web page. A Web cam attracts
web site visitors by showing images that change regularly.
Video Conferencing A video conference is a meeting between two or more
geographically separated people who use a network or the internet to transmit
audio and video data. To participate in a video conference, you need a video

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conferencing software along with a microphone, speakers, and video camera
attached to a computer.

Sheet fed Scanner

Handheld Scanner

2.6. SCANNERS AND READING DEVICES

Some input devices save users time by eliminating manual
data entry. With these devices, users do not type, speak, or write
into the computer.
Source Data Automation the use of special equipment to
Flatbed Scanner
collect data at the source, as a by-product of the activity that
generates the data, and sends it directly to the computer. The
following are examples:
OPTICAL SCANNERS
0 Scanner converts text, drawing or picture into a computer. Optical
recognition system use a light beam to scan input data and convert it to
electrical signals, which are sent to the computer for processing.
 Flatbed scanner typically scans one sheet at a time. Can be used to
scan bound documents, such as pages from books and other
ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
bulky items.
OPQRSTUVWXYZ12
 Sheet-fed scanner motorized rollers feed the sheet across
34567890!@#$%^
the scanning head. Smaller in size compared to a flatbed
&*()_+<>,.?:
scanner, it could fit neatly between the keyboard and the
OCR-A typeface
monitor.
 Handheld scanner an inexpensive, handy and portable option for
scanning but is difficult to use since a good scan can only be attained when
the user moves the scanner in a straight line at a fixed rate.
 Drum scanner- a very expensive type of scanners used by
publishing companies used to scan large size photographs,
slides, negatives and single page documents.

Wand Reader
RFID tags

OPTICAL READERS
An optical reader is a device that uses a light source to read
characters, marks, and codes and then converts them into
digital data that a computer can process.
0 Optical Mark Recognition(OMR) a technology that reads
hand-drawn marks such as small circles or rectangles. OMR
Magnetic stripe
devices are sometimes called mark sensing device, because
Magstripe reader
a it senses marks on a piece of paper like test questionnaires or blackened areas.

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0 Optical Character Recognition (OCR) OCR devices uses a light source to read special
characters and convert them to electrical signals to be sent to the central processing
unit. The characters-letters, numbers, and special characters can be read by both
humans and machines. They are often found on sales tags on store merchandize. A
standard typeface for optical characters, called OCR-A, was established by the
American National Standard Institute. A wand reader is a popular input device for
reading OCR-A.
0 RFID Reader Radio frequency identification is a technology that uses radio signals to
communicate with a tag containing a memory chip and an antenna placed in or
attached to an object, animal or person. RFID reader mounted in a stationary object
such as doorway reads information on the tag via radio waves.
0 Magnetic Stripe Card Reader. Often called magstripe reader, reads the magnetic
stripe on the back of credit cards, bank cards, and other similar cards.
0 Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition MICR involves a machine to read characters
made up of magnetized particles. The most common example of magnetic characters is
the array of numbers found across the bottom of a personal check. These characters
are embedded on the check by using a MICR Inscriber.

Bar Code

MICR Reader

0 Bar Code Reader Also called a bar code scanner. Each

product on the store shelf has its own unique number,
which is part of the Universal Product Code(UPC). This code
number is represented on the product label by a pattern of
vertical marks, or bars, called the bar code. These zebra
stripes can be sensed and read by a bar code reader, a
photoelectric device that reads the code by means of
reflected light.

Bar Code Readers

2.7. DIGITAL CAMERAS

Allows users to take pictures and store the photographed
image digitally. Digital cameras typically allow users to review, and
Digital Camera
sometimes edit, images while they are in the camera. Some digital cameras can connect
to or communicate wirelessly with a printer, computer or television, allowing users to
print or view images directly from the camera. Often users prefer to download, or
transfer a copy of the images from the digital camera to the computers hard disk using a
USB port or a FireWire port.

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2.8. BIOMETRIC INPUT
Biometrics is the technology of authenticating a persons
identify by verifying a persons characteristics. A biometric
identifier physiological
or behavioral characteristics,
examples are fingerprints, hand geometry, facial features,
voice, signatures and eye pattern. Biometric devices vary
from different recognition systems used today. The most
biometric scanner is a fingerprint scanner.
Face Recognition System. Captures a live face image and
compares it with a stored image to determine if the person
is a legitimate user.

widely

used

Hand Geometry System. Measures the shape and size of a persons hand.
Voice Verification System. Compares a persons live speech with their stored voice
pattern.
Signature Verification System. Recognizes the shape of your handwritten signature, as
well as measures the pressure exerted and the motion used to write the signature. It
uses a specialized pen and tablet.
Iris Recognition System. A camera is used to read pattern in the iris of the eye. This type
of recognition system are quite expensive and are used by government security
organizations, the military, and financial institutions that deal with highly sensitive data.

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Post-Test
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. A bar code reader is an example of: a) processing device
b) input device
c) storage device d) output device
____2. A(n) ____ is a key that switches between two letter case states each time a user presses
the key. a. function key b. toggle key c. Shift key d. ALT key
____3. The technology that involves reading typewritten, computer-printed, or hand printed
characters from ordinary documents and translating the images into a form the computer
can process is called ____. a. OCR b. MICR
c. UPC d. OMR
____4. An input device that translates the motion of a ball rolled on a flat surface to the screen is
a:
a) bar code reader b) keyboard c) mouse c) wand reader
____5. The ____ mouse operation will display a shortcut menu. a. click b. right-click c. doubleclick d. triple-click
____6. To transfer recorded images to a hard disk or CD or DVD, users connect DV cameras
directly to a USB port or a ____ port on the system unit. a. FireWire b. serial c. parallel
d. SCSI
____7. High security areas use ____. a. fingerprint scanners b. hair recognition systems c. iris
recognition systems d. signature verification systems
____8. A mouse with a rubber or metal ball on its underside is called a(n) ____.
a. optical mouse b. mechanical mouse c. trackball d. cordless mouse
____9. Tablet PCs use a pressure-sensitive ____. a. digital pen b. trackball c. touchpad d.
pointing stick
____10. ____ scanners are very expensive and are often used in the publishing industry. a.
Flatbed b. Drum c. Pen or handheld d. Sheet-fed

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CHAPTER III
OUTPUT DEVICES
Guide Questions:
1. What are the four categories of Output?
2. What are LCD monitors, LCD screens, Plasma monitors and HDTVs?
3. What are the advantages of non-impact printers? What are the advantages of impact
printers?
4. What are softcopy outputs?
5. Imagine that you are buying a personal computer. What output device would you choose
and why?
Objectives: At the end of the Chapter, the students will be able to:
describe the four categories of output.
explain the relationship of graphic chips and monitors.
differentiate between a non-impact printer and an impact printer.
know the terminologies used in identifying computer monitor specifications.
Describe various ways to print.
Pre-Test:
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
_____1. Individually illuminated dots on a cathode ray tube or a liquid crystal display device:
a) bit
b) digit c) pixel d) resolution
_____2. Speakers and ____ are two commonly used audio output devices.
a. woofers b. microphones c. headsets d. monitors
_____3. Laser printers use a powdered ink called ____. a. wax b. toner c. dye d. pigment
_____4. ___ printing devices transmit output to a printer via radio waves. a. Infrared b.
Laser c. Bluetooth d. Large-format
_____5. Any hardware component that conveys information to one or more people is
considered a(n) ____ device. a. output b. storage c. communications d. input
3.1. INTRODUCTION
Output is data that has been processed into a useful
form. A computer generates several types of output
depending on the hardware and software being used and the
requirements of the user. A user encounters four basic
categories of output: text, graphics, audio, and video. Output
hardware consists of external devices that transfer information

LCD Monitors

from the computer's CPU to the computer user. A video

display, or screen, converts information generated by the
computer into visual information..
3.2. DISPLAY DEVICES
0 Flat Panel Displays
 LCD Monitors and Screens. Also called a flat panel

Plasma Monitors

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monitors that have gained popularity by reducing the footprint the monitor takes
up, displays visual information on a flatter and smaller
screen than a CRT-based video monitor and consumes less
electricity. A liquid crystal display uses a liquid compound
to present information on a display device.
 LED Monitors and Display . a flat panel display, which uses
an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video
display. Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors
LED TV
in store signs and billboards, and in recent years they
have also become commonly used in destination
signs on public transport vehicles. LED displays are
capable of providing general illumination in addition to
visual display, as when used for stage lighting or other
decorative (as opposed to informational) purposes.
 Plasma monitors - the "hang on the wall" monitors that
vary in size from 34" to 61". These monitors are 3" to 5"
deep and most are set up to take regular video as well
LED Display
as computer sources. It uses a gas plasma technology, which
sandwiches a layer of gas between two glass plates. Plasma
monitors offer larger screen sizes and higher display quality than
LCD monitors but are more expensive.
HDTV
 Televisions and HDTVs - Home users sometimes use their
television as a display device. Connecting a computer to an analog television
requires a converter that translates the digital signal from the computer to an
analog signal that the television can display. HDTV (High-definition television) is the
most advance form of digital television, working with digital broadcast signals,
transmitting digital sound, supporting wide screens, and provides a high resolution
of up to 1920 x 1080 pixels.

0 CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) Monitors. The standard television like

monitor most computers have used for the past decade consists
of an electron tube, or evacuated glass container, having at one
end a cathode, or negative electrode, and a device called an
electron gun that projects a beam of electrons against a
luminescent screen at the opposite end of the tube. CRT screens
CRT Monitors
use a technology called raster scanning, a process of sweeping electron beams across the
back of the screen. A computer display screen used for graphics is divided into dots which
can be illuminated individually on the screen called pixel. The resolution of the screen-its
clarity- is directly related to the number of pixels on the screen: The more pixels, the
higher the resolution.
Data Projector

0 Data Projectors a device that takes the text and images

displaying on a computer screen and project them on a larges

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screen so an audience can see the image clearly. Used for displaying computer images
(data) as well as video from a VCR, VHS, VCD, DVD player, Computer, or a Video Camera.
There are 2 types of smaller, lower cost projectors, the LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) and
the DLP(Digital Light Processing) projectors.
0 Rear projection screens - used in higher lighting conditions since the projector is behind
the screen usually in a small room or large closet along with any other associated
equipment. Rear projection screens also are used in higher lighting conditions since the
projector does not have to "fight the light". Rear screens can also be integrated into a
housing much like large screen televisions used in a home.
Rear Projection Screens
0 SMART Boards are Interactive whiteboards. SMART Boards
get hooked up to a computer and the computer saves the
information written on the board. SMART Boards when used
with a multimedia projector allows the user to control the
computer and all of its programs by simply touching the
board. SMART Boards also allow for users to write and
Smart Boards
annotate on top of any application even the web.
3.3. PRINTERS
An output device that produces text and graphics on a
physical medium such as paper or transparency film. Printed
information, called hard copy, exists physically and is a more
permanent form of output than presented on a display
device(softcopy).
0 Impact Printers uses some sort of physical contact with
the paper to produce an image, by physically striking the
paper, ribbon, and hammer or tiny wire pins together
Laser Printer
 Line Printers. A high speed impact printer that prints an entire line
at a
time. Mainframes, midrange servers, or network applications, such as
manufacturing, distribution, or shipping, often use line printers. It
typically use 11x17 inches continuous-form paper.
0 Non-Impact Printer places an image on a page without physically touching
the page, which prints by means of photographic, heat, laser, or ink spray.
Printer resolution is measures by the number of dots per inch(dpi ) a printer
can print.
 Inkjet Printers. A type of non-impact printer that forms
characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink
onto a piece of paper.
 Photo Printers. A color printer that produces photo-labquality pictures.
Mobile Printer

Impact Printer

Line Printer

Inkjet Printer

Thermal Printer

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 Laser Printer. A high-speed, high-quality non-impact printer that
prints text and graphics in high resolutions, usually 1200 dpi for
Label and
black and white and up to 2400 dpi for color printer. Operating in
Postage Printer
a manner similar to a copy machine, a laser printer creates images
using a laser beam and powder ink, called toner.
 Thermal Printer. Generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against heat
sensitive paper. Two special type of thermal printer are the
thermal wax transfer printer and dye-sublimation or
Photo Printer
sometimes called a digital photo printer.
 Mobile Printers. Small, lightweight, battery powered printer
that allows a mobile user to print from a notebook computer,
Tablet PC, PDA, or smart phone while traveling.
Large-format Printer
 Label and postage printer. A small printer that prints on an
adhesive-type materials that can be placed on envelopes, packages, floppy disks,
CDs, DVDs. file folders, photographs and toys.
 Plotters and large format printer. Sophisticated printers used to produce high
quality drawings such as blue-prints, maps, and circuit diagrams. Using ink-jet
printer technology, but on a much larger scale, a large-format printer creates a
photo-realistic-quality color prints. Graphic artists use this high-cost, high
performance printers for signs, posters, and other professional quality displays.
3.4. SPEAKERS AND HEADSETS
An audio device is a component of a computer that produces music, speech, or other
sounds, such as beeps. Two commonly used audio devices are speakers and headsets.

Speakers
Headsets

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3.5. OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES
 Fax Machine and Fax Modems. A fax machine is a device that codes and encodes
document so they can be transmitted over telephone lines. The term fax refers to a
document that you send or receive via a fax machine. Many computers include fax
capability by using a fax modem. Fax modem is a modem that allows you to send
(and sometimes receive) electronic documents as faxes.
 Multifunction Peripheral. A single device that look like a copy machine but provides
the functionality of a printer, scanner, copy machine, and perhaps a fax machine.

Fax Machine

Multifunction Peripheral

Post-Test
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. Given the same computer time, which of the following output device consumes the least
power? a) CRT Monitors b) LCD Monitors c) Plasma Monitors d) Smart Boards
____2. Which of the following can store the most data?
a) 3.5 floppy disk b) cassette tape c) hard disk d) optical disk
____3. Which of the screen standard has the highest resolution?
a) CGA b) EGA c) SVGA d) VGA
____4. The core of a CRT monitor is a(n) ____. a. LCD monitor b. high-definition television c.
active-matrix monitor d. cathode-ray tube
____5. A single device that looks like a copy machine but provides the functionality of a printer,
scanner, copy machine, and perhaps a fax machine is called a ____. a. total printer b.
subwoofer c. multifunction peripheral d. master printer
____6. A(n) ____ boosts low bass sounds. a. subwoofer b. headset c. microphone d. internal
speaker
____7. Sophisticated printers used to produce high-quality drawings such as blueprints, maps,
and circuit diagrams are called ____. a. laser printers b. plotters c. thermal printers d.
line printers
____8. ____ devices display information in one color on a different color background. a.
Unichrome b. Monochrome c. Color d. LCD
____9. LCD monitors are also called ____. a. plotters b. flat panel monitors c. HDTV (highdefinition television) monitors d. gas plasma displays
____10.
Print Orientation where the shorter side of the paper is on the sides. A) portrait b)
landscape

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CHAPTER IV
SYSTEM AND STORAGE UNITS
Guide Questions:
1. Describe the Central Processing Unit.
2. What are the components of a processor, and how do they complete a machine cycle?
3. What is the unit of the speed of computer processor?
4. What are the various type of memory?
5. What is a bit?
6. Imagine that you are buying a personal computer. What specification of the processor and
its hard disk would you choose and why?
Objectives: At the end of the Chapter, the students will be able to:
identify the parts of the system unit.
be familiar with the characteristics of various personal computer processors on the
market today.
differentiate between storage device and storage media..
know the terminologies used in identifying computer storage specifications.
describe the characteristics of optical discs.
Pre-Test:
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. ____ loses its contents when the computers power is turned off. a. ROM b. Flash
memory c. Nonvolatile memory d. Volatile memory
____2. The case of the system unit is sometimes called the ____. a. processor b. chassis c.
motherboard d. control unit
____3. The number system that has just two unique digits, 0 and 1, is called the ____. a. digital
system b. bit system c. analog system d. binary system
____4. The new ____ processor integrates the functions of a processor, memory, and video card
on a single chip. a. microprocessor b. power processor c. system on a chip d.
multimedia processor
____5. Optical discs used in personal computers are ____ inches in diameter. a. 3.5 b. 4.75 c. 5
d. 8
4.1. INTRODUCTION
The system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to
process data. System units are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The case of the system
unit, sometimes called the chassis, is made of metal or plastic and protects the internal
electronic components from damage. The storage unit holds data, instructions, and
information for future use. Every computer uses storage to hold system software and
application software. A storage medium, also called secondary storage, is the physical material
on which a computer keeps data, instructions and information.

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MOTHERBOARD
POWER SUPPLY

CD-ROM or DVD Drive

CPU

H ar d D isk D r ive

FAN

PPOWER
O W E CORD
R CO RD

HEAT SINK
System Unit

FLO PPY D RI VE
VIDEO CARD
ZIP DRIV E

MODEM
SOUND CARD

E XT RA CA SE FA N

RIBBON CABLE

RAM

The System Unit

4.2. THE MOTHERBOARD
Sometimes called the system board, is the main circuit board of the system unit. Many
electronic components attach to the motherboard; others are built into it.
Expansion slots for
Adapter Cards inserted
here

Processor slot

Memory modules are

inserted here

Motherboard

Processors

4.3. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

The CPU is the brain of the computer. It is a
microscopic circuitry that serves as the main information
Microprocessors
processor in a computer. A CPU is generally a single microprocessor made from a wafer of
semi-conducting material, usually silicon, with millions of electrical components on its
surface. A silicon chip is smaller than a thumbtack.
The figure shows examples of an integrated circuit: at the center is a F-100
microprocessor, only 0.6 cm square and is small enough to pass through the eye of a
needle.
Parts of the CPU
 Control Unit. Controls, supervises and directs the operation of the computer. The
CPUs control unit coordinates and times the CPUs functions, and it uses the program
counter to locate and retrieve the next instruction from memory. Like an orchestra
leader, the control unit does not execute the instructions itself; rather it directs other
parts of the system to do so.

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 Arithmetic / Logic Unit(ALU). Has special circuitry for performing processing
operation which performs calculations and comparisons. The ALU performs specific
operations such as addition, multiplication, and conditional tests on the data entered
in the computer for processing.
 Registers. A small, high-speed storage locations that temporarily hold data and
instruction. Registers are part of the processor, but not part of the memory or
permanent storage device. Register functions include storing the location from where
an instruction was fetched, storing an instruction while the control unit decodes it,
storing data while the ALU computes it, and storing the results of a calculation.
 System Clock. The processor relies on this quartz crystal circuit that controls the
timing of all computer operations. The system clock generates regular electronic
pulses or ticks that set the operating pace of components of the system unit. The
pace of the system clock is called the clock speed. Current personal computers have
clocks speed in gigahertz range(hertz is one cycle per second). The system clock is one
of the factors that influence a computers speed. The faster the clock speed, the more
instruction the computer can execute.
Leading processor chip manufacturers:
Intel Xeon MP, Itanium, Pentium D, Pentium 4 w/HT, Pentium 4, Pentium III,
Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium Pro, 80486, 80386, 80286,Core Solo, Core
Dou,Core2Dou, Pentium M, Atom, Core I3, Core I5, Core I7
AMD- Opteron, Athlom MP, Sempron, Athlon 64, Athlon, Duron, AMD K6III, AMD
K6-2, AMD K6
Motorola / IBM PowerPC G5, G4, G3, G2, G1, 68040, 68030, 68020
Transmeta Efficeon, Crusoe
4.4. PRIMARY MEMORY OR STORAGE UNIT
Storage capacity determines the amount of information that can be held within the
computer memory at a particular time. Memory consists of electronic components on one
or more chips on the motherboard that store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processed data.

Types of Memory are:

ROM Chip
Volatile memory When the computers power is turned off, volatile
memory loses its contents. Ex. RAM
Nonvolatile memory Does not lose its content when power is
removed from the computer. Ex. ROM, flash memory, CMOS.
. RAM
 Read Only Memory. Semiconductor-based memory that contains instructions or data
that can be read but not modified. ROM is non-volatile its contents do not
disappear when the power is turned off. Ex. ROM chips for printer contain data for
font.
 Random Access Memory. The computers temporary storage compartment; generally
understood to refer to volatile memory, which can be written as well as read. It holds
the instructions and data for whatever programs we happen to be using. Measured as

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an amount of data or in bytes nowadays are usually in Megabytes, the more RAM
your computer has, the more powerful the programs you can run. RAM is usually
volatile that is, the data is lost once the power is shut off.
 Cache. A type of memory that helps speed the processes of the computer because it
stores frequently used instructions and data. Most computers today have two types
of memory cache, L1 cache and L2 cache.
 Flash Memory. A type of non-volatile memory that can be erased electronically and
rewritten. Used in most computers because it holds their start-up instructions by
allowing the computer to easily update its contents.
 CMOS (Complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor). CMOS technology uses battery
power to retain information even when the power to the computer is off. It can keep
calendar, date, and time even when the computer is off.
Storage Terms:
BIT
smallest unit of information
BYTE a collection of bits
WORD collection of bytes
1 Byte = 8 bits of binary nos.
Term
Approx. # of bytes
Exact # of bytes
Kilobyte(KB)
Megabyte(MB)
Gigabyte(GB)
Terabyte(TB)
Petabyte(PB)
Exabyte(EB)
Zettabyte(ZB)
Yottabyte(YB)

Approx. # of pages
of text
10
2 or 1,024

220 or 1,048,576
500
30
2 or 1,073,741,824
500,000
40
2 or 1,099,511,627,776 500,000,000
250
260
270
280

1 thousand
1 million
1 billion
1 trillion
1 quadrillion
1 quintillion
1 sextillion
1 septillion

4.5. SECONDARY OR AUXILIARY STORAGE/ MEMORY UNIT

Alternative storage unit to augment the storage capabilities of the computer.
Secondary storage is necessary because memory, or primary memory, can be used only
temporarily, that is, your programs and data will disappear from memory when you turn
your computer off. However, you probably want to store the data you have used or the
information you have derived from processing, and that is why secondary storage, or
auxiliary storage, is needed. Often referred to as external storage units. Examples are the
following:
 Magnetic Disk. Uses magnetic particles to store items such as data, instructions, and
information on the disks surface.
Sliding
 Floppy disks.
Plastic
 ZIP disks
 Hard disk
Write protect tab

3 Floppy Disk

ZIP Disk in ZIP Drive

External Hard Disk

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Removable Hard Disk

Hard Disks

Portable Hard Disk

 Optical Disks. Type of storage media that consists of a flat, round,

portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written by a
laser. Optical discs used in personal computer are 4.75 inches in
diameter. Mini discs have a diameter of 3 inches or less.













Disc Format
Read
CD-ROM
Y
CD-R
Y
CD-RW
Y
DVD-ROM
Y
DVD-R, DVD+R
Y
DVD-RW, DVD+RW Y
DVD-RAM
Y
BD-ROM
Y
BD-R, BD+R
Y
BD-RW, BD+RW
Y
BD-RAM
Y

Write Erase
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y

Capacity
650 MB to 1 GB
650 MB to 1 GB
650 MB to 1 GB
4.7 GB to 17 GB
4.7 GB to 17 GB
4.7 GB to 17 GB
4.7 GB to 17 GB
25 GB to 128 GB
25 GB to 128 GB
25 GB to 128 GB
25 GB to 128 GB

Optical Disks

Tape
PC Card

 Magnetic/Cassette Tape. Magnetic coated ribbon of plastic capable of storing large

amounts of data and information at a low cost. A tape cartridge is a small,
rectangular, plastic housing for tape.
 PC Cards. A thin, credit card-sized device that adds memory, storage,
Memory Stick

sound, fax/modem, network, and other capabilities to

mobile computers
 Flash Memory Cards. A removable flash memory device
that allows user to transfer data and information conveniently from mobile devices like
SmartMedia
Secure Digital xD Picture Card
PDAs, smart
phones, digital cameras and digital music players to desktop computers.
 USB Flash Drives. Sometimes called a pen drive, is a flash memory
device that plugs in a USB port on a computer or portable device.
 Microfilm and Microfiche. Store microscopic images of
Compact Flash

USB Flash Drive

documents on roll or sheet film. Microfilm is a 100 to

microfilm
215 foot roll of film.
Microfiche is a small sheet of film, usually about 4
inches by 6 inches. A computer output microfilm recorder is the device that
records the images on the film.
Microfilm reader

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Post-Test
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. 1 byte = _____ bits: a) 0 b) 8 c) 80 d) 1024
____2. An example of storage unit: a) CPU b) Scanner c) spreadsheet d) DVD
____3. Another name for memory is: a) Secondary storage b) Primary storage
c) disk storage d) tape storage
____4. The CD-ROM is an example of: a) software b) hardware c) a program d) an output unit
____5. The unit that transform data into information:
a) CPU b) disk drive c) bar code reader d) wand reader
____6. Which of the following can store the most data?
a) 3.5 floppy disk b) cassette tape c) hard disk d) optical disk
____7. PC Cards commonly are used in ____. a. midrange servers b. notebook computers c.
mainframe computers d. supercomputers
____8. A ____ is an erasable multisession disc you can write on multiple times. a. CD-ROM b.
CD-R c. CD-RW d. DVD-ROM
____9. Storage media are sometimes referred to as ____. a. primary storage b. storage drives
c. secondary storage d. RAM
____10.
Devices such as a keyboard and mouse usually attach to ____ on the system unit by
a connector on a cable. a. processors b. ports c. adapter cards d. drive bays

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WINDOWS

CHAPTER V
DESKTOP FAMILIARIZATION

Guide Questions:
1. List down at least 5 special keys found on the keyboard and explain their uses.
2. What do you think is the main reason why mouse was conceived? Explain your answer.
3. Awareness, Knowledge and Interaction are the three components of computer literacy.
Discuss why these three should be present in you.
Objectives: At the end of the Chapter, the students will be able to:
be familiar with the parts of the mouse and computer keyboard
be knowledgeable about the usage of the mouse and the computer keyboard
be familiar with the Windows Operating System
identify the elements of the Windows Desktop and its components
be aware of the elements of a window
be acquainted with the accessories programs in Windows
Pre-Test:
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. Pictorial representation of files and programs in a GUI programs
a) buttons b) forms c) icon d) menu
____2. Who developed the QWERTY keyboard? a) Christopher Sholes b) Howard Aiken
c) James Qwerty d) Walter Brattain
____3. A standard equipment included by IBM and Apple to computer design for graphic user
interface. a) disk drives
b) keyboard c) mouse
d) optical disk
____4. A type of icon that represents area for stored files such as documents, graphics and
programs.
a) document b) folder
c) original
d) program
____5. A window displayed by the computer used to solicit response from the user.
a) dialog box b) menu bar c) program
d) splash screen
5.1. INTRODUCTION
Familiarization is one vital issue one must consider in mastering computer utilization.
Exposure to the computer environment necessitates the users acquaintance with the
computer. With the advent of GUI(Graphic User Interface), where the screen display is in the
format that enables the user to choose commands, start programs, and see lists of files and
other options by pointing to pictorial representations (icons) and lists of menu items on the
screen by using the GUI device called mouse, computer interaction has been trouble-free as a
result of its user-friendly environment. Most personal computers (PCs) include a keyboard
because it is easy to use and efficient for everyday tasks such as word processing. A mouse is
another input devices that help the user point, select, and move objects on a video display
monitor. The proper use of the computer keyboard and mouse is discussed in this chapter.

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5.2. COMPUTER KEYBOARD
It is a keypad device with buttons or keys that a user presses to enter data
characters and commands into a computer. Keyboards emerged from the combination of
typewriter and computer-terminal technology. The most common English-language key
pattern for keyboards is called QWERTY, after the layout of the first six letters in the top row of
its keys (from left to right). In the late 1860s, American inventor and printer Christopher Sholes
created the QWERTY keyboard layout by separating commonly used letters so that typists
would type slower and not jam their mechanical typewriters.
Computer keyboards copied the QWERTY key layout and have followed the precedent set
by typewriter manufacturers in keeping with this convention. Modern keyboards connect with
the computer CPU by cable or by infrared transmitter. When a key on the keyboard is pressed,
a numeric code is sent to the keyboards driver software and to the computers operating
system software. The driver translates this data into a specialized command that the
computers CPU and application programs understand. In this way, users may enter text,
commands, numbers, or other data. The term character is generally reserved for letters,
numbers, and punctuation, but may also include control codes, graphical symbols,
mathematical symbols, and graphic images.
A

Parts of the Keyboard

A. Alphanumeric Keypad
B. Function Keys
C. Cursor Keys
D. Numeric Keypad
E. Status Lights
F. Special Keys

Fig.16. Keyboard and its Parts

5.3. MOUSE
A common pointing device was popularized by its inclusion as standard equipment with
the Apple Macintosh and IBM computers. The basic features of a mouse are a casing with a flat
bottom, designed to be gripped by one hand; one or more buttons at the top; a
multidirectional detection device (usually a ball) at the bottom; and a cable connecting the
mouse to the computer. By moving the mouse on a surface (such as a desk), the user typically
controls an on-screen cursor. A mouse is a relative pointing device because there are no
defined limits to the mouse's movement and because its placement on a surface does not map
directly to a specific screen location. To select items or choose commands on the
screen, the user presses one of the mouse's buttons, producing a mouse click.
LEFT BUTTON
Parts of a Mouse
RIGHT BUTTON
A. Left button
MOUSE
B. Right button
MOUSE PAD
Mouse Operations
A. Point moving the mouse around the mouse pad and the positioning of the
mouse pointer on the text, programs or icons on the monitor. Pointing
Mouse and
its parts
to an an-screen item usually displays a ScreenTip
containing
information about that item.

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B. Click of left click - the quick press and release of the left(primary) mouse button.
Clicking an an-screen item usually selects the item. Clicking a hyperlink
displays the link target.
C. Right click - the quick press and release of the right(secondary) mouse button.
Right-clicking usually displays a menu, called a shortcut menu or
context menu, listing actions you can perform with the item you rightclicked. You invoke an action by clicking it on the shortcut menu.
D. Double Click - The quick press and release of the left mouse button twice in rapid
succession. Double-clicking an on-screen item usually starts or opens
the item. Slowly double-clicking a file or folder activates the file or
folder name for editing.
E. Dragging - Pointing to an on-screen item, holding down the primary mouse
button, moving the mouse until the pointer or item is in the location
where you want the item to appear, and releasing the mouse button.
You can also drag through multiple on-screen items to select them.
F. Right-dragging Pointing to an on-screen item, holding down the secondary mouse
button, moving the mouse until the pointer or item is in the location
where you want the item to appear, and releasing the mouse button.
Right-dragging displays a menu of actions you can perform with the
item you dragged.
 WINDOWS7 HELP#1( INFORMATION FOR NEW COMPUTER USERS)
5.4. WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM
Personal computer operating system sold by Microsoft Corporation allows users to enter
commands with a point-and-click device, such as a mouse, instead of a keyboard. An operating
system is a set of programs that controls the basic functions of a computer. The Windows
operating system provides users with a graphical user interface (GUI), which allows them to
manipulate small pictures, called icons, on the computer screen to issue commands. Windows
is the most widely used operating system in the world. It is an extension of and replacement
for Microsofts Disk Operating System (MS-DOS).
Versions released by Microsoft( as of 2015)
1. Windows 3.11
2. Windows 95
3. Windows 98
4. Windows CE
5. Windows 2000
6. Windows ME
7. Windows NT
8. Windows XP
9. Windows Vista
10. Windows 7
11. Windows 8
12. Windows 10

Windows Desktop

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5.5. WINDOWS DESKTOP
The desktop is the overall view of your computer and work area. The desktop covers the
entire screen and is somewhat analogous to the top of a conventional desk. Items on your
desktop can be moved, thrown away, or placed in folders to work with later. The desktop can
be arranged to contain the items that you use most frequently. For example, if you work on a
weekly report, that document can be accessed easily if you place it directly in your desktop.
 Icons. Symbols or pictures that represent items stored on your computer. Sample
icons include folders (directories or groups), documents, programs, and even
computer hardware.

Folder icons

Document icons

Program icons

Fig.19. Types of Icons

Original icons

 Folder icons. Used to keep related documents or programs together. Sometimes

you can have folders within folders.
 Document icons. Represent the files that you create using software. Generally
document icons resemble the program icon that created the file. For example,
an MS-Word document has part of the same logo as the MS-Word program in
which it was created.
 Program icons. Represent the executable programs (usually software) available
in your computer. For example, Word, PowerPoint, Photoshop, Excel, and
Dreamweaver.
 Original icons. Displayed when you first access your Windows desktop are My
Computer, Network Neighborhood, Recycle Bin, Internet Explorer, and the
Inbox.
My Computer. This icon opens to reveal all of the drives you have on your
computer. You can use this feature to open each drives contents and find out what
folders and files you have.
Recycle Bin. This is where you toss things you no longer want on you system, such
as old files. When youre ready to remove items, empty the recycle bin and confirm
the deletion.
Taskbar. The Taskbar, located at the bottom of your screen, contains the Start
button. When you open a program, document or any other window, a button
appears on the Taskbar.
Start button. This button is used to open the start menu, which provides you with
access to applications or documents, Help, the Find feature, and the Control Panel
settings.
Clock. A clock displays on the right of your Taskbar. If you hold your mouse pointer
over clock, the current date displays.

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5.6. WINDOWS ELEMENTS
 Windows. A window is a construct that displays your program or document when it is
opened. You can have several windows opened on your desktop at the same time and
you can reposition and resize them. Generally Windows remembers the size and
location of your windows when they are closed. When you open the window again, it
displays in the same location and size that it was when you last closed it. There are
three major window types: program, document, and folder.
 Program windows. Program windows are those that contain a program that you
are running such as Word, Photoshop, or Netscape Navigator.
 Document windows. Document windows open within a program window. For
example, within Microsoft Excel, you can have several documents open at the
same time.
 Folder windows. A folder window displays the contents of a folder, including the
contents of the folder display program icons, document icons, or other folder
icons.
Parts of a window
Since all windows have essentially the same parts, once you
learn to work with one window you are able to work with all
windows.
 Title Bar. The title bar is at the top of the window; it
displays the document, program, or folder name,
along with the name of the application that is open (in
program windows only). The title bar also tells you
which window is active.
 Window buttons. The title bar also displays three
small buttons on the right of the title bar, which change
the display of the window; the minimize, maximize, and
close buttons.
Minimize button
When you click the Minimize button (on the
left), the window disappears and is
represented by a button on the Taskbar.
When a window is minimized, you display it
again by clicking the window button on the
Taskbar.
Maximize button
When you click the Maximize button (in the
center), the window is enlarged to take up the
entire Desktop if it is a program or folder
window. When you maximize a document icon,
the window takes up the entire application
window.

Program window

Document window

Folder window
Types of Windows
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Restore button
When you maximize a window, the Restore button replaces the
Maximize button. The Restore button has two small boxes. Clicking the
Restore button displays the window in its previous opened size and
location.
Close button
The Close button (on the right) closes the window. Click the Close
button once to completely close the document, application, or folder
windows.

Title Bar
Window title

Title Bar

Control Menu Icon

Border
Scroll Bar

Status Bar
Parts of a Window

 The Menu bar. The Menu bar appears just below the Title bar and displays
additional options when you click the menu name. A menu is a group of related
commands or instructions that tells Windows what you want to do
Elements of a Menu
Pull down menu a menu that appears to pull-down from the Menu
bar.
Right-pointing Arrow appears at the side of a command, which
indicates that if you choose the command, another menu will
appear with more menu options
Ellipsis ()
appears after a command to indicate that Windows
needs more information in order to complete the command. To
get that information, Windows displays a dialog box.
Check mark indicates that a menu is currently active.
Note: Besides clicking on the menu name, you can also access menus
by holding down the Alt key and the underlined letter in the
menus name. For example, in most programs the File menu can
be accessed by holding down the Alt and F keys at the same time.
 Scroll Bars & Buttons. Use the scroll bars to move around within your
document or window. Click the scroll bars located on the right and bottom
edges of the window to move up, down, left or right.

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Window Operations

Change window size. The window size may be altered by placing your mouse
on any window border, holding down the left mouse button, and dragging the mouse
to alter the dimensions of the window.

Change Window placement. To change the window placement, place your
mouse on the Title Bar and click and drag to reposition the window.

Change Desktop Background

Using Windows Explorer
5.7. WINDOWS ACCESSORIES
 Notepad . You can use Notepad to create or edit text files that do not require
formatting and are smaller than 64K (kilobytes). Notepad opens and saves text in ASCII
(text-only) format. To create or edit files that require formatting or are larger than 64K,
use WordPad.
 Calculator. You can use Calculator in standard view to perform simple calculations, or
in scientific view to perform advanced scientific and statistical calculations.
 Paint. You can use Paint to work with pictures that use the bitmap (.bmp) file format.
You can paste a Paint picture into another document you've created, or use it as your
desktop background. You can even use Paint to view and edit scanned photos.

Notepad

Calculator

Paint

Windows Accessories

 WINDOWS7 HELP#3(NAVIGATING WINDOWS AND FOLDERS)

5.9. SHORT-CUT KEYS IN WINDOWS
To do this
Press this
Activate the menu bar in programs
F10 or ALT
Carry out the corresponding command on the menu
ALT + underlined letter in
menu
Close the current window or quit a program ALT+F4
Copy the selected item
CTRL+C
Cut the selected item
CTRL+X

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Paste the selected item
Delete the selected item
Undo
Display Help on the selected dialog box item
Display the current windows system menu
Display the Start menu
Switch windows

CTRL+V
DELETE
CTRL+Z
F1
ALT+SPACEBAR
CTRL+ESC
ALT+TAB

WIN7 ACTIVITY #2( P. 110-115 WINDOWS7 HELP#3)

WIN7 ACTIVITY #3( P. 124-129 WINDOWS7 HELP#3)

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Post Test.
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. A mouse is _______ device : a) Input b) Output
c) Process d) Storage
____2. A windows accessories program used to draw pictures. a) Calculator b) Notepad c) Paint
d) all of the above
____3. In a dialog box, these are little round buttons that turn a feature on or off. a) command
button b) check box c) list box d) option button
____4. The latest version release of Windows operating system. a) Windows XP b) Windows 8
c) Windows ME d) Windows 2005
____5. The number of ENTER keys on the keyboard. a) 1 b) 2 c)3 d) 4
____6. To click is to press the ______ mouse button. a) Center b) Left
c) Right
d) Scroll
____7. To display the START button. a) Click
b)press CTRL - ESC c) press  key from
keyboard d) all of the above
____8. What is Windows? a) a wooden object b) computer program c) Plural of Window c)
Part of a house
____9. Which of the following is the close button? a)
b)
c)
d)
____10. Which of the following is the recycle bin? a)
b)
c)
d)

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CHAPTER VI

I N T R O D U C T I O N T O V I S U A L BASIC
Guide Questions:
1. Explain how to open a new project.
2. What is the use of the Properties window? Why should it be necessarily displayed?
3. In your own words, describe a form. List at least ten windows elements that uses a form.
Outcomes:
At the end of the Chapter, the students can:
define RAD.
describe and be familiar with the environment of Visual Basic.
identify and use appropriately the different windows in Visual Basic programming.
distinguish the different functions and uses of the control buttons.
Pre-Test:
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. Developers of BASIC : a) Gates and Allen b) Jobs and Wozniak c) Kenemy and Kurtz
d)
Marcos and Arroyo
____2. The process of rapidly creating an application in a graphic user interface program: a) CAD
b) IDE c) RAD d) RAM
____3. Which of the following is not an attribute that can be used to describe a human being? a)
brown eyes b) female
c) talk d) thin
____4. In a procedure oriented languages, the emphasis of a program is on how to accomplish a
task. a) TRUE
b) FALSE
____5. A function key to run a Visual BASIC program: a) F1 b) F2 c) F5 d) F8
6.1. INTRODUCTION
Welcome to Microsoft Visual Basic, the fastest and easiest way to create applications
for Microsoft Windows. Whether you are an experienced professional or brand new to
Windows programming, Visual Basic provides you with a complete set of tools to simplify
rapid application development. The "Visual" part refers to the method used to create the
graphical user interface (GUI). Rather than writing numerous lines of code to describe the
appearance and location of interface elements, you simply add prebuilt objects into place on
screen. If you've ever used a drawing program such as Paint, you already have most of the
skills necessary to create an effective user interface. Beginners can create useful applications
by learning just a few of the keywords, yet the power of the language allows professionals to
accomplish anything that can be accomplished using any other Windows programming
language.
6.2. HISTORY OF VISUAL BASIC
Visual Basic evolved from BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code).
Basic was developed in the mid 1960s by Professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz of
Darmouth College as a language for writing simple programs. BASICs primary purpose was
to help people learn how to program.

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The widespread use of BASIC with various types of computers (sometimes called
hardware platforms) led to many enhancements to the language. With the development of
Microsoft Windows graphical user interface (GUI) in the late 1980s and the early 1990s,
the natural evolution of BASIC was Visual Basic, which was created by Microsoft
Corporation in 1991.
Until Visual Basic appeared, developing Microsoft Windows-based applications was a
difficult and cumbersome process. Visual Basic greatly simplifies Windows application
development. Since 1991 six versions have been released, with the latest- Visual Basic 6appearing in September 1996.
6.3. WHAT IS VISUAL BASIC?
Visual Basic is a Microsoft Windows programming language. Visual Basic programs
are created in an Integrated Development Environment(IDE). The IDE allows the
programmer to create, run and debug Visual Basic programs conveniently. IDEs allow a
programmer to create working programs in a fraction of the time that it would normally
take to code programs without using IDEs. The process of rapidly creating an application is
typically referred to as Rapid Application Development (RAD). Visual Basic is the worlds
most widely used RAD language.
In order to understand the application development process, it is helpful to
understand some of the key concepts upon which Visual Basic is built. Because Visual Basic
is a Windows development language, some familiarity with the Windows environment is
necessary. If you are new to Windows programming, you
need to be aware of some fundamental differences
between programming for Windows versus other
environments.
In traditional or "procedural" applications, the
application itself controls which portions of the code to
execute and in what sequence. Execution starts with the
first line of the code and follows a predefined path
through the application, calling procedures as needed.
In an event-driven application, the code doesn't
New Project Dialog box
follow a predetermined path it executes different code
sections in response to events. Events can be triggered by the user's actions, by messages
from the system or other applications, or even from the application itself. The sequence of
these events determines the sequence in which the code executes, thus the path through
the application's code differs each time the program runs.
6.4. VISUAL BASIC IDE
Visual Basic Integrated development Environment(IDE) allows the programmer to
create, run and debug Windows programs in one application without the need to open
additional programs.
When Visual Basic is loaded, the New Project dialog shown in is displayed. The New
Project dialog allows the programmer to choose what type of Visual Basic program to
create. Standard EXE, which is highlighted by default, allows the programmer to create a

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standard executable. We use Standard EXE for the majority of examples and exercises in
this module.
Each type listed in the Figure describes a group of related files called a project.
Collectively, the project files form a Visual Basic program. The programmer can use or
leverage these existing project types to create powerful Windows application in a fraction
of the time it would normally take to create the same applications in other programming
languages.
After you have the New Project dialog box displayed, you have several choices as to
the type of program you want to create. (The Learning and Standard Editions of Visual
Basic do not display all the following types of programs in the New Project dialog box.)
Standard EXE: Creates a stand-alone program that you can copy, give away, or sell to
others. Examples of stand-alone programs are Microsoft Word, Lotus 1-2-3, and Netscape
Navigator. Stand-alone programs have an EXE file extension.
To choose one of these options from the New Project dialog box, just click on the
option you want and click on OK.
If you choose File->New Project (or press Ctrl+N), Visual Basic displays a New
Project dialog box that does not contain the Existing or Recent tabs.
Creating ActiveX, DHTML, IIS, and Data Project files is fairly advanced, so don't worry
about such files until you figure out how to create a simple (Standard EXE) Visual Basic
program first.
Three Tabs contained in the Project dialog box

New for creating a new project

Existing for opening an existing project

Recent for opening a project that has been previously loaded into the IDE.
Toolbox

Form

Title bar

Menu bar

Tool bar
Project
Explorer
Window

Sizing
handle

Properties
Window
Form
Layout
Window

Figure shows the IDE after the Standard EXE is selected. The top of the IDE window
(the title bar) displays Project1-Microosoft Visual Basic [design]. The environment contains
various windows, a menu bar and a tool bar.
A Standard EXE project contains the following
windows:

IDE with a Standard EXE project open

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Project1Form1(Form)
Form Layout
Properties-Form1
Project-Project1
Toolbox
 Form Window
The Project-Form1 window contains a form named Form1, which is where the
programs Graphical User Interface (GUI) will be displayed. A GUI is the visual portion
of the program(i.e., buttons, label, etc.) this is where the user enters data (called
inputs) to the program and where the program displays its results (called outputs) for
the user to read. We refer the Form1 window simply as the form.
 Form Layout Window
The Form Layout window specifies a forms position on the screen at runtime.
It consists of an image representing the screen and the forms relative position on the
screen.
Screen
Form

 Properties Window
Form Layout Window
The Properties window displays the properties for a form or a control.
Properties are attributes such as size, position, etc. Like a form, each control type
has its own set of properties. Some properties, like Width and Height, such as, are
common to both forms and controls, while other properties are unique to a form or
a control. Controls often differ in the number and type of properties.
Type of control

Name of control

Selected
property

Selected
property
description

Properties Window

Properties are listed either alphabetically (Alphabetic Tab) or categorically

(Categorized Tab). Alphabetic tab lists the properties in alphabetical order and is
the default. Categorized tab lists the properties by categories, such as Appearance,
Behavior, DDE, Font, Misc, etc.

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Properties window displays the properties of a control that has the current focus control
is surrounded with sizing handles.
 Project Window
The window titled Project-Project1 is called the Project Explorer and contains
the project files.
View Code

Project name

View Object

Forms folder

Toggle Folders

Forms module
Project Explorer

View Code button displays a window for writing Visual Basic code.
View Object button displays the form.
Toggle Folders button toggles the Forms folder
 Toolbox
The toolbox contains controls used to customize forms. Controls are
prepackaged components that you reuse instead of writing them yourself-this helps
you write programs faster.

PictureBox

Pointer

TextBox

Label

CommandButton

Frame

OptionButtonn

CheckBox

ListBox

ComboBox

VScrollBar

HScrollBar

DriveListBox

Timer
DirListBox

FileListBox

Shape

Line

Image

Data

OLE

Toolbox Window

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Control
Pointer

Prefix Description
Used to interact with the controls on the form (I.e., resize them,
move them, etc.). The pointer is not a control.

PictureBox Pic

Label

Lbl

TextBox

Txt

Frame

Fme

Command
Button

cmd

CheckBox

chk

OptionButton opt

ListBox

A PictureBox control can display a graphic from a bitmap, icon, or

metafile, as well as enhanced metafile, JPEG, or GIF files. It clips
the graphic if the control isn't large enough to display the entire
image.
A Label control is a graphical control you can use to display text
that a user can't change directly.
A TextBox control, sometimes called an edit field or edit control,
displays information entered at design time, entered by the user,
or assigned to the control in code at run time.
To display multiple lines of text in a TextBox control, set the
MultiLine property to True.
A Frame control provides an identifiable grouping for controls. You
can also use a Frame to subdivide a form functionallyfor
example, to separate groups of OptionButton controls.
Use a CommandButton control to begin, interrupt, or end a
process. When chosen, a CommandButton appears pushed in and
so is sometimes called a push button.
A control that provides the user with a toggle choice (checked or
unchecked). Use this control to give the user a True/False or
Yes/No option.
A "radio button". OptionButtons are used in groups where only
one at a time can be True.

A ListBox control displays a list of items from which the user can
select one or more.
ComboBox cbo A control that provides a short list of items. A ComboBox control
combines the features of a TextBox control and a ListBox control
users can enter information in the text box portion or select an
item from the list box portion of the control.
HScrollBar hsb A horizontal scrollbar.
VScrollBar vsb A vertical scrollbar
Scroll bars provide easy navigation through a long list of items or a
large amount of information.
Lst

Timer

tmr A Timer control can execute code at regular intervals by causing a

Timer event to occur.
FileListBox fil A FileListBox control locates and lists files in the directory specified
by the Path property at run time. Use this control to display a list
of files selected by file type.

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DriveListBox drv A control for accessing the system disk drives (C:,A:, etc.)
A DriveListBox control enables a user to select a valid disk drive at
run time.
DirListBox dir A control for accessing files in a directory.
A DirListBox control displays directories and paths at run time. Use
this control to display a hierarchical list of directories.
Shape
shp A control for drawing circles, rectangles, squares or ellipses
The Shape control is a graphical control displayed as a rectangle,
square, oval, circle, rounded rectangle, or rounded square.
Line
lin A control for drawing lines.
A Line control is a graphical control displayed as a horizontal,
vertical, or diagonal line.
Image
img A control for displaying images. The Image control does not
provide as many capabilities as the PictureBox, but it supports only
a subset of the PictureBox properties, events, and methods.
Data
dat A control for connecting to a database. Provides access to data
stored in databases using any one of three types of Recordset
objects.
OLE
ole A control for interacting with other window application.
Table 1. Controls

Menu Bar and Tool Bar

Commands for developing, maintaining and executing programs are contained in
the IDEs menus. Menus contains groups of related capabilities from which the user may
select appropriate choices. Rather than having to navigate the menus for certain
commonly used commands, the programmer can select them from the tool bar. The tool
bar comprised of pictures called icons that represent commands.
Menu
Description
Contains options for opening projects, closing projects,
File
printing projects, etc.
Edit

Contains options such as cut, paste, find, undo, delete, etc.

View

Contains options for displaying IDE windows and toolbars.

Contains options for adding features such as forms to the
project.
Contains options for aligning and locking a form's control.

Project
Format
Debug

Contains option for debugging.

Contains option for executing a program, stopping a program,
Run
etc.
Contains options for manipulating data retrieved from a
Query
database.
Contains options for editing and viewing the design of
Diagram
database.

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Contains options for IDE tools and options for customizing the
environment.
Contains options for using, installing and removing add-ins.
Add-Ins Add-ins are typically independent software vendor (ISV)
products that extend Visual Basic's features.
Windows Contains options for arranging and displaying windows.
Help
Contains option for displaying help

Tools

Table 2. Menus

6.5. VB6 BASIC PROCEDURES

To start Visual Basic
1. Click Start
2. Point to Programs
3. Point to Microsoft Visual Studio 6.0
4. Click to Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0
To display the Standard tool bar
Click View, point to Toolbars, and then click Standard
To display the Toolbox
Click the Toolbox button
on the Standard toolbar or click View, then click Toolbox
To display the Project window
Click Project Explorer button
on the Standard toolbar or click View, then click
Project Explorer, or press Ctrl+R
To display the Properties window
Click Properties Window button
on the Standard toolbar or click View, then click
properties Window, or press F4
To Add Controls on the form
1. Double-click (left click) the control in the Toolbox. This will add the control at the
center of the form.
2. Click (left click) the control to select from the toolbox. Mouse pointer will appear as
crosshair when moved into the form. Hold down the left button of the mouse and
move the mouse (a white rectangular broken line will appear) to specify the size of
the control and release the mouse.
Notice that once you created the label it will have the current focus
surrounded with sizing handles. Select other controls by clicking to set the current
focus.
To set the value of a property
1. Select the object whose property you want to set.
2. Display the Properties window (if necessary)
3. Select the property whose value you want to set.
4. If an arrow appears in the setting box, click the list arrow in the setting box , then
click the desired value in either the list or the palette.
5. If an ellipsis () appears in the setting box, click the ellipsis and then select/enter
the appropriate value in the dialog box.

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6. If the setting box does not display either a list arrow or an ellipsis, enter a new value
on the setting box.
To run a Visual Basic Application
Click the Start button
on the standard toolbar. You can also press the F5 key, or
click Run, then click Start.
To stop running a Visual Basic application
Click the End button
on the Standard toolbar, or you can also click Run, then
click End, or click the forms Close button
To open a new project
Click File, then click New Project; or press Ctrl+N. (If you were working on a project
before choosing the New Project option and you did not save that form and/or
project, Visual Basic will display a dialog box asking if you want to save the current
files before opening another project.) When the New Project dialog box appears,
click Standard EXE, then click the OK button.
To open an existing project:
Click the Open Project button
on the Standard toolbar. You can also press
Ctrl+O; or click File, then click Open Project. Select the appropriate drive/folder,
click the project name in the list of files, and then click the Open button to open the
project. (If you were working on a project before choosing the Open Project option
and you did not save that form and/or project, Visual Basic will display a dialog box
asking if you want to save the current files before opening another project.)
To Exit Visual Basic
Click the Close button
on the Visual Basic title bar. You can also click File, then
click Exit; or press Alt+Q
6.6. VISUAL BASIC DEVELOPMENT CYCLE
Before writing a Visual Basic program (or any program for that matter), get away from
your computer and plan your program using an old-fashioned paper and pencil. After you
know what you want your program to accomplish and how you want it to look, then you can
start writing your program. Skipping this crucial first step is like building a house without
blueprints. You can do it, but it will probably take you longer.
Writing a Visual Basic program requires nine steps - three steps fewer than those
required to overcome an addictive habit. The first eight steps are what programmers call the
development cycle. The ninth step is what programmers call job security.
1. Decide what you want the computer to do.
2. Decide how your program will look on the screen. (The appearance of your program is
its user interface).
3. Click File New Project (or press ctrl+N)
4. Draw your user interface on the form using common parts such as windows, menus,
and command buttons. The parts of a user interface are objects or controls drawn
from the toolbox.
5. Define the name, color, size, appearance, or any other feature of each user interface
object. An object's characteristics are its properties using the properties window.
6. Save your work.(See Chapter 6.6. Saving for the first time. )

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7. Write instructions in BASIC to make each part of your program do something. BASIC
instructions are commands you write on the code editor window.
8. Run your program to see if it works(Click the
Start button. or click Run
Start, or
press F5 key on your keyboard)
9. Fix any errors (or bugs) in your program.
10. Save your work (Click the Save button,
or click File
Save, or press Ctrl+S key from
your keyboard)
11. Repeat steps 8 through 11 over and over again until you get tired of searching for more
bugs.
Although you don't have to memorize these eleven steps, you do have to follow them.
Shortcuts aren't an option. Trying to skip from Step 1 to Step 5 is like trying to start a car by
using the gas pedal but forgetting to turn the ignition key. You can try it, but you're not going
to get anywhere.
Believe it or not, Step 1 is actually the hardest and most important step of all. After you
know exactly what you want your program to do, it's just a matter of finding ways to do it.
Persistence and creativity are helpful, as are lots of caffeine-laden beverages and plenty of
sleepless nights in front of the computer screen.

6.7. DEFINING PROPERTIES

After you had created a form and draw some objects on it, the next step is to define
the properties of each form and object. An object's properties determine the object's
name, color, size, location, and appearance on the screen.
Different objects have different properties. Each time you draw an object on a form,
Visual Basic assigns default property values, which define a generic object that no one can
really use. If you want to customize an object, you need to define one or more properties
for each object that your program uses. As you click an object or a control on the form, you
see its corresponding property on the properties window.
6.6. SAVING THE PROJECT
When you select Save Project from the file menu, Visual Basic will display the Save
File As dialog box. You will be asked to save the form( *.frm) files first then the program
(*.vbp) files You can also save the files individually by selecting Save Project As to save the
project or Save Form As from the File menu. The following steps will help you through the
process.

Create New
Up one level
Existing Folder

Save-As Dialog Box

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Step 1. Click the Create New Folder button to create a folder for the project.
Step 2. Type the name of the folder and press enter. Ex. Sample1
Step 3. Open the folder(ex. Sample1) by clicking the folder and click
.
.
Note that current folder on the Save-in textbox is the folder you just created.
Step 4. Click on the Filename: textbox and type the name of the form. Ex.
frmMyform1(Note: The text on the Save as Type: should be Form Files (*.frm)
Step 5. Click SAVE or press Enter from your keyboard.( you have just saved the form)
Step 6. Click on the Filename: textbox and type the name of the project. (Note: The text on
the Save as Type: should be Project Files (*.vbp)
Step 7. Click SAVE or press Enter from your keyboard. ( you have just saved the project)

Step1

Steps 2 & 3

Steps 6 & 7

Steps 4 & 5
Saving Procedure

When you have completed all the files for a project, you can convert the project into an
executable file (.exe): From the File menu, choose the Make project.exe command.

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6.9. FONT DIALOG BOX
You can change the appearance of the caption of labels, option buttons, check boxes,
frames, command button or text on a textbox by clicking the ellipsis
at the right of the
Font property. This dialog box will change the fonts, the font size, and/or the font style
you use for text and data fields
Font
Lists all the fonts that you have installed for Windows. When the box first
appears, the font already in use for the selected element is highlighted.
Font Style
Lists four additional attributes that you can assign to the font selected:

Regular Standard, unmodified style

Bold will make the text bolder or darker

Italic will make the text slant to the right

Bold Italic Bold text slanted to the right
Size
Lists common point sizes for the highlighted font. When the box first appears,
the point size for the font already in use for the selected element is highlighted, and
the highlighted point size appears in the edit box at the top. You can select directly
from the list or type the new point size in the edit box at the top. For common
fonts, 1 pt is equal to 1/72 of an inch. Thus, a 72 pts. Font is 1 inch in actual height.
Effects
Lists two additional options that you can use for highlighting the selected font.

Strikeout Prints the strikeout character across the font

Underline Underlines the
font
Sample
Displays a sample of the font
you have selected. The sample shows
the font, style, size, effects, and color
you have specified. You can use this
box to preview the results as you
experiment with different formatting
options.
Font Dialog Box

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Post-Test.
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
______1. A control which appears like a push button a) check box
b)command button c) frame d) Label
______2. A menu that contains the START/RUN command. a) Edit b) File c) Run d) Tools
______3. In which window do you set the characteristics that control an objects appearance
and behavior?
a) Main b) Form c) Properties
d) Toolbox
______4. To delete a control on a form at design-time, use the _____ button. a) Backspace
b) Delete
c) Enter d) Cut
______5. Tools you use when designing your application are found in the
a) toolbox b) toolbar c) user interface d) user screen
______6. Visual Basic 6.0 was developed by
a) APPLE b) HP c) Microsoft d) UNIX
______7. Visual Basic is a/an ______ language.
a) assembler
b) mnemonic c) object-oriented/event driven
d)
procedure-oriented
______8. Which is true about the form layout window?
a) permanent b) movable
c) fix d) none of the above.
______9. Which window in Visual Basic is the most important?
a) form layout b) Project c) properties
d) all of the above
______10. You design your user interface in a
a) design bar b) form c) menu bar d) toolbar

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CHAPTER VII

METHODS AN D EVENT P ROCEDURES

Guide Questions:
1. Explain the difference between properties methods and events.
2. List down at least 5 properties of a form and explain its use.
3. What are event procedures? How do they differ from procedures in other low level
programming language?
Outcomes:
At the end of the Chapter, the students can:
create a simple graphic user interface after the first laboratory session.
save correctly the different files associated with a visual basic project
understand the Visual Basic procedures, events and object properties
Pre-Test.
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. A function key to open the code window a) F2
b)F7 c) F8 d) F12
____2. Reserve words in Visual Basic code window is colored _____
a) black b) blue
c) green
d) red
____3. An event called when the user moves the mouse.
a) activate b) keyup c) mousemove d) mouseup
____4. A textbox property that changes the color of the text.
a) backcolor b) fontcolor
c) forecolor d) fontbold
____5. Which of the following is an event? a) alignment b) change
c) height

d) hide

7.1. INTRODUCTION
In Visual Basic an object is a combination of code and data that can be treated as a unit.
An object can be a piece of an application, like a control (e.g. textbox, command button, label,
etc.) or a form. An entire application can also be an object. Most of the programming tasks in
visual basic is done through working with the objects.
Visual Basic objects have their own properties, methods and events. Properties can be
thought of as an object's attributes, methods as its actions, and events as its responses.
An everyday object like a child's helium balloon also has properties, methods and events.
A balloon's properties include visible attributes such as its height, diameter and color. Other
properties describe its state (inflated or not inflated), or attributes that aren't visible, such as
its age. By definition, all balloons have these properties; the settings of these properties may
differ from one balloon to another.
A balloon also has inherent methods or actions that it might perform. It has an inflate
method (the action of filling it with helium), a deflate method (expelling its contents) and a rise
method (if you were to let go of it). Again, all balloons are capable of these methods.
Balloons also have predefined responses to certain external events. For instance, a
balloon would respond to the event of being punctured by deflating itself, or to the event of
being released by rising into the air.

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Objects have properties, respond to events, and perform methods

If you were able to program a balloon, the Visual Basic code might look like the following.
To set the balloon's properties:
Balloon.Color = Red
Balloon.Diameter = 10
Balloon.Inflated = True

Note the syntax of the code the object (Balloon), followed by the property (.Color),
followed by the assignment of the value (Red). You could change the color of the balloon from
code by repeating this statement and substituting a different value. Properties can also be set
in the Properties window while you are designing your application.
A balloon's methods are invoked like this:
Balloon.Inflate

Balloon.Deflate

Balloon.Rise 5

The syntax is similar to the property the object (a noun) followed by the method (a
verb). In the third example, there is an additional item, called an argument, which denotes the
distance to rise. Some methods will have one or more arguments to further describe the action
to be performed.
The balloon might respond to an event as follows:
Sub Balloon_Puncture()
Balloon.Deflate
Balloon.MakeNoise "Bang"
Balloon.Inflated = False
Balloon.Diameter = 1
End Sub

In this case, the code describes the balloon's behavior when a puncture event occurs:
invoke the Deflate method, then invoke the MakeNoise method with an argument of "Bang"
(the type of noise to make). Since the balloon is no longer inflated, the Inflated property is set
to False and the Diameter property is set to a new value.
While you can't actually program a balloon, you can program a Visual Basic form or
control. As the programmer, you are in control. You decide which properties should be
changed, methods invoked or events responded to in order to achieve the desired appearance
and behavior.
Form objects are the basic building blocks of a Visual Basic application, the actual
windows with which a user interacts when he runs the application. Forms have their own
properties, events, and methods with which you can control their appearance and behavior.

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Forms and controls have their own properties, events, and methods

The work with forms and controls, set their properties, and write code for their events at
design time, which is any time you're building an application in the Visual Basic environment.
Run time is any time you are actually running the application and interacting with the
application as the user would.
Suggestions and Reminders about Visual BASIC Programming
1. Plan ahead
2. Think like a user
3. Think components
4. Learn by doing
5. Learn from Visual BASIC programs
7.2. WRITING BASIC CODE
When you're happy with the way your program looks, the next step involves writing
BASIC commands (also known as code) to make your program actually work.
The whole purpose of Visual Basic code is to tell objects on a form what to do when the
user does something. For example, if the user clicks on an OK or Cancel command button,
nothing happens unless you've written BASIC commands to tell your computer exactly what to
do.
Any time a user presses a key, moves the mouse, or clicks the mouse button, it's called an
event. Whenever an event occurs, your BASIC commands tell the computer, "Something just
happened. Let's do something about it!"
Essentially, writing a Visual Basic program means drawing your user interface and then
writing BASIC code to make it work. If you can handle these two steps without losing your
mind, you can start writing your very own programs using Visual Basic.
7.3. EVENT PROCEDURES
Whenever the user takes any action, such as clicking the mouse, pressing a key, passing
out on the keyboard, or putting a bullet through the monitor, the action is called an event. The
moment an event occurs, Visual Basic looks for BASIC code to tell the program what to do. The
BASIC code that responds to a specific event is called an event procedure.
A single Visual Basic program can consist of several thousand event procedures. If you
have that many, however, you either have a tremendously complicated program or you're an
incredibly incompetent programmer.
With so many possible events and so many possible event procedures in a single
program, how does Visual Basic know which event procedure to use?

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The answer is easy. When an event occurs, this event is usually directed at some part of
your program's user interface. For example, most users click the mouse button only when the
mouse is pointing at an object, such as a command button, check box, or menu command on
the screen.
Every object can have one or more event procedures, and each event procedure
responds to one specific event, such as clicking the mouse or pressing a key.
Types of Events
Events can be classified into three categories:
1. Keyboard events occur when the user presses a certain key, such as Tab, or a certain
keystroke combination, such as Ctrl+P.
2. Mouse events occur when the user moves the mouse, clicks or doubleclicks the mouse
button, or drags the mouse across the screen.
3. Program events occur when a Visual Basic program does something on its own, such as
loading, opening, or closing a form. Whereas keyboard and mouse events occur when
the user does something, program events occur when BASIC code does something.
Although Visual Basic can respond to a multitude of events, you generally want your
user interface to respond only to a few events, such as clicking the mouse or pressing a
certain key. As soon as Visual Basic detects an event, your program immediately looks to
see what part of the user interface needs to respond.
When the user clicks the mouse, for example, Visual Basic first identifies the event.
("Okay, that was a mouse click.") Next, Visual Basic looks to see where the user clicked the
mouse. ("The user clicked the mouse on the OK command button.")
Visual Basic then finds that particular command button's event procedure, which
contains BASIC code that tells your program what to do when the user clicks the mouse
button.
Creating Event Procedures
One object can respond to one or more events. For example, a command button can
respond to the user's clicking the mouse button or pressing Enter.
Two or more objects can respond to the same event. For example, both a command
button and a check box can respond to a mouse click, but they may have different
instructions that tell Visual Basic what to do next.
To write an event procedure, you have to perform the following tasks:
 Identify the part of your user interface that is going to respond
 Open the Code window.
 Identify the event to which Visual Basic is to respond.
 Write BASIC code to process the event.
Make sure that all the objects of your user interface have names before creating
any event procedure. If you create an event procedure for an object and later change
that object's name, you will have to rewrite your event procedures.
The following three parts of a user interface can have events associated with them:

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1. Forms
2. Objects (command buttons, check boxes, and so on)
3. Pull-down menus
To create an event procedure for a form, follow these steps:
1. Click anywhere on the form, but not on any object on the form.
2. Open the Code window by pressing F7, choosing View Code, or doubleclicking anywhere on the form (but not on any object on the form).
Visual Basic displays the Code window on the screen along with an empty
event procedure.
To create an event procedure for an object, such as a command button or check box,
follow these steps:
1. Click on the object so that little black rectangles (handles) appear around it.
2. Open the Code window by pressing F7, choosing View-Code, or by doubleclicking on the object.
Visual Basic displays the Code window on the screen along with an empty
event procedure. You may still have to click on the Procedure list box to choose a
specific event to respond to, such as Click or KeyPress.
If you double-click on an object (such as a command button), Visual Basic
displays the Code window right away.
To create an event procedure for a pull-down menu, follow these steps:
1. Click on the pull-down menu title containing the menu command you want.
2. Click on the menu command you want to write BASIC code for.
Visual Basic displays the Code window on the screen along with an empty
event procedure.
Using the Code Editor
The Visual Basic Code Editor is a
window where you write most of your
code. It is like a highly specialized word
processor with a number of features
that make writing Visual Basic code a lot
easier. The Code Editor window shown
in the figure will be opened when you
double-click a control or when you click
the View Code button on the Project
Explorer window.
The Code Editor Window

Syntax Color Highlighting

A coloring scheme imposed on the line of
code in an error free statement in the code
window
Green Comments
Auto Quick Info Feature

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Black Event procedures

Blue Words recognized by Visual Basic
(called keywords or reserve words)
Red Incorrect command / Syntax
Automatic Code Completion
Visual Basic makes writing the code much
easier with features that can automatically fill in
statements, properties, and arguments for you. As
Auto List Member feature
you enter the code, the editor displays lists of
appropriate choices, statement or function
prototypes, or values. Options for enabling or disabling these and other code settings are
available on the Editor tab of the Options dialog, accessed through the Options command
on the Tools menu.
When you enter the name of a control in your code, the Auto List Members feature
presents a drop-down list of properties available for that control. Type in the first few
letters of the property name and the name will be selected from the list; the TAB key will
complete the typing for you. This option is also helpful when you aren't sure which
properties are available for a given control. Even if you choose to disable the Auto List
Members feature, you can still access it with the CTRL+J key combination.
The Auto Quick Info feature displays the syntax for statements and functions. When
you enter the name of a valid Visual Basic statement or function, the syntax is shown
immediately below the current line, with the first argument in bold. After you enter the
first argument value, the second argument appears in bold. Auto Quick Info can also be
accessed with the CTRL+I key combination.

7.4. PARTS OF AN EVENT PROCEDURE

When you create an event procedure for the first time, Visual Basic displays an empty
event procedure in the Code window. All empty event procedures consist of two lines, such
as:
current event

keywords

control name
input area
Fig. 77. Click Event Procedure

The first line of any event procedure contains five parts:

1. Private Sub: Identifies the procedure as a subroutine.
2. The object's name: In this example, the object is a command button named
cmdExit.
3. An underscore
4. The event name: In this example, click, the event is a mouse click.
5. A pair of parentheses ( ), containing any data that the subroutine may need to
work: In this example, the parentheses are empty, indicating that no
additional data are necessary.

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The preceding event procedure says to the computer, "Here are the instructions to
follow whenever the user clicks the mouse on the command button named cmdExit. Now
leave me alone."
Because this example contains no instructions to follow, this event procedure does
absolutely nothing, much like many co-workers you may know.
Any time you change the name of an object, make sure that you change the name of
all event procedures connected to the newly named object as well. Otherwise, Visual Basic
doesn't know which event procedures belong to which objects on your user interface.
7.5. COMMON EVENTS
Activate
Change

occurs when a form becomes the active window

occurs when the contents of a combo box, directory list box, drive list box,
scroll bar, label, picture box, or text box change.
Click
occurs when the user clicks the mouse button once on the object
DblClick occurs when the user clicks the mouse button twice in rapid succession on
an object
Deactivate
occurs when a form changes from being an active window to an
inactive window
DragDrop occurs when the user holds down the mouse button on an object, moves
the mouse, and releases the mouse button
DragOver occurs when the user holds down the mouse button on an object and moves
the mouse.
DropDown
occurs when the list portion of a combo box drops down to display a
list of choices
GotFocus occurs when an object becomes highlighted when the user presses Tab or
clicks on an object, or if a form loads.
KeyDown occurs when the user presses a key
KeyPress occurs when the user presses and releases an ANSI key, such as a keyboard
character, Ctrl key combination, Enter, or backspace key. (Basically, an ANSI
key can be any letter, number, or oddball keystroke combination that you
press).
KeyUp
occurs when the user releases a key
LostFocus occurs when an object is no longer highlighted because the user pressed Tab
or clicked on another object, or if a form has unloaded.
MouseDown

occurs when the user presses a mouse button

MouseMove

occurs when the user moves the mouse

MouseUp occurs when the user releases a mouse button
The combination of the object name and the event name defines the name for an
event procedure. Because object names must always be unique, no two-event procedures
on the same form can have the same name.

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Post-Test .
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. A property that displays text in a button is: a) Alignment b) Appearance c) Caption d)Text
____2. chkfree.value = 1 : a)
b)
c)
d)
____3. lblGos caption can be centered by the code: lblGo.Alignment=____ : a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d)
null
____4. On the code window, the color of cmdenter_click( ) is : a) black
b) blue
c) green
d) red
____5. The extension of a Visual Basic form : a) .bas
b) .fme c) .frm d) .vbp
____6. The first procedure in Visual Basic programming : a) Coding
b) Designing c) Documenting
d) Planning
____7. To execute/run a Visual Basic program click this button. a)
b) c)
d)
____8. Which of the following is an event? a) click b) color c) frame d) form
____9. Which of the following is not a mouse event? a) click b) dragover c) gotfocus d)
keydown
____10. Window to access to change the Height property of a control:
a) form b) form layout c) property d) toolbox

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CHAPTER VIII

B A S I C E L E M E N T S O F A V I S U A L BASIC P R O G R A M
Guide Questions:
1. What are data types and variables? What are the important facts a programmer always
should remember when using them in the program?
2. What is/are the difference of the integer division operator (\) and the modulus operator
(mod)?
3. Convert the Pythagorean theorem formula to programming formula.
Outcomes:
At the end of the Chapter, the students can:
understand the basic elements of a Visual BASIC program
write simple programs in Visual BASIC
be familiar with the use of fundamental data types
use arithmetic operators
understand the precedence of arithmetic operators
Pre-Test.
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. Which of the following is a valid declaration?
a) Dim x as integer b) Private x as float c) Sub x as long d) Variable x as double
____2. A variable declared at module level can be available in:
a) all modules b) all programs
c) current procedure d) all forms
____3. Which is a valid variable? a)As b)intarea
c) 2>1
d) dim
____4. A data type assigned to undeclared variables: a) byte b) date c)long d) variant
____5. Which of the following operators will be the last to be evaluated?
a) \ b) ^ c) +
d) *
8.1. INTRODUCTION
The Visual BASIC language facilitates a structured and disciplined approach to
computer program design. When writing a program, it is equally essential to understand
the types of building blocks that are available and to employ proven program construction
principles. In this chapter, we introduce the Visual BASIC programming concepts and
illustrate many of its important features like memory concepts, arithmetic operators,
decision-making or comparison operators, and data types used in Visual BASIC
programming.
8.2. VARIABLES, CONSTANT, DATA TYPES AND OPERATORS
In Visual Basic, you use variables to temporarily store values during the execution of
an application. Variables have a name (the word you use to refer to the value the variable
contains) and a data type (which determines the kind of data the variable can store).
You use assignment statements to perform calculations and assign the result to a
variable:
ApplesSold = 10
' The value 10 is passed to the variable.
ApplesSold = ApplesSold + 1 ' The variable is incremented.

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Note that the equal sign in this example is an assignment operator, not an equality
operator; the value (10) is being assigned to the variable (ApplesSold).
8.3. DECLARING VARIABLES
To declare a variable is to tell the program about it in advance. You declare a
variable with the Dim statement, supplying a name for the variable:
Dim variablename [As type]
Variables declared with the Dim statement within a procedure exist only as long as
the procedure is executing. When the procedure finishes, the value of the variable
disappears. In addition, the value of a variable in a procedure is local to that procedure
that is, you can't access a variable in one procedure from another procedure. These
characteristics allow you to use the same variable names in different procedures without
worrying about conflicts or accidental changes.
A variable name:

Must begin with a letter.

Can't contain an embedded period or embedded type-declaration character.

Must not exceed 255 characters.

Must be unique within the same scope, which is the range from which the variable
can be referenced a procedure, a form, and so on.
The optional As type clause in the Dim statement allows you to define the data type
or object type of the variable you are declaring (see Table 4). Data types define the type of
information the variable stores. Some examples of data types include String, Integer, and
Currency. Variables can also contain objects from Visual Basic or other applications.
Examples of Visual Basic object types, or classes, include Object, Form1, and TextBox.
Examples:
Valid variables
: x, q1, y2k, Exer2, Quiz_12,watchamacallit, etc.
Invalid variables
: 808Q, as, we=2, v>b, dim, if, end, etc.
The scope of a variable defines which parts of your code are aware of its existence.
When you declare a variable within a procedure, only the code within that procedure can
access or change the value of that variable; it has a scope that is local to that procedure.
Depending on how it is declared, a variable is scoped as either a procedure-level
(local) or module-level variable.
Scope
Private
Public
Variables are private to Not applicable. You cannot
Procedurethe procedure in which declare public variables
level
they appear.
within a procedure.
Variables are private to
Variables are available to all
Module-level the module in which
modules.
they appear.
Procedure-level variables are recognized only in the procedure in which they're
declared. These are also known as local variables. You declare them with the Dim or Static
keywords. For example:

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Dim intTemp As Integer

or
Static intPermanent As Integer

Values in local variables declared with Static exist the entire time your application is
running while variables declared with Dim exist only as long as the procedure is executing.
Local variables are a good choice for any kind of temporary calculation. For example,
you can create a dozen different procedures containing a variable called intTemp. As long as
each intTemp is declared as a local variable, each procedure recognizes only its own version
of intTemp. Any one procedure can alter the value in its local intTemp without affecting
intTemp variables in other procedures.
8.4. CONSTANT
A constant is a meaningful name that takes the place of a number or string that
does not change. Although a constant somewhat resembles a variable, you can't modify a
constant or assign a new value to it as you can to a variable. There are two sources for
constants:

Intrinsic or system-defined constants are provided by applications and controls.
Visual Basic constants are listed in the Visual Basic (VB) and Visual Basic for
applications (VBA) object libraries in the Object Browser. Other applications that
provide object libraries, such as Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Project, also provide
a list of constants you can use with their objects, methods, and properties.

Symbolic or user-defined constants are declared using the Const statement.
The syntax for declaring a constant is:
Const constantname[As type] = expression
example:
Const conPi = 3.14159265358979
Const conMaxPlanets As Integer = 9

8.5. DATA TYPES

Variables are placeholders used to store values; they have names and data types. The
data type of a variable determines how the bits representing those values are stored in the
computer's memory. When you declare a variable, you can also supply a data type for it. All
variables have a data type that determines what kind of data they can store.
By default, if you don't supply a data type, the variable is given the Variant data type.
The Variant data type is like a chameleon it can represent many different data types in
different situations. You don't have to convert between these types of data when assigning
them to a Variant variable: Visual Basic automatically performs any necessary conversion.

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Data Type

Pre- fix

Stores

Memory
Required

Range of values

Boolean

bln

Logical Values

2 bytes

True or False

Byte
Currency

byt
cur

1 byte
8 bytes

0 to 255
-922337203685477.5808 to
922337203685477.5808

Date

dte

8 bytes

Double

dbl

Integer
Long
Object

int
lng
obj

Single

sng

1 January 100 to 31
December 9999
0:00:00 to 23:59:59
-1.79769313486232E308 to
4.94065645841247E-324
1.79769313486232E308 to
4.94065645841247E-324
-32768 to 32767
-2147483648 to
2147483647
Any Object type

String
Variant

str
vnt

Binary values
Numbers with
up to 15 digits to
the left of the
decimal and 4
digits to the
right
Date and time
information
Floating-point
numbers
Whole numbers
Whole numbers
Any object
reference
Floating-point
numbers
Text Information
Any other data
types

8 bytes

2 bytes
4 bytes
4 bytes
4 bytes
10+
bytes
16 bytes

-3.402823E38 to
1.401298E-45
3.402823E38 to 1.401298E45
0 to ~2000000000
characters
Any value within the range
listed above

Before using a non-Variant variable, you must use the Private, Public, Dim or Static
statement to declare it As type. For example, the following statements declare an Integer,
Double, String, and Currency type, respectively:
Private H As Integer
Dim Amt As Double
Static YourName As String
Public BillsPaid As Currency

A Declaration statement can combine multiple declarations, as in these statements:

Private intJ As Integer, dblAmt As Double
Private strYourName As String, curBillsPaid As Currency
Private intTest, intAmount, intJ As Integer

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8.6. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Precedence
First

Arithmetic Operators
Exponentiation (^)

Second
Third

Negation (-)
Multiplication and division (*,
/)

Fourth

Integer division (\)

Fifth

Modulus arithmetic (Mod)

Sixth

Addition and subtraction (+, -)

String concatenation (&)

Evaluation
Used to raise a number to the
power of an exponent
Ex. 2^3 = 8
Makes a number negative
Used to multiply and divide
numbers
Ex. 2 * 4 = 8,
8/4=2
Used to divide two numbers and
return an integer result
Ex. 10 \ 4 = 2
Used to divide two numbers and
return the remainder
Ex. 5 mod 2 = 1
Used to add and subtract two
numbers.
Used to concatenate strings
Ex. Hello & world this will
result to Hello world

Example Computations ( if x = 3,y = 5, z = 1)

a) N = x + y * z
N= 3 + 5 * 1
N= 3 + 5
N=8
b) N = (y + z) / x ^ z
N = (5 + 1)/ 3 ^ 1
N = 6/ 3
N=2
c) N = y mod x * z + y ^ ( y \ x)
N = 5 mod 3 * 1 + 5 ^ ( 5 \ 3)
N = 5 mod 3 + 5 ^ 1
N=2+5
N=7
d) N = x mod y \ ((x - z) ^ z ^ ( y x))
N = 3 mod 5 \ ((3 1) ^ 1 ^ (5 3))
N = 3 mod 5 \ (2 ^ 1 ^ 2)
N = 3 mod 5 \ 4
N = 3 mod 1
N=0

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Evaluate the following expressions when a=3, b=2, c=1.)
1.
m = (a + b * c) + a Mod b Mod c
ans. = 5
2.
m = a * (a - b) ^ b * (b - c) ^ c * (c - a)
ans. = -6
3.
m = a ^ (a - b) * b ^ (b - c) + c ^ (a - c)
ans. = 7
Programming Exercise Set A.
1. Prepare a program that will compute for the Area and Perimeter of a right triangle with
base = 18 and Height = 40.(Area= BH)
2. Prepare a program that will compute for the future worth of money invested using simple
interest method. Display individually the interest gained and the future amount.(F=P+I,
I=Prt).
3. Develop a program that would compute for the roots of a quadratic equation where the
values of A, B, and C are entered by the user. Display the roots in a 3 decimal places.
Post-Test .
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
______1. The location of an object in a form is measured in ____ from the edges of the form: a)
characters b) inches c) points d) twips
______2. The ____ instruction tells Visual Basic to end an application:
a) Done
b) End
c) Finish
d) Stop
______3. You use the _____ character to assign an access key to a control:
a) & b) * c) @d) $
______4. _______ are memory locations in which you store information temporarily:
a) Boxes b) Labels
c)Variables
d) Variances
______5. Which of the following are valid variable names ?
a) cur94Income b) curincome c) curInc_94 d) all
______6. Which of the following is the only data type that can store numbers and strings? a)
Integer b) Long c) Single
d) Variant
______7. To execute/run a Visual Basic program click this button.
a)
b)
c)
d)
______8. Which of the following is an event
a) click b) color c) frame d) form
______9. Which of the following is not a mouse event.
a) click b) dragover c) gotfocus d) keydown
______10. Window to access to change the Height property of a control
a) form b) form layout c) property d) toolbox

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CHAPTER IX

DEC ISION STRUCTURES

Guide Questions:
1. How do you think the decision making capability of the computer differs from yours?
Explain the limitations.
2. List down the limitations when using If..then..else statement.
3. Can you enumerate examples of real life application programs that uses decision making.
Site the applications where it is applicable.
Outcomes:
At the end of the Chapter, the students can:
use the comparison and logical operators
write decision-making programs in Visual BASIC
write simple decision-making statements
use the IF/THEN, IF/THEN/ELSE and SELECT-CASE statements.
Pre-Test.
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
____1. A comparison operator not suited for the given equation: 12 ___ 7 = true
a) > b) < c) < > d) >=
____2. Which is correct? a) Case 9 - 11 b) Case 11,115,119 c) case A, 5 d) Case none
____3. Evaluate the expression: 3 > 6 AND 7 > 4
a) True b) False
____4. Evaluate the expression: X - Y = Z when x=5, y=3 and z=2 a) True b) False
____5. Evaluate the expression: A OR B when A=true and B=false a) True b) False
9.1. INTRODUCTION
You use the selection structure, also called the decision structure, when you want a
program to make decision or comparison and then based on the result of that decision or
comparison, to select one of two paths. You can think of the selection structure as being a
fork in the road. The theory and principles of structured programming will also be
presented in this chapter. The techniques that you will learn here are applications of
decision-making capability in computer programming applicable to most of high-level
languages including Visual BASIC. Application of pre-built functions in Visual BASIC will also
be covered in this chapter.
9.2. COMPARISON OPERATORS
Comparison operators compare two operands and returns Boolean values depending
on the outcome of the evaluation.

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Comparison
Operators
10 = 10
1=5
10 < > 10
Inequality (<>)
1<>5
10 < 10
Less than (<)
1<5
10 > 10
Greater than (>)
1>5
Less than or equal 10 < = 10
to (<=)
1<=5
Greater than or 10 > = 10
equal to (>=)
1>=5
Equality (=)

Example
- (10 is equal to 10)
- ( 1 is equal to 5 )
- (10 is not equal to 10)
- ( 1 is not equal to 5 )
- (10 is less than 10)
- ( 1 is less than 5 )
- (10 is greater than 10)
- ( 1 is greater than 5 )
- (10 is less than or equal to 10)
- ( 1 is less than or equal to 5 )
- (10 is greater than or equal to 10)
- ( 1 is greater than or equal to 5 )

Boolean
Value
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE

9.3. LOGICAL OPERATORS

These operators are used in Boolean expressions. Logical operators may be used to
form more complex conditions by combining simple conditions.
Boolean
Logical
Evaluation
Example
Value
Not
Ex. Not expression
Not ( 1 > 10 )
TRUE
- Evaluates to True if the
Not (10 = 10)
FALSE
expression is false,
otherwise, False.
And
Ex. Expression1 And
(10 = 10 ) And (1 < 5)
TRUE
Expression 2
(10 <> 10) And ( 1 > 5)
FALSE
- evaluates to True if
(10 > 10) And ( 1 < 5 )
FALSE
expressions are true,
otherwise, False.
Or
Ex. Expression1Or
(10 = 10 ) Or (1< 5)
TRUE
Expression2
(10 <> 10) Or ( 1 > 5)
FALSE
- Evaluates to True if either of (10 > 10) Or ( 1 < 5 )
TRUE
the expression is true,
otherwise, False
9.4. DECISION STRUCTURE STATEMENTS
Visual Basic procedures can test conditions and then, depending on the results of that
test, perform different operations. The decision structures that Visual Basic supports
include:
1. If...Then
2. If...Then...Else
3. Select Case

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 If-Then Statement
Use an If...Then structure to execute one or more statements conditionally. You
can use either a single-line syntax or a multiple-line block syntax:
1. If condition Then statement
2. If condition Then
statements
End If
The condition is usually a comparison, but it can be any expression that evaluates
to a numeric value. Visual Basic interprets this value as True or False; a zero numeric
value is False, and any nonzero numeric value is considered True. If condition is True,
Visual Basic executes all the statements following the Then keyword. You can use either
single-line or multiple-line syntax to execute just one statement conditionally (these
two examples are equivalent):
If x < 10 Then Print Hello
---- or ----If x < 10 Then
Print Hello
End If

Notice that the single-line form of If...Then does not use an End If statement. If
you want to execute more than one line of code when condition is True, you must
use the multiple-line block If...Then...End If syntax.
If x < 10 Then
Print Hello
cmdOk.Enabled = False
End If

' Disable button control.

If -Then-Else

Use an If...Then...Else block to define several blocks of statements, one of which

will execute:
If condition1 Then
[statementblock-1]
[ElseIf condition2 Then
[statementblock-2]] ...
[Else
[statementblock-n]]
End If
Visual Basic first tests condition1. If it's False, Visual Basic proceeds to test
condition2, and so on, until it finds a True condition. When it finds a True condition,
Visual Basic executes the corresponding statement block and then executes the code
following the End If. As an option, you can include an Else statement block, which Visual
Basic executes if none of the conditions are True.
If...ThenElseIf is really just a special case of If...Then...Else. Notice that you can
have any number of ElseIf clauses, or none at all. You can include an Else clause
regardless of whether you have ElseIf clauses. Example:
If Number < 10 Then

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Digits = 1
ElseIf Number < 100 Then
Digits = 2
Else
Digits = 3
End If
Notice that you can always add more ElseIf parts to your If...Then structure.
However, this syntax can get tedious to write when each ElseIf compares the same
expression to a different value. For this situation, you can use a Select Case decision
structure.
 Select Case
Visual Basic provides the Select Case structure as an alternative to
If...Then...Else for selectively executing one block of statements from among multiple
blocks of statements. A Select Case statement provides capability similar to the
If...Then...Else statement, but it makes code more readable when there are several
choices.
A Select Case structure works with a single test expression that is evaluated once,
at the top of the structure. Visual Basic then compares the result of this expression with
the values for each Case in the structure. If there is a match, it executes the block of
statements associated with that Case:
Select Case testexpression
[Case expressionlist1
[statementblock-1]]
[Case expressionlist2
[statementblock-2]]
.
[Case Else
[statementblock-n]]
End Select
Each expressionlist is a list of one or more values. If there is more than one value
in a single list, the values are separated by commas. Each statementblock contains zero
or more statements. If more than one Case matches the test expression, only the
statement block associated with the first matching Case will execute. Visual Basic
executes statements in the Case Else clause (which is optional) if none of the values in
the expression lists matches the test expression. Example:
Dim NumberNumber = 8 ' Initialize variable.
Select Case Number ' Evaluate Number.
Case 1 To 5 ' Number between 1 and 5, inclusive.
Debug.Print "Between 1 and 5"' The following is the only Case clause that evaluates to
True.
Case 6, 7, 8 ' Number between 6 and 8.
Debug.Print "Between 6 and 8"
Case 9 To 10 ' Number is 9 or 10.
Debug.Print "Greater than 8"

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Case Else ' Other values.
Debug.Print "Not between 1 and 10"
End Select

Notice that the Select Case structure evaluates an expression once at the top of
the structure. In contrast, the If...Then...Else structure can evaluate a different
expression for each ElseIf statement. You can replace an If...Then...Else structure with a
Select Case structure only if the If statement and each ElseIf statement evaluates the
same expression.

Post-Test.
Multiple Choice. Write the capital letter of your answer on the space provided.
______1. Evaluate the expression: 4 > 6 OR 10 < 2*6
a) True b) False
______2. Evaluate the expression: 7 >= 3+4 OR 6 <4 AND 2 < 5 a) True b) False
Use the following information: x=5, y=3, z=2, A=true and B=false
______3. Evaluate the expression: X*Z > X*Y AND A
a) True b) False
______4. Evaluate the expression: X*Z < X*Y OR A
a) True b) False
______5. Evaluate the expression: A AND B
a) True b) False
______6. Evaluate the expression: X*Y > Y^Z
a) True b) False
______7. Evaluate the expression: X*Y>Y^Z AND A OR B
a) True b) False
______8. A function that returns the sign of s number a) Atn b) Rnd C)Sgn d)Val
______9. ABS(-210-5) is equal to a) -215 b)-205 c) 205 d)215
______10. RIGHT$(Unbelievable, 4) is a) Unbel
b) liev c) live d) able
Programming Exercise.
1. Prepare a program that requests the cost and revenue for a companys business venture
and displays Break Even if the cost and revenue are equal; otherwise display the profit
or loss.
2. Prepare a program that will determine if the first number entered by the user is less than,
greater than, or equal to the second number entered.
3. Develop a program that would determine if the number entered by the user is POSITIVE,
NEGATIVE, or ZERO.
4. Revise programming exercise Set A # 3, create a condition when there will be no roots
available for the entered data. (In case where imaginary number will be one of the roots.)
5. Create a program that would tell the user if the numbered entered by the user is ODD or
EVEN.
6. Create a program for a Cartesian Plane. Two numbers will be entered by the user as data
for X and Y. After clicking a button, the program will display its location on the Cartesian
Plane.

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LABORATORY
ACTIVITIES

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LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 1
WINDOWS FAMILIARIZATION
INTRODUCTION
Each time you turn on your computer, it goes through a start-up process during which it
loads the system files necessary for you to interact with your computer and for your computer to
interact with other devices, such as the monitor, keyboard, and mouse. When the start-up process
is complete, your computer will open Windows. Familiarization of this operating systems program
and its applications will help a lot in understanding the computer.
OUTCOMES
At the end of this activity, the students can:
a. manage files using folders
b. explore the windows desktop
c. efficiently utilize the keyboard and mouse
d. use the accessories program included in Windows, and;
e. find information about the computer system's storage.
PROCEDURE
I.
Creating Folder
a. Open My Computer
b. Double click Comp##(C:)
c. Click File
New
Folder
d. Type your family name and press Enter
e. Click your folder and press Enter.
f. Close the My Computer window and other opened windows.
II. NotePad
a. Click Start
Programs
Accessories
Notepad
Type the following for ten(10) times on the opened window :
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog near the bank of the river and
cried for help.

b. Click File
Save
c. Locate and find your folder on the Save-As dialog box
a. Click the down arrow
opposite the Save-in textbox
b. Click CPU###(C:)
c. Click your folder.( If you cant find your folder, click the arrows on the
horizontal scroll bar to view the left or the right part of the window.)
d. Click

or press Enter on your keyboard

e. Click inside the textbox

and erase the existing text(Document.doc)
f. Type Typing1
g. Click

or press Enter on your keyboard.

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h. Close the Notepad window and other opened windows.
III. WordPad
a. Click Start
Programs
Accessories
WordPad
Type the following:
Keyboarding Tips
1) Keep your work. Have a folder to keep your files in.
2) Good posture is important. Sit up. Adjust the monitor and keyboard so they
are comfortable for you. Make them ergonomic.
3) Think about each key as you type. You should not be thinking about whole
words (otherwise you will learn to type only the words you can easily spell).
4) Know by heart the home keys: a,s,d,f,g,h,j,k,l:
5) As time progresses, learn which finger covers which letter. If asked, which is
your J finger you should immediately raise your right index finger.
6) Keyboarding is a pragmatic skill. That means you learn by doing it. Practice,
practice, practice.
b. Save the WordPad document (follow J. Notepad, step 2 and 3a to 3e)
c. Type Typing2
d.
e.
IV. Paint
a.
b.
c.

Click
or press Enter on your keyboard.
Close the WordPad window and other opened windows.

Start MS Paint. Click Start

Programs
Accessories
Paint
Draw this object
Save the WordPad
document (follow J.
Notepad, step 2 and
to 3e)
d. Type Draw1

3a

e. Click
or
press Enter on your
keyboard.
f. Close the Paint
window and other opened windows.
V. Shut-Down Procedure
a. Click Start
Shut-down
Yes/OK
b. Wait until the message It is now safe to turn-off the computer. is displayed
before turning the power off.

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LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 2
Windows Dialog box Elements
INTRODUCTION
In a graphical user interface operating system, a dialog box or dialogue box is a
new window that appears above the rest that lists additional information, errors, or options. A box
that pops up to enable communication between the computer and you, the user. Dialogue boxes
may ask you questions or give you information about the next processing it will do. Identifying the
elements of this object will be learned on this activity.
OUTCOMES
At the end of this activity, the students can:
1. identify the elements of the dialog box
2. understand the use of the different objects in the dialog box
3. differentiate the use of option buttons and check boxes
PROCEDURES
Listed below are some dialog boxes you can find in Windows.
Task #1. Open the dialog boxes one at a time(see the click direction for every dialog box)
Task #2. List down the names and number of elements of the dialog box you can find.
A. Start
Programs
Accessories
WordPad
Insert
Date & Time
Ex.
Listbox 1
Command Button 2

B. Start
Programs
Accessories
WordPad
Format
Tab
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____

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C. Start
Programs
Accessories
Notepad
Search
Find

___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____

D. Start
Programs
Accessories
Paint
Image
Flip Rotate
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____

E. Start
Programs
Accessories
Notepad
Edit
Set Font
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____

F. Start
Programs
Accessories
Paint
Image
Stretch and Skew
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____
___________________ - ____

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LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 3
VISUAL BASIC PROPERTIES WINDOW FAMILIARIZATION
INTRODUCTION
In Visual Basic Programming, programs or dialog box contains objects that should be
designed to its specific property. Properties are attributes such as size, position, etc. Like a form,
each control type has its own set of properties. Some properties, like Width and Height, such as,
are common to both forms and controls, while other properties are unique to a form or a control.
Controls often differ in the number and type of properties. These object's properties can be
changed on the Properties window.
OUTCOMES
At the end of this activity, the students can:
1. display and use the Properties Window in Visual Basic
2. differentiate the settings applied in different objects when used on a form; and
3. open, close or hide the properties window at anytime.
PROCEDURES
Some properties have predefined settings and some do not. You can tell if a property
has predefined settings by first selecting the property in the property list, and then looking
in the Settings box next to the selected property. Use the following key to complete this
exercise.
A
This property has no predefined setting
This property has predefined settings. The list arrows in the Setting box will
B
display either a list of the valid choices or a palette
C
This property has predefined settings. The ellipsis in the Setting box will
display a dialog box.
D
Not Available
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a new
project.
Task 2: On the form draw a 1) label, 2)textbox,
3)command
button, 4)option button, 5)check box,
6)combo
box, 7)shape and a 8)timer.
Task 3: Select the individual object and given the table below, write A, B, C or D on the
corresponding column according to the key given above.

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Alignment 1.
2.B
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Caption 10.
11. A
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Enabled 19.
20. B
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
FillColor 28.
29. B
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
FillStyle 37.
38. B
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
Font
46.
47. C
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
ForeColor 55.
56. B
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
Icon
64.
65. C
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
Interval 73.
74. D
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
Left
82.
83. A
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
Name
91.
92. A
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
Picture
100. 101. D 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108.
TabIndex 109. 110. D 111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117.
Text
118. 119. D 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126.
Value
127. 128. D 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135.
Task 4: After accomplishing the above table. Save the form and the project
Name of the folder (for step 2):
Activity1
Filename for the form (for step 4):
frmForm1.frm
Filename for the project ( for step 6):
Activity1.vbp.
Task 5: Close the project by clicking on the close button.
Filing

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 4a
GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
Before writing a Visual Basic program, knowing your way in the development cycle would
pass by the understanding of how the user interface would be used. Layouting the objects on
the form should be easier when you knew the use of the windows/toolbars that are displayed
on the user interface. This activity guides you on the process of developing the project user
interface.
OUTCOMES
At the end of this activity, the students can:
1. differentiate the use of the Properties, Form Layout and Project Properties Window
in Visual Basic;
2. create a program and understand the use of the toolbox; and
3. save and open the project with confidence.
PROCEDURE:
On your computer, open Visual basic and replicate the given layouts, change the
corresponding property settings found at the left side and save the project using the given data
below the form. When done, execute(run) the program to view required output.
A. Layout1
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a New project
Task 2:Add controls on the form and layout
Task 3: Define object properties

Object

Property

Property Setting

Form

Task 4: Run the program

Task 5:Save the form and the project

Folder name:
Form name:
Project name:

Activity2
frmAct2.frm
Activity2.vbp

Name
FrmAct2
Caption
Sample 1
Backcolor Black
BorderStyle1-Fixed Single
label
Name
lblQ
Caption
Question:
BackStyle 0 -Transparent
Font
Arial, 16 pts
ForeColor White
Textbox
Name
txtQuestion
Alignment 2-Center
Comic Sans MS, 16
Font
pts
Processed data is
Text
called information.
Multiline True
Command Name
cmdTrue
Button
Caption
TRUE
Command Name
cmdFalse
Button
Caption
FALSE

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INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 4b
GRAPHIC USER INTERFACE DESIGN
B. Layout 2
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a New project
Task 2: Add controls on the form and layout

Task 3: Define object properties

Property
Setting
Name FrmAct3
Caption Sample 2
Name txtDisplay
Text
Visual BASIC
Name fmeColors
Caption Text Color
Name OptBlack
Caption Black
Value True
Name OptRed

Object Property
Form
Textbox
Frame
Option
Button
Task 4: Run the program
Task 5: Save the form and the project

Folder name:
Form name:
Project name:

Activity3
frmAct3.frm
Activity3.vbp

Option
Button

Caption Red

Option
Name
Button
Caption
Command Name
Button
Caption
Command Name
Button
Caption

OptBlue
Blue
CmdApply
&Apply
CmdExit
&Exit

B. Layout 3.
On your own, create a form with the following objects.

Folder name:
Form name:
Project name:

Activity4
frmATM.frm
Activity4.vbp

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 5a
EVENT PROCEDURE CODING
INTRODUCTION
Whenever the user takes any action, such as clicking the mouse, pressing a key in the
keyboard the action is called an event. When an event occurs, this event is usually directed at
some part of your program's user interface. This activity will teach the student how the codes
are done and how the program would work when some actions will be made by the user.
OUTCOMES
At the end of these activities, the students can:
1. make his program do some work when objects are clicked
2. create a program and understand the use of the code window; and
3. open, edit and save the project without difficulty.
PROCEDURE
On your computer, open Visual Basic and replicate the given layouts, change the
corresponding property settings found at the left side and save the project using the given data
below the form. When done, execute(run) the program to view required output.
A. Hello World. Develop a program (displays Hello World! on the form) as illustrated below:
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a New project
Task 3: Define object properties
Task 2: Lay-out the controls on the form
Object

Property

Property Settings

Form

Name
Caption
Name
Caption
Name
Caption

FrmAct4
Printing Text on the Form
cmdPrint
Print
CmdExit
Exit

Button
Button
Task 4: Supply the codes

Task 5: Run/Execute the program

Task 6: Click the Print Button

Task 7: Save the form and the project
Folder name:
Activity5
Form name:
frmAct5.frm
Project name:
Activity5.vbp

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 5b
EVENT PROCEDURE CODING
B. Codes for Activity2. Supply codes for Activity2.
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a Activity2.vbp from your folder.
Task 2: On the Project Explorer window, click the + sign on the form folder(a), click the form
(frmSample1.frm) then click the View Object button(b) or simply double-click the form(c)

b
Activity2

Activity2

Task 3: Supply the additional buttons for UNDO and EXIT.

Task 4: Supply the corresponding codes for each buttons.

Task 5: Run the program. The
program should work like this at
runtime.

Clicking the TRUE button

Task 6: Change the forms name to

frmAct5 and forms caption to
Trivia #1 and save the form and
the project as a new file using
Save frmAct2.frm As for the
form and Save Activity2 As for
the project on the File menu.
Folder name:
Activity6
Form name:
frmAct6.frm
Project name:
Activity6.vbp

Clicking the UNDO button

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 5c
EVENT PROCEDURE CODING
C. WIT Color. Develop a program changing the color, hiding and displaying a label on the form.
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a New project
Task 2: Layout objects on the form as illustrated

Task 3: Define object properties on the Properties window

Object Property
Form

Task 4: Run the program. The output should

be like the one below. Notice that
there were no actions made when you
click the controls.

Option
Button
Option
Button
Option
Button
Label

Button
Task 5: Supply the codes to make the program work

Button

Button

Name
Caption
Name
Caption
Name
Caption
Name
Caption
Name
Caption
Alignment
Font
Name
Caption
Name
Caption
Enabled
Name
Caption

Property Settings
frmAct6
Font Color
optRed
RED
optBlue
BLUE
optWhite
White
lblColor
WIT
2-center
Times New
Roman,64pts
cmdHide
HIDE
cmdAppear
APPEAR
False
cmdExit
Exit

Task 6: The program should work like this at runtime.

Task 7: Save the form and the project
Folder name:
Activity7
Form name:
frmWIT.frm
Project name:
Activity7.vbp

Clicking the WHITE option button

Clicking the HIDE button

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 5d
EVENT PROCEDURE CODING
D. Simple Database. Develop a program that adds entered items in a list(as shown below).
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a New project
Task 2: Layout objects on the form as illustrated

Task 3: Define object properties

Object
Form

Task 4: Supply the codes to make the program work

Property Property Settings

Name
Caption
Label
Font
Caption
Label
Font
Caption
Label
Font
Caption
Textbox
Name
Textbox
Name
Textbox
Name
List Box
Name
Checkbox Name
Caption
Checkbox Name
Caption
Checkbox Name
Caption
Enabled
Command Name
Button
Caption
Command Name
Button
Caption
Command Name
Button
Caption

frmAct7
List of Names
Arial, Bold, 10 pts
First Name
Arial, Bold, 10 pts
Last Name
Arial, Bold, 10 pts
Age
txtFN
txtLN
txtAge
LstTable
chkBold
Bold
chkItalic
Italic
chkRegular
Regular
False
cmdAdd
&Add to List
cmdClear
Clear
cmdExit
Exit

Note: the underscore( _ ) on the code

means that the next line is still the
continuation of the same line of code.

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL

Task 5: The program should work like this at runtime.

Entering data on textboxes

Clicking the checkboxes

Clicking the regular checkbox

Try to use the CLEAR button and enter new set of names

Clicking Add to List button

Adding more entries

Task 6: Save the form and the project

Folder name:
Activity8
Form name:
frmDatabase.frm
Project name:
Activity8.vbp

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 6a
PROGRAMMING EXPRESSIONS
INTRODUCTION
In programming, understanding the types of building blocks that are available and to
employ proven program construction principles are necessities. In these activities, we
introduce the Visual BASIC programming concepts and illustrate many of its important
features like memory concepts, arithmetic operators, and data types used in Visual BASIC
programming.
OUTCOMES
At the end of these activities, the students can:
1. solve problems requiring mathematical solutions
2. create an object-oriented program and understand the use of the variables, data
types and operators; and
3. provide electronic solutions to their math, engineering or financial problems.
PROCEDURE
On your computer, open Visual Basic and replicate the given layouts, provide codes,
when done, execute(run) the program to view required output.
A. Sum and Product. Develop a program that computes for the sum and product of 2 numbers
entered:
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a New project
Task 2: Layout objects on the form as illustrated

Task 3: Define object properties

Object

Property

Property Settings

Form

Name
Caption
Font
Caption
Font
Caption
Name
Caption
Name
Caption
Name
Alignment
Name
Alignment
Name
Caption
Name
Caption

frmAct8
Sum and Product
Arial, Bold, 14 pts
First number
Arial, Bold, 14 pts
Second Number
Lblsum
SUM =
lblProd
PRODUCT =
txtFirst
Center
txtSec
Center
cmdCompute
COMPUTE
cmdExit
EXIT

Label
Label
Label
Task 4: Supply the codes to make the program work

Label
Textbox
Textbox
Command
Button
Command
Button

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
Task 5: The program should work like this at runtime.
(Try also other numbers)
Task 6: Save the form and the project
Folder name:
Activity9
Form name:
frmAct9.frm
Project name:
Activity9.vbp

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 6b
PROGRAMMING EXPRESSIONS
B. EXAM Average. Develop a program that computes for the average of 3 exams entered
by the user:
Task 1: Start Visual Basic and open a New project
Task 2: Layout objects on the form as illustrated

Task 3: Define object properties on the Properties window

Object

Property

Property Settings

Form

Name
Caption
Name
Alignment
Name
Alignment
Name
Alignment
Name
Caption
Name
Caption

frmAct9
Average of 3 Exams
txtMT
Center
txtPF
Center
txtF
Center
cmdComp
COMPUTE
lblAve
AVERAGE =

Textbox
Textbox
Textbox
Command
Button
Label

Task 4: Supply code on the Code window

Task 5: Run the program and enter values to check the computations

Task 6: Save the form and the project

Folder name: Activity10
Form name:
frmAct10.frm Project name: Activity10.vbp

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 7a
DECISION STRUCTURES
INTRODUCTION
When you want a program to make decision or comparison and then based on the result
of that decision or comparison, to select one of two paths, we use the decision structure. The
application of the decision making capability of the computer is the theory and principle of
structured programming.
OUTCOMES
At the end of these activities, the students can:
1. write decision-making programs in Visual Basic
2. create a program in situations to provide options; and
3. use the IF/THEN, IF/THEN/ELSE and SELECT-CASE statements.
PROCEDURE
On your computer, open Visual Basic and provide codes, when done, execute(run) the
program to view required output.
A. Pass or Fail. Open Activity 9 and add Passed or Failed remarks based on the computed average.
Task #1 Extend the form downwards and add a label.
Object Property Property Settings
Label

Name
Border
Style

lblDisplay
1-Fixed Single

Task#2 . Add the following codes for the remarks.

Task#3. Run the program and enter different values to check the output
Task#4. Save the program
using the same filename

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL
LABORATORY ACTIVITY NO. 7b
DECISION STRUCTURES
B. Grades. Open Activity9 and add grades equivalent for the computed average.
Task #1. Extend the form downwards and add another label.
Object

Property Property Settings

Label

Name
lblGrade
Forecolor Yellow
Border
1-Fixed Single
Style

Task#2. Add the following codes for the remarks.

Task#3. Run the program and enter different values to check the output. Save

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COMP 6 (COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & PROGRAMMING WITH SOFTWARE APPLICATION)

INSTRUCTION & LABORATORY MANUAL

References:
Capron, L., Johnson, J.A. Capron, Computers, Tools for an Information Age, 7th Ed., 2009, The
Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon, Jane Price Laudon, Carol Guercio Traver, Information
Technology: Concepts and Issues (2nd edition), 1997, Course Technology
Gary B. Shelly, Thomas J. Cashman, Misty E. Vermaat, Discovering Computers 2011, Livingin a
DIgital World, 2010, Thompson Course Technology.
Zak, Diane, Programming with Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, 1999,Course Technology
Dietel, H.M., Dietel, P.J. and Nieto, T.R., Visual Basic 6 How to Program, 1999, Prentice-Hall
Ken Getz & Mike Gilbert, Visual Basic Language Developers Handbook, 2000, SYBEX
MSDN Library Visual BASIC 6.0
77

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