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Answers To Exercises: Unit 1

This document provides answers to exercises from a logic textbook. It begins by listing the answers to various arguments identified in Unit 1 as being inductive, deductive or non-arguments. It then provides answers to symbolization problems from subsequent units, identifying logical relationships and symbolizing English statements in propositional and predicate logic. Diagrammatic and proof answers are also given. The document is an answer key supplying responses to problems in a logic textbook.

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Amjad Memon
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143 views

Answers To Exercises: Unit 1

This document provides answers to exercises from a logic textbook. It begins by listing the answers to various arguments identified in Unit 1 as being inductive, deductive or non-arguments. It then provides answers to symbolization problems from subsequent units, identifying logical relationships and symbolizing English statements in propositional and predicate logic. Diagrammatic and proof answers are also given. The document is an answer key supplying responses to problems in a logic textbook.

Uploaded by

Amjad Memon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Klenk_Ch02ff.

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Answers to Exercises
Answers are provided here for problems whose answers are not given in the text, including
all proofs. In general, of course, there will be any number of alternative proof constructions
for more complex problems.
UNIT 1
1. b. Inductive argument. Premise: That crocodile hasnt eaten for two weeks. Conclusion: It is
probably hungry.
d. Not an argument.
f. Inductive argument. Premises: Atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased substantially
since 1800; It is known to have a greenhouse effect. Conclusion: It is likely that global
warming is the result of burning fossil fuels.
h. Deductive argument. Premises: It was 104 yesterday; The previous high was only 102.
Conclusion: Yesterdays heat broke a record.
j. Deductive argument. Premises: Anyone who either insults their boss or cant use email
properly deserves to be fired; I cant use email properly. Conclusion: I deserve to be fired.
l. Deductive argument. Premises: If I live close to school Ill pay a lot in rent; If I dont live
close to school Ill pay a lot for gas. Conclusion: Ill pay a lot for either rent or gas.
n. Inductive argument. Premises: I got a speeding ticket; I was thrown in jail for evading an
officer. Conclusion: My car insurance rates will probably go up.

UNIT 2

1. b.
d.
f.
h.
j.
l.
n.
p.
r.
t.

Compound; John enjoys a baseball game; John can have popcorn.


Compound; Dogs like bumblebees.
Simple
Compound; John was gaining weight.
Compound; John likes gooseberries; Mary likes gooseberries.
Compound; Life on Earth is doomed; Pollutants are reduced.
Compound; John lay down; John had a nap.
Simple
Simple
Compound; John will have to sink; John will have to swim; Johns father stops supporting
him.

2. b.
d.
f.
h.

Wedge
First wedge
First horseshoe
Horseshoe

j. Second dot
l. Last horseshoe
n. Fourth triple bar

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Answers to Exercises

UNIT 3
1. b. T
2. b.
d.
f.
h.
j.

d. F

f. T

h. T

j. T

l. T

n. F

p. T

r. T

t. T

T (both conjuncts are true, since A and B are true)


T (A 4 B is true, and since A is true, (G 4 H) ) A is true)
T (since the antecedent, (X 4 Y), is false)
T (because (X ) Z) is true)
T (since ' A is false, the conjunction is false, so the negated conjunction is true)

3. b. No. Since X is false, the value of (X 4 G) depends on G, which we dont know.


d. Yes. It is true; since A and B are both true, (A 4 G) and (B 4 H) are both true.
f. No. (G # ' G) will be false, but we need to know the value of H to determine the value of
the horseshoe.
h. No. Without knowing the value of H or G, we cannot determine the value of either
(H K A) or (G K B).
j. Yes. Since X is false, (X # G) is false, so ' (X # G) is true.
4. b. Let 1) be 2 + 2 = 5 and 2) be The Universe was created five minutes ago. Both sentences are false, but It is logically possible that 1) is false, while It is logically possible
that 2) is true.
d. Let 1) be Many cities are polluted and 2) be Smallpox has been eradicated. Both sentences are true, but It is unfortunate that 1) is true, while It is unfortunate that 2) is false.
e. Let 1) be The earth is nearly spherical and 2) be The numbers 26, 36, 7, 18, 31, and 39
were picked for the Power Ball lotto on May 22, 1993. Both sentences are true, but It is
likely that 1) is true, while It is likely that 2) is false (since for any specific set of numbers, it is very unlikely that they will be selected on any given day.)

UNIT 4
1. b. P K Humans are descended from small primates.
G K Humans are descended from great apes. P 4 G
d. Not truth-functional; must be symbolized by a single letter.
f. H K High-speed trains are developed.
D K Automobile use will decrease. (H ) D)
h. Same as d.
j. V K John drives his van.
C K John is camping.
H K John needs to haul large loads. V ) (C 4 H)
l. Same as d.
n. M K John was married before Mary.
S K John was married after Stephen. (M # S)
p. J K John wants to play pro football.
B K Bob wants to play pro football.
A K Andrew wants to play pro football. (( ' J # ' B) # ' A) or ' ((J 4 B) 4 A)
r. T K Ted will bring a cake with candles.
S K Someone is having a birthday.
G K Ted thinks that candles taste good for dessert.
' G ) ( ' S ) ' T) or ( ' G # ' S) ) ' T or T ) (G 4 S) or ' G ) (T ) S) or
T ) ( ' G ) S) (These are all equivalent.)

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Answers to Exercises

t. D K Ted will bring dessert.


S K Ted will bring salad.
J K John will bring salad.
W K John will bring wine.
((D 4 S) # ' (D # S)) # ((J 4 W) # ' (J # W))
3. b.
d.
f.
h.
j.
l.

L)M
L K 'W
' B ) ' L or L ) B or B 4 ' L
(L 4 W) # ' (L # W)
M ) (L # ' O)
' (O 4 L) ) (J # D) or (J # D) 4 (O 4 L)

4. b.
d.
f.
h.
j.

(D ) M) # (E ) ' T)
' (L 4 P) ) (M ) E)
P K (L # ' (D 4 E))
( ' M # ' (S 4 R)) ) (G K ' D)
' (P 4 L) ) ((M # ' T) ) (G ) (D 4 E))) or ( ' (P 4 L) # (M # ' T) # G) ) (D 4 E)

5. b.
d.
f.
h.
j.

' (N 4 K) ) (U 4 B)
(P ) ( ' T # ' E)) # E
[P # ' (K 4 (N 4 U))] ) (B # F)
' (F ) B) # ( ' B ) ( ' Q # G))
(R 4 I) ) [ ' (E # T) ) (P # (B # ' (W 4 C)))]

6. b.
d.
f.
h.
j.
l.
n.

(S 4 U) ) ( ' E # ' R)
' C ) (E ) ' R)
' R ) (D K (T # ' G))
' (J 4 H) ) ((R # ' D) ) (F # ' E))
( ' U # (H 4 A)) ) ' (F 4 S)
' ((D # E) 4 ( ' T # ' S)) ) (F # (R 4 U))
((J # E) ) (G # ' T)) # ((D ) (T # ' G)) # (E K D))

UNIT 5
1. b.
d.
f.
h.
j.
l.
n.

Invalid (3rd row)


Valid
Valid
Invalid (where p and r are F and q is T)
Invalid (where p and r are F and q is T)
Valid
Invalid (where p, q, and r are all F)

2. b. Invalid (where p = T, q = F, r = T)
e. Invalid (where p = T, q = F, r = F)
4. b.
d.
f.
h.

A ) ' G, U ) G, (( ' U 4 P) ) S) # (S ) R) / A ) R Valid


C ) (E # P), (E 4 F) ) M, ' (F 4 ' P) ) ' H, M K H / C ) F Valid
(F ) C) # (S ) ' C), S ) (M # O), ' M / C Invalid
(G ) D) # (D ) M), (M ) L) # (L ) ' E), ( ' E ) G) / G Invalid

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Answers to Exercises

j. (B ) R) # ( ' B ) L), (L ) (P # ' E)) # ( ' E ) (T # C)), (R ) (S # C)) # (C ) F) / F


Valid
l. R K (W # ' I), (I ) ' (P 4 C)), (W ) C) # (P ) W) / R K C Invalid

UNIT 6
1. b. Contingent
d. Contingent
f. Contingent

h. Tautology
j. Contradiction
l. Tautology or Contingent

2. b. Contingent
d. Tautology
f. Contradiction

h. Contradiction
j. Contingent

4. b. Neither

d. 2) logically implies 1)

6. b.
d.
f.
h.
j.

(S ) F) # ' (R 4 F) # S Contradictory
' (R 4 F) ) (F ) L) Tautology
(M 4 B) # ' (M # A) # ' (B # A) Contingent
J K (R K ' J) Contingent
(L K ' P) # ' (L 4 P) Contradictory

7. b.
d.
f.
h.

1) I ) W 2) ' I ) ' W Not equivalent; neither logically implies the other.


1) (P # I) ) ' E 2) E ) (I ) ' P) The two are equivalent.
1) (T K S) ) ' J 2) ' J ) ((T # ' S) 4 (S # ' T)) Neither implies the other.
1) (J K B) # (M K ' B) 2) J K ' M Equivalent.

8. b. 1) P ) ( ' R # S) 2) S K R 3) (S 4 ' R) ) P Inconsistent set.


d. 1) E ) (P # A) 2) P ) ' E 3) ' E ) ' A Consistent.

UNIT 7
6. b. 1. (T 4 W) ) A
2. C ) ' B
3. A ) C
4. ' ' B
5. ' C
6. ' A
7. ' (T 4 W)
d. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

'S ) 'T
B ) (X 4 Y)
'T ) B
'S
'T
B
X4Y

f. 1. (A # B) ) (C 4 D)
2. (B # A) ) (A # B)
3. (C 4 D) ) (D 4 C)

Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr. /
M.T. 2, 4
M.T. 3,5
M.T. 1,6

' (T 4 W)

Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr. /
M.P. 1,4
M.P. 3,5
M.P. 2,6

X4Y

Pr.
Pr.
Pr. /

(B # A) ) (D 4 C)

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Answers to Exercises

4. (B # A) ) (C 4 D)
5. (B # A) ) (D 4 C)
h. 1. (A K B) ) (B ) A)
2. (A K ' B) ) ' (B ) A)
3. (A ) B) ) (A K ' B)
4. ' ' B ) (A ) B)
5. B ) ' ' B
6. B
7. ' ' B
8. A ) B
9. A K ' B
10. ' (B ) A)
11. ' (A K B)
7. a. 1. (C # D) ) ' F
2. (A ) C) # (B ) D)
3. A # B
4. A
5. B
6. A ) C
7. B ) D
8. C
9. D
10. C # D
11. ' F
c. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

(A # B) ) (C # D)
( ' F ) B) # ( ' X ) A)
(F ) T) # (X ) S)
'T # 'S
'T
'S
'F ) B
'X ) A
F)T
X)S
'F
'X
A
B
A#B
C#D
D

d. 1. (A 4 B) ) (D # C)
2. ' C ) ' (D # C)
3. ' (A 4 B) ) ' A

H.S. 1,2
H.S. 3,4
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr. / ' (A K B)
M.P. 5,6
M.P. 4,7
M.P. 3,8
M.P. 2,9
M.T. 1,10
Pr.
Pr.
Pr. /
Simp. 3
Simp. 3
Simp. 2
Simp. 2
M.P. 4,6
M.P. 5,7
Conj. 8,9
M.P. 1,10
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.
Pr. / D
Simp. 4
Simp. 4
Simp. 2
Simp. 2
Simp. 3
Simp. 3
M.T. 5,9
M.T. 6,10
M.P. 8,12
M.P. 7,11
Conj. 13,14
M.P. 1,15
Simp. 16
Pr.
Pr.
Pr.

'F

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